Solid Waste Management With Problem Set(2)

SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

WORD TWIST

D L N L F A L I

L T G T E I N I R

A N A N T M G M E E T E L E A A C H

Y N G E C C L I R

leachate

Dioxins

Furans

SO2

CH4

CO

H2S

N2O

CO2

NOX

groundwater Source: Climate Change Institute

Solid Waste

-shall refer to all discarded household

-commercial waste

-non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste

-street sweepings

-construction debris

-agricultural waste

-and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

("Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.)

What is solid waste

management?

Solid Waste Management

shall refer to the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing

and

disposal of solid wastes in a manner

that is in accord with the best principle of

public health, economics,

engineering, conservation, aesthetics and

other environmental considerations.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

Littering, throwing, dumping of

waste matters in public places, such

as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros

and parks, and establishment.

The open burning of solid wastes


Causing or permitting the collection of non-

segragated or unsorted waste.

Squatting in open dumps and landfill.

Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or

non-biodegradable materials in flood prone

area.


Unauthorized removal, recyclable material intended for collection by authorized person.

The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle, box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal.

Establishment or operation of open dumps.


The manufacture distribution or use of non-

environmentally acceptable packaging

materials and importation of consumer

products packaged in non-environmentally

accepted materials.

Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented

as recycleable or with recyclable content.


The construction of any establishment with

the two hundred meters from open dumps or

controlled dumps or sanitary landfills;

and the construction and operation of landfills

or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer,

groundwater reservoir or watershed area and

or any portions thereof.


Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste. --

No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor any practice or disposal of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the effectivity of this Act: Provided, That within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall convert its open dumps into controlled dumps, in accordance with the guidelines set in Section 41 of this Act: Provided, further, That no controlled dumps shall be allowed five (5) years following effectivity of this Act.

Waste Characterization

-means finding out how much

paper, glass, food waste, etc.

is discarded in your waste

stream.

-helps in planning how to

reduce waste, set up recycling

programs, and conserve

money and resources. (http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/wastech

ar/)

Waste Audit

waste audit - structured processed to quantify

the amount and types of waste being generated

by an organization.

---identify current waste practices and how they

can be improved.

Being waste-wise can mean:

a more efficient and effective organization

reduced waste management costs

better use of limited natural resources.

4Rs - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and

Recycle Refuse: Do not buy or accept

anything you do really need. Say

No to plastic bags:. Refuse to accept one. Instead, carry a cloth

shopping bag with you.

Reduce the amount of garbage

generated.

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/97558-The-R-s-waste-Management.aspx

4Rs - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse

and Recycle

Reuse: Reuse everything to its maximum after

properly cleaning it.

Recycle: Keep things which can be recycled to

be given to rag pickers or waste pickers.

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/97558-The-R-s-waste-Management.aspx

Reuse and Recycle

Re-use

the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics

Recycling

treatment of used or waste materials making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes.

Recycling

Benefits of Recycling

Recycling creates jobs

Recycling reduces the need for landfills and incineration of solid waste

Recycling reduces the pollution caused by making products from new raw materials

Recycling saves energy

Recycling

Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change

Recycling conserves the natural resources such as timber, water and minerals

By conserving resources today, recycling ensures there will be plenty left for future generations.

Collection

Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid

waste from the source or from a communal

storage point


Composting Composting shall refer to the controlled

decomposition of organic matter by micro-

organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a

humus-like product;


Composting

a biological

activity

The biological

stabilization of

wastes of

biological

origin under

controlled

condition

Operations of Composting

1. Sorting

2. Shredding and

Pulverizing

3. Digestion

4. Product

Upgrading

5. Market

Operations of

Composting

Operational Parameters

Temperature rise and fall

Change in color and odor good quality composts should have rich brown colour, be visually homogeneous and emanate earthy odor.

Oxygen supply

Moisture content 50 60% is suitable for organic wastes.

pH level ideal pH is 7

Design Description site of operation

Climate

solid waste characteristics

Bulking materials adjust moisture content, adjust C/N ratio, provide porosity to the mass for oxygen supply.

Common bulking materials : woodchips, saw dust, solid waste, shredded straw, leaves, bark.

processing time

Incineration

An engineering process that uses

thermal decomposition via

oxidation to convert a less bulky,

less toxic or noxious materials.

Incineration

Waste destruction in a furnace by

controlled burning at high temperatures.

Incineration removes water from

hazardous sludge, reduces its mass

and/or volume, and converts it to a non-

burnable ash that can be safely disposed

of on land, in some waters, or in

underground pits.

Factors Affecting Operation of

Incineration:

temperature

time

turbulence

availability of oxygen

Advantages of Incineration

volume reduction of waste

requires only small space

can also be located close to the area of service which makes it more cost effective

Advantages of Incineration

can be in operation 24 hours a day which allows for increased net garbage disposal per day

odors and rodents that are present in other methods are not a problem

incinerator requires

fewer employees

INCINERATION B U R N I N G

of municipal, hospital and

hazardous wastes, which process

emits toxic and poisonous fumes

is prohibited

AIR QUALITY

MANAGEMNT SYSTEM

Ban on Incineration

ALLOWED UNTIL JULY 2003

IS

INCINERATION OF

HOSPITAL WASTE

Ban on Incineration

PROMOTED

SHALL BE

NON-BURN

TECHNOLOGIES

Ban on Incineration

OPEN BURNING (SIGA)

Burning of any materials in any quantities

which shall cause the emission of toxic and

poisonous fumes is prohibited, such as:

plastic

organic chemicals

inks

paints

Toxic and hazardous substances

Ozone depleting substances

heavy metals

Petroleum related compounds

Industrial wastes

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Disadvantages of Incineration

large stacks that emit the excess heat and gases from the waste contribute to the greenhouse effect

emissions coming from the stacks of incineration plants consist of other potentially harmful substances that pollute the air

ash ( bottom ash and fly ash) contains toxic materials

AIR

POLLUTION

CONTAMINATED

ASH

Dioxins

Where do dioxins come from?

-Dioxins can be formed during

the burning of substances

containing chlorine.

-incomplete incineration can produce carbon monoxide gas, gaseous dioxins, and/or other harmful substances.

- automobile exhaust (leaded gas only), and the burning of wood in the presence of chlorine (for instance, burning of rain forests).

Viktor Yushchenko after dioxin contamination

REPUBLIC ACT No. 8749

Philippine Clean Air Act

Section 20. Ban on Incineration. - Incineration, hereby defined as the burning of municipal, bio-medical and hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous

and toxic fumes, is hereby prohibited: Provided, however, That the prohibition shall not apply to

traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation "siga",

traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria:

Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with bio-medical wastes shall be phased out within

three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act: Provided, finally, That in the interim, such units shall

be limited to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring

by the Department.

Disposal

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid

waste into or in an land;

Sanitary Landfill

solid wastes are disposed of by spreading in

thin layers, compacting to the smallest

practical volume, and covering each day or

periodically with soil or suitable materials in

a way to minimize environmental problems.

landfills design life extends many years beyond the time when it is closed.

6- Top soil layer 7- Flare 8- Pumping system 9- Surface water collection 10- Leachate treatment works

Legend: 1- Leachate drainage system 2- Geosynthetics liner 3- Temporary soil cover 4- Compacted waste 5- Impermeable clay liner

Case Study: Payatas Dumpsite

Waste Stream Composition Type %

Composition % Moisture

% Volatile Matter

% Ash % Fixed Carbon

Plastic 10.07 1.11 94.87 0.07 3.95

Paper 6.83 25.18 56.54 0.39 17.89

Food 52.88 58.95 30.57 0.74 9.74

Film Plastic

15.11 36.07 57.93 0.26 5.75

Yard Not Specified

56.58 31.50 0.65 11.27

PNOC/EC from Payatas Extraction Project

PAYATAS DUMPSITE

GAS COMPOSITION Composition Old Dumpsite New Dumpsite

CH4 40.7% 53.5%

CO2 29.7 32.6

O2 4.2 0.5

N2 15.8 1.9

PNOC/EC, ibid.

Advantages of Sanitary Landfill

1. Landfill is usually the most economical method of solid waste disposal.

2. Sanitary landfill is complete or final disposal method as compared to incineration composting which require additional treatment or disposal operations for their residues.

3. Sanitary landfill can be put into operation within a short period of time.

Advantages of Sanitary

Landfill

4. Sanitary landfill can receive all types of solid wastes, eliminating the necessity of separate collections.

4. sanitary landfill is flexible , increased of solid wastes can be disposed of with little additional personnel and equipment.

5. submarginal land may be reclaimed for use as parking lots, playgrounds, golf courses, airports, etc.

Disadvantages of Sanitary

Landfill

1. a highly populated area, suitable land may not be available within the economical hauling distance.

2. proper sanitary landfill standards must be adhered to daily or the operation may result in an open dump.

3. sanitary landfill located in residential areas can result to extreme public opposition.

Disadvantages of Sanitary

Landfill

4. A completed landfill will settle and require periodic maintenance.

5. methane, an explosive gas and other gases produced from the decomposition of the wastes may become hazard or nuisance problem and may interfere with the use of the completed landfill.

Design of Sanitary Landfill

1 Estimate how many hectares of land would be

required for a sanitary landfill, under the following

conditions:

Design life of the site 30 years

MSW generation rate 25 N/ capita/day

MSW compacted unit weight 5.0 KN/m3

Average fill depth 10 m

Community population 50,000

MSW to cover ratio 4:1


a. Determine the volume of compacted refuse

per year

b. Determine the volume required for cover

per year

c. Determine the total volume required per

year

d. Determine the area required per year

e. Determine the total area required for ____

years


Seatwork1:

1. Determine the area(ha) required for a

new landfill site with a projected life of 15

years for a population of 125 000

generating 25 kg per household per week.

Assume the density of waste is 500

kg/m3.A planning restriction limits the

height of the landfill to 10m. Assume

that municipal solid waste to soil cover

ratio of 4. (5 person = 1 household)

Step1.

Determine the volume of compacted refuse per year

V = mass/density = 625,000 kg/week

= 65178.571 m3/year

500 kg/m3

Step2.

Determine the volume required for cover per year

V MSW per year = 4

V Soil cover

V Soil cover = V MSW per year

4

Step3.

Determine the total volume required per year

Vtotal = VMSW + V SOIL COVER

Vtotal = A x h ; Find Area required per year?

Step4.

Determine the total area required for n year. For 15 years :

A X 15 = 12.22 ha


Seatwork2:

2. A rural community of 15000 persons generates refuse at an average rate of 5 lb / capita/day. A 25 ac landfill site is available, with an average depth of compacted refuse limited to 20 ft by local topography. It is estimated that the compacted refuse will have a unit weight of 1000 lb/yard3 and that an additional 25% of volume will be taken up by the cover material. What is the anticipated useful life of the landfill?

Problem 3.

Imagine a town where 10,000 households

each fill up one 320L container of refuse per

week. To what density would a 15m3 packer

truck have to compact the refuse to be able

to collect all the households during one trip?

Density in cans 120 kg/m3

Solution

Mass In Loose= Mass Out packer

Volume Loose x Density Loose = Volume packer x Density packer

Density packer = 25,600 kg/m3

Solid Waste Management With Problem Set(2)

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