SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES

BY ANASTASIA R. JONATHAN M. AEDEN O. GABRIELA C.

SECTION 1:

STATES OF MATTER:

SOLIDS: Are those objects that have a definite volume and shape.

PARTICLES IN A SOLID: What causes a solid to have a

definite shape and volume are its particles that are fixed and closely packed together.

TYPES OF SOLIDS:

Crystalline solids: These solids are the ones that are formed from crystals. These crystals are formed when particles form regular repeating patterns. These solids have a specific temperature at which they melt.

Amorphous solids: These solids are arranged in regular patterns. These solids do not melt at distinc temperature, they just become softer as they are heated.

LIQUIDS: A liquid contains a definite volume, but no definite shape.

Particles in a Liquid:Liquids have definite volume, but what

causes it not to have a definite shape are its particles moving more freely than a solid´s.

It´s is important not to forget that a liquid is a FLUID. A fluid refers to substances that can flow.

Properties of Liquid: Surface Tension: inward pull

among molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together. For molecules to be brought together they require some attraction among themselves.

GASES: A solid does not contain a defenite shape nor volume.

Particles in a Gas:What causes a solid NOT to

have a defenite shape or volume is the fact that its particles spread apart filling space available and move freely.

STATES OF MATTER:

SHAPE: VOLUME: EXAMPLES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE:

-SOLID- DEFINITE DEFENITE DIAMOND

-LIQUID- NOT DEFINITE

DEFENITE WATER

-GAS- NOT DEFENITE

NOT DEFENITE

OXYGEN

Types of Matter

Shape Volume Particle Arrangements

SOLIDS definite definite -Packed closely together-Fixed in one position

-Particles vibrate in place.

LIQUIDS Unde-Fenite

definite -Packed closely together-Move freely

-Particles move freely.

GASES Undefenite

Undefinite -not packed together-move freely

-Particles move freely.

WHAT? WHY? HOW?

SOLID LIQUID GASCrystalline SolidAmorphous: indefenite melting point and not fixed pattern.

Surface Tension

Viscosity

Evaporation Boiling

Fixed and closed together

Move freely undefenite shape, close together. Definite volume: Particles.

Particles move freely filling up space available.

CHANGES IN STATES

OF MATTER:

SECTION 2:

SOLID TO LIQUIDWhen a solid is

melted the particles gain energy from

temperature in the environment and

start vibrating very fast, this causes a break down within

fixed positions.

Melting: Change from solid to liquid. MELTING POINT is the specific temperature at which a pure substance can melt.

• When a solid is transformed into a gas without becoming a liquid what is happening is called SUBLIMATION. This means that a solid’s surface particles gain enough energy to be converted directly into a gas.

SOLID TO GAS

Liquid to solid:

When a liquid, like water is frozen its particles loose energy and start moving slowly until they form a regular pattern.

VAPORIZATION:

• It occurs when a liquid gains enough energy to convert into a gas.

BOILING: When a liquid

changes into a gas from underneath.

EVAPORATION:

When the liquid’s surface goes through the process of

vaporization.

CONDENSATION

BOILING

EVAPORATION

Condensation:

• When a gas transforms into a liquid, what happens to its particles is that they loose thermal energy.

MELTING VAPORIZATION

SOLID LIQUID GASMelting Point

Boiling Point

FREEZING CONDENSATION

SUBLIMATION

DEPOSITION

SECTION 3:

GAS BEHAVIOR

• MEASURING GASES

When working with a gas, it is helpful to know its volume, temperature and pressure.

VolumeVolume can be

measured in (cm³), (mL), (L) and other units.

TemperatureTemperature is

measured in °C, and in °F.

Pressure

The pressure of a gas is the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container.

PRESSURE

• HIGHER PRESSURE

High concentrations of gas particles

• LOW PRESSURE

Gas particles escape, pressure inside the object decreases.

PRESSURE=FORCE

/ AREA

FORMULA TO FIND THE PRESSURE WITHIN A GAS:

PRESSURE AND VOLUME:

BOYLE’S LAWWhen the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased the volume increases.

BOYLE´S LAW IN ACTION: When a balloon is filled with the helium it can take, as it rises into the atmoshpere, the air pressure starts to decreases and as it expands. What would happen if it were fully takeoff, then the balloon would not get as high as expected because it would explode.

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE:

INCREASING TEMPERATURE: When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas increases. When the temperature is decreased, the pressure of the gas decreases.

Pressure and Temperature in Action:

A great example would be 18-wheel truck wheels. These truck require some pressure within them to support the truck. Though the truck driver must check its tires in a real hot day, due to the fact that in a hot day particles receive energy from the environment and as this occurs, pressure increases and the tires migh explode if they have to much pressure.

VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE

CHARLE’S LAW• When the temperature of a gas

is increased at constant pressure its volume increases. When a temperature of a gas is decreased at a constant pressure its volume decreases.

Charles Law in Action:

A gas-filled balloon at room temp.

A balloon is lowered into liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees celcius.

Balloon shrinks as gas volume decreases.

When removed from nitrogen, the gas warms and the balloon expands.

Balloon at room temperature again.

VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE

Pressure and Volume:

BOYLE´S LAW

Inverse

Pressure and Temperature:

Direct

Volume and Temperature:

CHARLE´S LAW

Direct

Gas Behavior: (Volume, temperature, pressure)

Relationship Constant

SECTION 4

GRAPHING GAS

BEHAVIOR

TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME:

• WHILE WORKING WITH TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME REMEMBER TO ALWAYS COLLECT ALL THE DATA. KEEP IN MIND THAT CHART ARE VERY USEFUL WHEN WORKING WITH TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME.

PRESSURE AND VOLUME

• GRAPHING THE RESULTS

ORIGIN: Such a line would pass through the point (0,0).

The graph of Charle’s law shows that the volumeof a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature under constant pressure.

• PRESSURE AND VOLUME While working with Pressure and

Volume you also need to graph your results and collect data to be organised and helpful for the experiment.

VARY INEVERSELY: When a graph of two variables forms this kind of curve, the variable goes down in a regular way.

The graph for Boyle´s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.