Solid Waste Project (Compost)

BioBio--treatment of solid wastetreatment of solid waste

Composting of Organic Wastes andComposting of Organic Wastes andProduction of Organic FertilizersProduction of Organic Fertilizers

Eng. Mohamed KhaireEng. Mohamed Khaire

ContentContent

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. Definition and PrinciplesDefinition and Principles33 Composting MethodologyComposting Methodology3.3. Composting MethodologyComposting Methodology4.4. Composting types and TechniquesComposting types and Techniques5.5. Composting ApplicationComposting Application6.6. Domestic compostingDomestic composting7.7. Compost in JordanCompost in Jordan

Type of Solid waste BiologicalType of Solid waste BiologicalTransformationTransformation

Aerobic digestion in presence of oxygen andAerobic digestion in presence of oxygen andnutrient to produce stable organic matter, COnutrient to produce stable organic matter, CO22,,Heat HHeat H22O NHO NH33 and SOand SO44Heat, HHeat, H22O, NHO, NH33 and SOand SO44

Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion in presence of water andin presence of water andabsence of oxygen to produce stable organicabsence of oxygen to produce stable organicmatter , COmatter , CO22, Heat, NH, Heat, NH33,SO,SO44 and methaneand methane

What is A CompostWhat is A CompostComposting is an aerobic biologicalComposting is an aerobic biological

decomposition process wheredecomposition process wheremicroorganisms convert raw organicmicroorganisms convert raw organicmaterials relatively stable humusmaterials relatively stable humus--likelikematerials relatively stable humusmaterials relatively stable humus--likelikematerialmaterial

11.Process schematic.Process schematic

Input Material Out MaterialComposting

Organic Wastes• Animal manure• Agriculturalwaste• WWTP ExcessSludge

COMPOST• Organic fertilizers• Mulch• Soil conditioner• Landfill covers

Bacteria,Fungi,worms,&oxygen

Waste Component good forWaste Component good forcompostcompost

� Organic Fraction of Municipal solidwaste such as paper, cardboard, foodwaste, wood

� Yard trimmings include leaves from trees� Yard trimmings include leaves from treesand shrubs, pine needles, grass, clippings,tree bark, woody branches, roots,

� Bio solids are the solid portion of wastefrom municipal sewage treatment plants.

What not to compost

a) Though often discouraged, compostingwaste of humans and other carnivorous oromnivorous animals (dogs, cats, pigs) ispossible but you must be very careful aboutpathogenspathogens

b) Perennial weeds that are resistant to decaysuch as Bermuda grass, mint, bindweed

c) Some diseased plants

What not to compost

d) Meat and dairy (if worried about attractingpests)

e) Large quantities of fats and oils can’t readilyb b k d b ibe broken down by compost organisms

f ) Leaves of eucalyptus, walnut, and other treeswith tannins or known all elochemicals,conifers (acidic, slow). Small amounts of thesematerials are okay.

Advantages of compostingAdvantages of composting

�� Physical Advantages:Physical Advantages:�� No OdorNo Odor�� Increasing the soil water holding capacityIncreasing the soil water holding capacity�� Increasing the soil water holding capacityIncreasing the soil water holding capacity

means safe irrigation watermeans safe irrigation water�� Increase the soil aeration and gases exchangeIncrease the soil aeration and gases exchange

due to increasing the internal pours betweendue to increasing the internal pours betweensoil particlessoil particles

Chemical Advantages:Chemical Advantages:Creating suitable pH for plant growthCreating suitable pH for plant growth�� Stabilizing the volatile nitrogen of organicStabilizing the volatile nitrogen of organic

waste into large protein particleswaste into large protein particles�� Reducing the need for chemical fertilizersReducing the need for chemical fertilizers�� Reducing the need for chemical fertilizersReducing the need for chemical fertilizers

(Ground and surface water protection)(Ground and surface water protection)�� Slow releasing of nutrients to plantsSlow releasing of nutrients to plants�� Increasing the cationic exchange capacityIncreasing the cationic exchange capacity� Increasing organic matter concentration rather

than nutrient value

Biological AdvantagesBiological Advantages�� Eliminating weed seeds, fly egEliminating weed seeds, fly egggs and pathogens as as and pathogens as a

result of hygenisation (>result of hygenisation (> 5555 °°C)C)�� Conserve the biological balance of soilConserve the biological balance of soil

microorganismsmicroorganisms�� Fighting the plant diseases competition on the rootsFighting the plant diseases competition on the roots�� Fighting the plant diseases competition on the rootsFighting the plant diseases competition on the roots

and surrounded area (due to Pinicillium productionand surrounded area (due to Pinicillium productionfrom the microorganism)from the microorganism)


Environmental AdvantagesEnvironmental Advantages� Environmental safe, No chemicals risks and

hazards� Reduce the animals and plants waste� Reduce the heavy metals adsorbed by plants

due to Joining it� Coarse compost reduces the soil erosion


General AdvGeneral Advantages:� Easy to handle, store, transport� Can be added at any time of the year� Dose not release heat so it protects the plants� Economic and agricultural value� Used inside and outside homes safely

Factors affect the compostproductions

�� Aeration and presence of oxygenAeration and presence of oxygen�� Mixing Ratio of input materialsMixing Ratio of input materials�� Moisture contentMoisture content�� Heat Released from the degradation processHeat Released from the degradation process�� MicroorganismMicroorganism

Factors affect the compost productions

� Aeration and oxygen presence1. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen, respire CO2.2. Anaerobic bacteria (problems).3 Oxygen is often the limiting factor when3. Oxygen is often the limiting factor when

compost temperature goes down after firstweeks.

4. At 10%–12% CO2, need to turn.5. Turning pile reintroduces oxygen, stimulating

aerobic bacteria population.

Mixing ratios of input materialsMixing ratios of input materialsC/N ratio- Moisture content

Range of C/N ratios and N,P,K for some animal manures

C/NC/N NN PP KK---------------- %% --------------

DiaryDiary 1919 00..55 00..22 00..66SheepSheep ndnd 11..44 00..55 11..22TurkeyTurkey 1111 11..55 00..66 ndndHensHens 1111 11..66 00..55 00..44BroilerBroiler 1515 44..22 11..77 ndnd

Factors affect the compostproductions

�� composition of the raw materials (porosity, size)composition of the raw materials (porosity, size)

Moisture1. Moisture needs of decomposers2. Moisture content in compost pile should be

50%–60% (moist as a wrung-out spongea) Add water as pile is built. More water should

be put on layers in top half of pilebe put on layers in top half of pile.b) Excess moisture will cause compaction, loss of

airc) Insufficient moisture will cause a pile to

decompose slowly, and cause to heat to goes upd) Seasonal moisture considerations (e.g., tarping

in winter)

Factors affect the Compost Production�� MicroorganismMicroorganism

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Compost ClassificationsThe compost quality depends on the following:The compost quality depends on the following:� moisture and nutrient concentration, pH

� soluble salts, organic matter concentration,C:N ratio, water-holding capacity, bulk density,cation exchange capacity, particle size,presence of weed seeds, and odor ..

Compost Quality Guidelines Based on End UseSoil Amendment

Grade*Top Dressing

GradePotting MediaAmendment

Grade*Potting GradeCharacteristic

Improvement ofagricultural soils,

restoration ofdisturbed soils,

establishment andmaintenance of

landscape plants

Primarily turf topdressing

Formulatinggrowing media forpotted plants (pH

<7.2)

Growing mediumwithout additional

blendingRecommended

Uses

(pH <7.2)

Dark brown toblack

Dark brown toblack

Dark brown toblackDark brown to

blackColor

No objectionableodor

No objectionableodor

No objectionableodorGood, earthy

smellOdor

<1/2<1/4<1/2<1/2Particle size (in)

Compost Quality Guidelines Based on End Use

Soil AmendmentGrade*

Top DressingGrade

Potting MediaAmendment

Grade*Potting GradeCharacteristic

Should beidentified

Should beidentified

Should beidentified5.0-7.6pH

<20.0<5.0<6.0<2.5Soluble salt content(mmhos/cm)

Not more than 5%by dry weight ofcombined glass,

plastic, otherforeign particles



1/8 - 1/2 in



1/8 - 1/2 in



1/8 - 1/2 in

Foreign Materials

<400 EPA<200<200<200Respiration rate(mg/kg per hour)#

Heavy metals ContentHeavy metals ContentHeavy MetalsMaximum Concentration

in mg/kgArsenic10-13

Cadmium3Chromium50-200

Copper80-100Lead150

Mercury0.8-1Nickel50-62Zinc300-500

Composting MethodologyComposting MethodologyThe method of composting will be basedon windrow technology

Aeration raw

Mechanical treatment

Sorting container

Final fermentationStorage & handling

Seiving

tment

Control roomBalance

The composting processThe composting process

CURINGCURING

Composting PhasesOrganic wastes under go several biologicalprocesses as the following:-Start phase-Biodegradation phase - Final Phase

C:N RatioC:N Ratio� Factors to consider when estimating C:N ratio

of different materialsi. Stage of growth/age of materialii S /ii. Storage/treatmentiii. Where grown, how fertilizediv. With manures, grain-fed animals will have

higher N manure

RunRun ChickenChickenManureManure

%%

Cow ManureCow Manure%%

horseshorsesManureManure

%%

SawdustSawdust%%

Suggested mixture ratios of input materialsC/N mix from 25-30 %

II 7070 2525 55

IIII 6565 2020 1010 55

IIIIII 9595 55

IVIV 2323 7272 55

Monitoring program and analysisMonitoring program and analysisDuring the compostingDuring the composting

processes, theprocesses, thefollowing test will befollowing test will becarried out to ensurecarried out to ensurethe proper functioningthe proper functioning

TestTest FrequencyFrequencyWater contentWater content DailyDaily

pHpH DailyDailyTemperatureTemperature DailyDailythe proper functioningthe proper functioning

of the biologicalof the biologicalprocess. Theprocess. Thescheduled analysis is:scheduled analysis is:

Organic carbonOrganic carbon DailyDailyC/NC/N WeeklyWeekly

Heavy metalsHeavy metals(Pb, Br, Ca, Ni)(Pb, Br, Ca, Ni)

Start and endStart and end

Na, Ca, K, MgNa, Ca, K, Mg Start and endStart and end

Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process

�� Passive Composting or Cold compostingPassive Composting or Cold compostingmethod:method:

A li iA li i�� Application:Application:If you don't need a lot of compost, aren't in aIf you don't need a lot of compost, aren't in a

hurry, or don't have access to a lot of rawhurry, or don't have access to a lot of rawmaterialmaterial

Passive CompostingPassive Composting�� Place the compost bin in a convenientPlace the compost bin in a convenient

location, Since material will be added to thelocation, Since material will be added to thepassive compost pile frequently, make sure it'spassive compost pile frequently, make sure it'seasily accessibleeasily accessibleeasily accessible.easily accessible.

�� add the ingredients as you get them whileadd the ingredients as you get them whilekeeping in mind that the pile should be aboutkeeping in mind that the pile should be about5050%% "greens" and"greens" and 5050%% "browns"browns

�� Add water to keep the moistureAdd water to keep the moisture�� Avoid adding any seeds and do not addAvoid adding any seeds and do not add

material from possibly diseased plants.material from possibly diseased plants.

Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process�� Passively Aerated WindrowsPassively Aerated Windrows..


Windrow CompostingWindrow Composting

Piling the compostPiling the compost

Ready PileReady Pile

pilepileWindrow CompostingWindrow Composting

Machine used in wind draw composting to turn theMachine used in wind draw composting to turn thecompost upside downcompost upside down

Compost turningCompost turning


�� Composting using machineComposting using machine

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Typical time Required for compostingTypical time Required for composting

Monitoring and Recording the Composting

1. Monitor temperature with compostthermometer

a) Take temperature daily for first month andafter turning; then weekly

b) T h ld b k l ib) Temperature should be taken at several pointsin the pile and averaged

c) Thermometer should be inserted 18 inches to2 feet into pile

d) Hold thermometer by probe while insertingand removing (head can break)

Monitoring and Recording the Composting

2. Record temperature and observations onrecord-a-keeping sheet

a) Track pile through decompositionprocess, creating heat curve graph asyou go

b) Use heat curve graph to assess pileperformance, indicate when to turn

After Completion of the aerobicAfter Completion of the aerobicdigestion Processdigestion Process

�� The fully digested wastes are distributed in a piles orThe fully digested wastes are distributed in a piles orraws to dryraws to dry

�� Leaving the piles forLeaving the piles for 44 weeks without turning orweeks without turning orLeaving the piles forLeaving the piles for 44 weeks without turning orweeks without turning oradding wateradding water

�� Sieving and screaming the productsSieving and screaming the products

�� Packaging and marketingPackaging and marketing

Assessing Compost Maturity & Stability1. Parent material should be largely

indistinguishable, texture should be crumbly2. Temperature has cooled down to ambient

temperature3 Signs of macro life (e g redworms3. Signs of macro life (e.g., redworms,

sowbugs, springtails), though may not bepresent in large-scale operations

4. Dark brown to blackish-brown color5. Earthy smell (no ammonium or anaerobic odor)6. Feels “greasy” or slick when squeezed

between fingers

Assessing Compost Maturity andStability

7. Maturity vs. stability: A set of 7 quantitativeindicators are used to define the maturity and

stability of compost• pH: 6.5 to 8.0• Sulfides: zero to only trace• Ammonia = <0.05 ppm• Ammonium: 0.2 to 3.0 ppm• Nitrites: <1.0 ppm• Nitrates: <300 ppm• CO2: <1%

Final ProductFinal Product

Application of Treated CompostApplication of Treated Compostpp ppp p

Distribution inside the farmDistribution inside the farm

Processing after DistributionProcessing after Distribution

Home CompostingHome Composting�� Home composting is one of the most costHome composting is one of the most cost--

effective organic materials managementeffective organic materials managementstrategies because it eliminates the costs ofstrategies because it eliminates the costs ofcollection and processingcollection and processingO i i bl f hO i i bl f h�� Organic waste suitable for homeOrganic waste suitable for homecomposting includes:composting includes:

�� grass clippings, hay, straw, sawdust, woodgrass clippings, hay, straw, sawdust, woodchips, kitchen waste (e.g., fruit andchips, kitchen waste (e.g., fruit andvegetable peels and rinds, tea bags, coffeevegetable peels and rinds, tea bags, coffeegrounds, eggshells), leavesgrounds, eggshells), leaves

�� Stand the barrel onStand the barrel onground or panelground or panel

�� Fill it with domesticFill it with domesticorganic waste yardorganic waste yardorganic waste, yard…organic waste, yard…

�� Turning the wasteTurning the wastewith a rod twice awith a rod twice aweekweek

�� 11--22 L of water addedL of water addedweeklyweekly

�� Final compost can beFinal compost can bereach afterreach after 1212--2424weeksweeks

Containers used in homeContainers used in homecompostingcomposting

Potential Disadvantages ofcomposting

� a) Cost and time: Many farmers andgardeners don’t make their own compostbecause of the labor and expense

� b) Space needed for composting can take) p p gup available production land

� c) Odor or other impacts on neighbors cancreate challenges in urban/suburban areas

� d) Regulations: Regulations on leachateand testing if commercial composter orcertified

Compost in JordanCompost in JordanFacts and StatisticFacts and Statistic

��

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Livestock in JordanLivestock in Jordan

Agriculture in Jordan valley andAgriculture in Jordan valley andthe market potentialthe market potential

TypeType ofof plantplant AreaArea inindunams*dunams*

Amount of manureAmount of manureper dunams in mper dunams in m33

MarketMarketPotentialPotential (m(m33))

V t blV t bl ii 1313 854854 44 5555 416416VegetablesVegetables iningreenhousesgreenhouses

1313,,854854 44 5555,,416416

VegetablesVegetables inin openopen areaarea 180180,,577577 22..55 451451,,443443

OrchardsOrchards 9797,,026026 11 9797,,026026

TotalTotal 291291,,457457 603603,,885885

Agricultural growths in rest of JordanAgricultural growths in rest of Jordanand market potentialand market potential

TypeType ofof plantplant AreaArea inindunams*dunams*

Amount manureAmount manureneededneeded

per dunams in mper dunams in m33

MarketMarketPotentialPotential

(m(m33))Vegetables inVegetables in

greenhousesgreenhouses55,,976976 33 1717,,928928

Vegetables in openVegetables in openareaarea

207207,,111111 22 414414,,222222

OrchardsOrchards 355355,,600600 11 355355,,600600

TotalTotal 658658,,687687 787787,,750750

Market distribution within jordanMarket distribution within jordanaccording to the areaaccording to the area

Thank YouThank You

Solid Waste Project (Compost)

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