Solutions and Solubility. Solubility What does it mean to dissolve?
Solubility
description
Transcript of Solubility
![Page 1: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solubility Define: miscible, saturated, unsaturated, solubility, supersaturation.
Describe factors that effect solubility. Use “solubility rules” to predict the solubility of an ionic compound in water.
Interpret and construct solubility curves. Use solubility curves to distinguish among saturated, supersaturated, and unsaturated solutions.
Apply the “like dissolves like” rule to real-world situations.
Materials: Salt, Alcohol, Water, Test Tubes, Test Tube Rack
![Page 2: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Aim: How can we predict the
solubility of a solute in a solvent?
Essential Questions:
1.What are the factors that affect solubility?2.How do we use “solubility rules” to predict the solubility of an ionic compound in water? Explain. 3.What does a solubility curve show and how do we use it?
Key Words:miscible,
saturated, unsaturated,
solubility, supersaturation
![Page 3: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Do Now Reference Table F was used to identify the precipitate in
double-replacement reactions (see notes from previous week). Use the solubility rules in Table F to classify each of the five
compounds given below as soluble or insoluble.
(a) NaNO3 _____________________
(b) BaSO4 _____________________
(c) (NH4)2S _____________________
(d)AgI _____________________
![Page 4: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NaNO3 _____________________ BaSO4 _____________________ (NH4)2S _____________________ AgI _____________________
![Page 5: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Answers
(a) NaNO3 Soluble
(b) BaSO4 insoluble
(c) (NH4)2S soluble
(d) AgI insoluble
![Page 6: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Salt/Alcohol + Water Demo
1) Why won’t the salt dissolve after a certain amount has been added?
2) What do we call this point?3) What do we call it before we reach this
point?4) How can we get a supersaturated solution?5) Does the same phenomenon occur between
alcohol and water? 6) What can we call a solution between alcohol
and water?
![Page 7: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NotesI. Solubility
A. Definitions1. Saturated Solution - a solution where the
solvent can no longer dissolve more solute at a certain temperature
2. Unsaturated Solution - a solution that has not yet reached its saturation point.
3. Supersaturated Solution – a solution which holds more solute that can be dissolved at a certain temperature
![Page 8: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Notes4. Soluble – a substance that can form
fairly concentrated solutions5. Miscible – a solution that can be
mixed in all proportions of solutes to solvent without hitting a saturation point. Most liquid-liquid solutions and all gas-gas solutions are miscible.
6. Insoluble – A substance that can form only very dilute solutions.
![Page 9: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How can we define solubility?
![Page 10: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Notes7. Solubility - the ability and quantity
of solute needed to saturate a given amount of solvent. a. The unit used to designate this number is grams
of solute per 100 grams of solvent.
Ex. at 53 C, 85 grams of KNO3 will saturate 100 grams of H2O. Therefore, the solubility of KNO3 at 50 C is reported as: 85 grams KNO3 per 100 grams H2O.
![Page 11: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Solubility CurvesAnswer the following questions based on the solubility chart on the left
1. What is the maximum amount in grams of hydrochloric acid that can dissolve in 100 g of water in 80 C? How about in 40 C?
____________ ____________
2. What is the maximum amount in grams of salt that can dissolve in 100 ml of water in 80 C? How about in 40 C?
____________ ____________
![Page 12: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NotesB. Solubility Chart
(Reference Table G)1. Solubility curves
show the concentration of a saturated solution at varying temperatures.
![Page 13: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Thought QuestionsBased on the solubility curve in the previous slide,
we can see that solubility increases with increasing temperature.
A. How can you explain 3 curves on the table which show that solubility decreases with increasing
temperature?
B. What do you predict will happen if I prepare a solution to saturation at a high temperature and
then slowly decrease the temperature?
![Page 14: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NotesC. The solubility of a gas in water decreases
as the temperature increases. Ex: HCl (aq) SO2 (aq)
![Page 15: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
D. Supersaturated Solution – Usually, when a solution is prepared at a higher temperature and then cooled slowly, the solute is still suspended in the solution in an unstable way.
Ex. Honey – After a period of time, the excess sugar in honey will crystallize at the bottom of the jar. The honey can be restored to its original supersaturated state by heating it and then allowing it to cool slowly
![Page 16: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What Are Some Factors that Effect
SolubilityHint: Think about why your soda
needs to be chilled or coffee needs to be heated.
![Page 17: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Notes
E. Factors that affect solubility1. Temperature2. Nature of Solute & Solvent3. If the solute is a gas: Atmospheric
Pressure
![Page 18: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Learning CheckUse reference table G to answer the following questions:
1) A solution containing 95 grams of KNO3 dissolved in 100 grams of water at 55 C is classified as being
a. saturated b. unsaturated c. supersaturated d. ultrasaturated
2) What is the maximum number of grams of NH4Cl that will dissolve in 200 grams of water at 70 C?
d. 62 b. 124 c. 70 d. 226
![Page 19: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Learning Check3) Approximately how many grams of KClO3 are
needed to saturate 100 grams of H2O at 40 C?a. 6 b. 14 c. 37 d. 47
4) Which of the following is most soluble at 60 C? a. NH4Cl b. NaNO3 c. KNO3 d. KI
5) Which saturated solution is the most concentrated at 20 C?
a. NaCl b. KClO3 c. KI d. KNO3
![Page 20: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NotesSolubility
![Page 21: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
I. SolubilityA. Definitions
1. Saturated Solution - a solution where the solvent can no longer dissolve more solute.
2. Unsaturated Solution - a solution that has not yet reached is saturation point.
3. Supersaturated Solution - Occasionally, when a solution is prepared at a higher temperature and then cooled slowly, the solute is still suspended in the solution in an unstable way.
Ex. Honey – After a period of time, the excess sugar in honey will crystallize at the bottom of the jar. The honey can be restored to its original supersaturated state by heating it and then allowing it to cool slowly
![Page 22: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
4. Miscible – a solution that can be mixed in all proportions of solutes to solvent without hitting a saturation point. Most liquid-liquid solutions and all gas-gas solutions are miscible.
5. Soluble – a substance that can form fairly concentrated solutions
6. Insoluble – A substance that can form only very dilute solutions,
7. Solubility of Solute-Solvent Pair - the quantity of solute needed to saturate a given amount of solvent. 8. The unit used to designate this number is grams
of solute per 100 grams of solvent. Ex. at 53 C, 85 grams of KNO3 will saturate 100
grams of H2O. Therefore, the solubility of KNO3 at 50 C is reported as: 85 grams KNO3
per 100 grams H2O.
![Page 23: Solubility](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816191550346895dd12d0c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
B. Factors that affect solubility1.Temperature2.Nature of Solute & Solvent3.If the solute is a gas: Atmospheric
Pressure
C. Solubility Chart (Reference Table G)
1. Solubility curves show the composition of a saturated solution at varying temperatures.