DANIDA (ref.104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86) Malaysian Government / DANIDA

Solid Waste Management Component

Survey on Existing Solid Waste Management Practices in High-rise Buildings February 2009

Doc No : SWMC_TEC_02-024-Survey on Waste Amount, Storage, Density in Landed Residential Areas

Issue : 01

Date of Issue : February 2009

Authors : Christopher Andel; Soon Hun Yang; Theng Lee Chong

Approved : Ib Larsen

Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS i

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 SURVEY DESCRIPTION 2

2.1 Objectives 2

2.2 Survey Scope 3

2.3 Methodology 3

2.3.1 Phase 1: Preliminary Survey 4 2.3.2 Phase 2: Planning and Implementation of Ground Work 5 2.3.3 Phase 3: Survey on Waste Generation Rates, Storage Capacity and

Collection Efficiency in High-rise Buildings 6

3 FINDINGS 8

3.1 Storage Facilities 8

3.1.1 Description of Existing Internal Waste Management Practices in High-rise Buildings 11

3.1.2 Description of Common Waste Storage Facilities in High-rise Buildings 12

3.2 Existing Waste Collection Procedures 15

3.2.1 Summary of Findings on Waste Collection Efficiency 15 3.2.2 Contractors 18 3.2.3 Collection Frequency 18 3.2.4 Duration of Collection Activities 20 3.2.5 Leachate Management 22

3.3 Existing Waste Disposal Practices 24

3.3.1 Collection Routes 24 3.3.2 Final Destination 26

4 CONCLUSIONS 30

List of Figures Figure 1: Locations of Selected Survey Sites 7

Figure 2: Waste Contractors Servicing High-rise Building Sites 18

Figure 3: Waste Collection Frequencies at Selected Survey Sites 18

Figure 4: Average Total Storage Capacity per Collection Frequency 19

Figure 5: Average Unit Storage Capacity per Collection Frequency 19

Figure 6: Average Waste Storage Capacity per High-rise Building Category 20

Figure 7: Common Collection Methods 21

Figure 8: On-Site Segregation of Recyclables 21

Figure 9: Final Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Buildings 26

Figure 10: Locations of Designated Disposal Sites 27

Figure 11: Final Disposal Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Building (Tiara Ampang Condominium) 28

Figure 12: Final Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Building (Putra Indah Condominium) 29

List of Tables

Table 1: Selected Sites Located in Kuala Lumpur 4

Table 2: Selected Sites Located in the Outskirts of Kuala Lumpur 5

Table 3: Overview of Solid Waste Management Practices at Selected Survey Sites 13

Table 4: Overview of Findings on Waste Collection Efficiency 16

Table 5: Average Duration of Specific Collection Methods 21

Table 6: Sources of Leachate Spillage 23

Table 7: Full Trajectory of Waste Transportation 24

List of Appendices

Appendix 1: List of High-rise Buildings Visited During Preliminary Research 34

Appendix 2: Official Sample Letter to Building Management of High-rise Buildings 35

Appendix 3: Survey Form 37

Appendix 4: List of Identified Waste Contractors 41

i

ABBREVIATIONS

Act Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act [Act 672]

DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance

DNSWM Department of National Solid Waste Management

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

MGB Mobile garbage bins

SWM Solid waste management

SWMC Solid waste management component

1

1 INTRODUCTION

High rise premises such as flats, apartments and condominiums are common dwellings in especially the urban and sub-urban areas in Malaysia. These concentrated living premises generate large amount of domestic waste that must be handled within the municipal solid waste system. At present, information and existing management of different types of (non-hazardous) solid waste generated by residents of the aforementioned categories of high-rise buildings are not stringently monitored. As a result, available data and information on the existing management of solid waste (e.g. storage, transportation and disposal) is limited.

The enactment of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 [Act 672] (Act), will imply new requirements for managing solid wastes generated for the various types of households. In an attempt to improve insight in existing solid waste management practices in high-rise buildings, the Department of National Solid Waste Management (DNSWM) commissioned a survey on the issue. The survey was carried out with the assistance from the Solid Waste Management Component (SWMC) funded by the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA).

2

2 SURVEY DESCRIPTION

2.1 Objectives

The main objective of the survey on existing solid waste management practices in high-rise buildings was to gain an insight on the existing waste management from generation (e.g. residents of high-rise buildings, commercial lots located on high-rise building compounds, waste generated by maintenance activities such as gardening, etc.) to final point of disposal (e.g. landfill, transfer station). The survey also documented current modes of transferring waste internally between storage points at the premises visited. The establishment of an overview of this process is essential for determining which adjustments required to ensure that new regulations concerning these matters will prove to be efficient. The specific objectives of the survey are as follows:

To determine the existing solid waste management practices at high-rise buildings.

To determine the types and amounts of solid waste generated at high-rise buildings of differing sizes in order to establish which bin size and total bin capacity is most suitable under different collection frequencies (ranging from 2 to 6 times per week).

To determine whether waste collection and disposal services offered by concessionaires and sub-contractors differ from those employed by private contractors.

To assess if the waste collection routes are dedicated to high-rise buildings or if they include a mixture of high-rise and landed premises.

To determine the average time spent on waste collection at high-rise buildings of different sizes and categories in order to establish the efficiency of contemporary collection practices and set attainable guidelines for future improvement.

3

2.2 Survey Scope

The survey included generation, storage, collection and disposal of household solid waste at each of the high-rise building categories listed below.

1. Low Income Flats 2. Medium Income Apartments 3. High Income Condominiums

The term “solid waste” as defined in the Act includes:

(a) any scrap material or other unwanted surplus substance or rejected

products arising from the application of any process;

(b) any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled; or

(c) any other material that according to the Solid Waste and Public

Cleansing Management Act 2007 or any other written law is required by the authority to be disposed of.

However, the term does not include scheduled (hazardous) wastes as prescribed under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 [Act 127], sewage as defined in the Water Services Industry Act 2006 [Act 655] or radioactive waste as defined in the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 [Act 304].

The term “household solid waste” includes any solid waste generated by a household, and of a kind that is ordinarily generated or produced by premises when occupied as a dwelling house, including garden waste. It must be noted that data collected on solid waste generation and management practices in high-rise buildings during this survey is based on aggregated figures from all units on the premises as opposed to single unit. A total of 22 high-rise building sites were visited during the survey. 12 of these sites were selected for subsequent detailed surveying. All of the high-rise buildings are located in the greater Klang Valley metropolitan area (except Templer flat in Seremban).

2.3 Methodology

Ground work related to this survey was carried out in three separate stages between March and June 2008. A brief description of each of these stages is presented below.

4

2.3.1 Phase 1: Preliminary Survey

A preliminary survey on existing solid waste management practices in high-rise buildings was conducted at 22 randomly selected high-rise building sites over a three day period in March 2008 (see Appendix 1). The survey aimed to obtain general information on these high-rise buildings and their waste management practices. The survey was conducted as unannounced face-to-face interviews with management corporation representatives, maintenance officers, security guards and/or residents as well as observations made. Information was gathered on the following topics during the visits:

Types of premises surrounding the high-rise building site (e.g. residential properties, commercial lots).

Bins (e.g. type, number, capacity, condition and on-site location).

Management corporation (contact) details.

Existing internal waste management practices.

Mixed/recyclable waste contractors and collection frequencies.

A total of 12 of the sites were subsequently selected according to location, category and anticipated level of co-operation from management representatives in order to gain a broad scope of information relevant to this survey. It was decided that the following 12 high-rise building would be most suitable for data collection purposes:

Table 1: Selected Sites Located in Kuala Lumpur

No. Name Location

Condominiums

1. Tiara Ampang Condominium Ampang

2. Vista Perdana Condominium Pandan Perdana

Apartments

3. Idaman Suria Apartments Setapak

4. Segar Heights Apartments Cheras

Flats

5. Sri Selangor Flat Pudu

6. Flat Taman Sungai Besi Sungai Besi

5

Table 2: Selected Sites Located in the Outskirts of Kuala Lumpur No. Name Location

Condominiums

7. Putra Indah Condominium Seri Kembangan

8. Regency Condominium Klang

Apartments

9. Baiduri Apartments Shah Alam

10. Prima Bayu Apartments Klang

Flats

11. Flat PKNS Taman Sri Serdang Serdang

12. Templer Flat Seremban

2.3.2 Phase 2: Planning and Implementation of Ground Work

Management representatives at the aforementioned high-rise buildings were informed of the survey between the 15th and 18th of April, 2008. Representatives were supplied with official written documentation on the purposes and objectives of the survey. The format of this letter is presented in Appendix 2. Interviews were initially scheduled for the 23rd and 24th of April upon receiving verbal approval from those informed. As the management corporation of Segar Heights Apartments in Cheras declined to participate in the survey, this particular site was replaced by Casa Ria Apartments in Taman Maluri. A preparatory meeting was held on the 21st of April, 2008. The objective of this meeting was to familiarise those involved in ground work with the survey form to be used during interviews. This form is attached in Appendix 3. Questions incorporated into the survey form concern the following subjects:

(a) Waste Storage (Receptacles):

Existing bin types, number, capacity, and on-site location.

Existing waste management practices (e.g. from household to centralised storage area).

Bin-filling in relation to collection frequency.

(b) Waste Collection / Transportation:

Name and contact details of waste contractors.

Collection frequency.

Types of vehicles used for waste collection and transportation (e.g. type, condition, visual evidence of leachate spillage, etc).

Collection method (e.g. manual, mechanical).

Duration of collection activities in relation to number, type and capacity of storage facilities.

Collection routes (e.g. dedicated to high-rise buildings, mixed with other types of properties, etc.).

Final destination of waste collected.

6

(c) Additional Information:

Total population and occupancy rate of high-rise building.

General information on recycling practices (if applicable).

Weighbridge data at final destination. The survey was conducted by two teams consisting of three surveyors each, including one DNSWM representative. Each team was appointed a specific surveying area during the first two days of interviews. Management representatives at the last of the 12 selected high-rise building sites were interviewed on the 29th of April, 2008.

2.3.3 Phase 3: Survey on Waste Generation Rates, Storage Capacity and Collection Efficiency in High-rise Buildings

Due to the fact that management representatives at the 12 previously visited high-rise buildings generally were unable to give detailed insight into the waste collection and disposal activities of the contractors servicing their respective compounds, a separate survey was organised to collect detailed information on these matters. The information sought after is shown in Section III of the Survey Form (see Appendix 3).

The management representatives interviewed during the previous stage of surveying were once again contacted in order to confirm if the information gathered on collection times and frequencies were correct. Time-tables in which collection days, times and duration were to be noted and were sent to the representatives. Three separate teams consisting of two DANIDA-SWMC representatives then proceeded to visit all 12 selected survey sites at the indicated collection days and times. Interviews were conducted with waste truck drivers and collection routes were traced from generation source to final point of disposal when possible. Each site was visited twice in order to enlarge the amount of samples collected and compare data obtained on both occasions. Ground work related to this phase of survey was commenced on the 21st of May, 2008 and was concluded on the 18th of June, 2008. The respective locations of all 12 high-rise building sites visited during this period are presented in Figure 1. The approximate locations of various Local Authority centres within the Klang Valley have also been included in this map. Only a limited amount of data was acquired at Prima Bayu Apartments in Klang due to irregularities in collection times and frequencies at this site.

7

Figure 1: Locations of Selected Survey Sites * Note: All data presented from this point onwards is based on information collected during visits to the locations shown above.

8

3 FINDINGS

A wide range of information on existing solid waste management practices in high-rise buildings was gathered during all three aforementioned phases of ground work. The presentation of this data is divided into three separate sections, including storage facilities at selected high-rise buildings, collection methods employed by the contractors servicing these sites and the points at which generated wastes are ultimately disposed.

3.1 Storage Facilities

Various types of receptacles and internal storage facilities observed during ground work are presented below:

(a) Common Waste Receptacles

Definition: Dustbin Capacity: 70 litres

9

Definition: Wheelie Bin Capacity: 120 / 240 litres

Definition: Mobile Garbage Bin (MGB); Plastic Capacity: 660 litres

Definition: Mobile Garbage Bin (MGB); Metal Capacity: 660 litres

10

Definition: Refuse Chamber Dimensions: Varies per location

Definition: Centralised Storage Area Dimensions: Varies per location

11

(b) Alternative Waste Receptacles

Definition: Dustbin Capacity: 240 litres

Definition: Spiral Bin Capacity: 6,700 litres

3.1.1 Description of Existing Internal Waste Management Practices in High-rise Buildings

A wide range of internal waste management practices are currently being implemented at the various high-rise buildings. The most widely applied practice involves residents disposing of their waste in designated refuse chambers located on every floor. These chambers are generally bare but it is not uncommon for a sole 120 litre wheelie-bin to be placed inside. Maintenance workers will subsequently clear each chamber and transfer all refuse generated to centralised storage areas from which collection takes place. This procedure is practiced at six of the locations visited (50% of the

12

selected survey sites). All of these sites are either condominiums or apartments. The residents of the majority of low-income flats are responsible for transferring waste to final storage facilities themselves. Such practices are also applied at 4 condominiums and apartment buildings visited (33% of sites surveyed). Other procedures observed include individual refuse chambers for each unit and transfer from unit to centralised storage areas through shoot systems.

3.1.2 Description of Common Waste Storage Facilities in High-rise Buildings

A common element in waste management at high-rise buildings is the use of covered centralised storage areas as final points of waste storage preceding collection activities. A total of 5 high-rise buildings visited (42% of selected survey sites) contain a single centralised storage area. Two buildings (16% of selected survey sites) contain two centralised storage areas while the remaining 5 buildings housed three or more of these centralised points of disposal. These storage areas are generally easily accessible by large vehicles. It was observed that 660 litre Mobile Garbage Bins (MGBs) are the most common receptacles found at high-rise buildings. Of the 12 locations visited, eight (67% of the total number of sites surveyed) utilise either plastic or metal MGBs as the final storage prior to collection. Waste generated at three locations (25% of the total number of sites surveyed) is kept in bare centralised storage areas. The 3 centralised storage areas of one particular high-rise building contained a single spiral bin each. Plastic 660 litre MGBs and 120 litre wheelie-bins are generally applied for the internal transfer of waste generated on-site. This proved to be the case in 8 of the selected high-rise buildings (67% of the total number of sites surveyed). Dustbins are most commonly utilised on compounds with a high ratio of refuse chambers per individual unit. An overview of the information presented above is shown in Table 3.

13

Table 3: Overview of Solid Waste Management Practices at Selected Survey Sites

Survey Site

Compound Size Existing Internal

Solid Waste

Management Practices

Final Storage Facilities

Blocks /

Floors

Units

(Total)

Occupancy

Rate (%)

Population

(Estimated)

Type

Units

Total

Capacity (l)

Condominiums

Putra Indah 3 blocks / 15

2 blocks / 10

280 75 750 Tenant → Centralised Storage Area

Plastic MGB 10 6,600

Regency 3 / 21 732 70 1,500 Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Metal MGB 4 2,640

Tiara Ampang 2 high-rise / 18

2 low-rise / 4

400 75 600 Tenant → Unit → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Centralised Storage Area

2 10,760

Vista Perdana 4 / 8 256 90 1,000 Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Centralised Storage Area

1 2,000

Apartments

Baiduri 4 / 10 320 98 1,800 Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Metal MGB

4 2,640

Casa Ria 1 high-rise / 20

18 low-rise / 3

476 95 2,000 High-rise: Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Low-rise: Tenant → Refuse Chamber

High-rise: Centralised Storage Area

Low-rise: Dustbin

1

30

6,750

7,200

Sum:

14

Survey Site

Compound Size Existing Internal

Solid Waste

Management Practices

Final Storage Facilities

Blocks /

Floors

Units

(Total)

Occupancy

Rate (%)

Population

(Estimated)

Type

Units

Total

Capacity (l)

13,950

Idaman Suria 1 / 16 288 95 1,500 Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Metal MGB 2 1,320

Prima Bayu 1 block / 7

1 block / 4

672 90 2,000 Tenant → Refuse Chamber → Cleaner → Centralised Storage Area

Metal MGB 6 3,960

Flats

Sri Selangor 6 / 17 1,591 97 6,500 Tenant → Centralised Storage Area

Spiral Bin 3 20,100

Taman Sri Serdang

4 / 5 656 95 2,000 Tenant → MGB Bins (Open Air) Plastic/Metal

MGB

6 3,960

Taman Sungai Besi

6 / 5 380 100 1,500 Tenant → Centralised Storage Area

Metal MGB 3 1,980

Templer 2 / 15 264 100 1,000 Tenant → Waste Shoot/Shaft → Centralised Storage Area

Plastic/Metal

MGB

4 2,640

15

3.2 Existing Waste Collection Procedures

Information on existing waste collection procedures was obtained during interviews with waste contractor employees at the selected survey sites on two separate dates. However, data proved to be inconsistent when comparing the findings of one day to those sampled on another. As a result, data concerning certain aspects of collection presented below should be considered examples of possible practices rather than descriptions of standardised procedures consistently employed at the selected survey sites. Examples of possible disparities in collection procedures have been incorporated into the following sections when applicable.

3.2.1 Summary of Findings on Waste Collection Efficiency

Although waste collection procedures at high-rise buildings tend to vary per location, a number of common trends were detected as follows:

The collection of waste at high-rise buildings often take place either in the early hours of the morning (06:00 – 08:00) or just before lunch time (11:00 – 13:00). It is very uncommon for high-rise premises to be serviced in the afternoon.

Compactor lorries (see image below) are the preferred mode of collection amongst waste contractors. The use of alternative types of vehicles, in this case a Ro-Ro lorry, was only observed at a single survey site.

The crew allocated to a certain collection route generally consists of four workers, including a driver. Drivers tend to be the only staff members permanently attached to a certain route whereas other crew members are frequently rotated.

Definition: Compactor Lorry Capacity: 4.5 tonnes (maximum)

A general overview of the types of information gathered on collection practices during Phase 3 of ground work is provided in Table 4. Certain aspects of existing waste collection procedures will be further discussed in the following section.

16

Table 4: Overview of Findings on Waste Collection Efficiency

Survey

Site

Date

Observed

Time of

Arrival

Duration

(Mins)

Emptied Storage Facilities

(Type / Units)

Bin-fill

(%)

Collection

Frequency

(X Per Week)

Vehicle

Type

Collection

Method

Crew Size

(Including

Driver)

Segregation

On Spot

Condominiums

Putra

Indah

22/05/05 10:25 59 Plastic MGB/9 100 3

(Tue/Thu/

Sat)

Compactor

Lorry

Manual 3 No

24/05/05 11:34 66

Regency 13/06/08 08:30 15 Metal MGB/4 > 100 3 – 4 Compactor

Lorry

Mechanical 4 Yes

18/06/08 09:05 25 Metal MGB/6 85 – 100 3

Tiara

Ampang

26/05/08 11:10 80 Refuse Chamber/2

60 6 Ro-Ro

Lorry

Manual 4 Yes

27/05/08 09:50 70 80

Vista Perdana

21/05/08 15:40 20 Refuse Chamber/1

N/A 6 Compactor

Lorry

Manual 3 No

23/05/08 09:55 10 6

Apartments

Baiduri 22/05/08 12:04 83 Metal MGB/4 > 100 3 – 4 Compactor

Lorry

Manual 4 Yes

05/06/08 12:31 35 No

Casa Ria 22/05/08 06:00 91 Dustbin (240 l)/30;

Refuse Chamber/1

75 – 100 3 Compactor

Lorry

Manual 4 Yes

26/05/08 06:30 88 100

Idaman

Suria

22/05/08 12:30 20 Metal MGB/2 80 Daily Basis Compactor

Lorry

Mechanical 4 Yes

23/05/08 11:40 > 100

17

Survey

Site

Date

Observed

Time of

Arrival

Duration

(Mins)

Emptied Storage Facilities

(Type / Units)

Bin-fill

(%)

Collection

Frequency

(X Per Week)

Vehicle

Type

Collection

Method

Crew Size

(Including

Driver)

Segregation

On Spot

Prima Bayu

02/06/08 N/A N/A Metal MGB/6 > 100 3 Compactor Lorry

N/A 3 N/A

Flats

Sri

Selangor

26/05/08 09:00 30 Spiral Bin/3 N/A 6 Compactor

Lorry

Mechanical 3 No

29/05/08 08:32 4 Spiral Bin/1

Taman Sri

Serdang

22/05/08 N/A N/A Metal/Plastic MGB/6

80 3

(Tue/Thu/

Sat)

Compactor

Lorry

Manual +

Mechanical

4 N/A

24/05/08 07:21 30 100 No

Taman Sg. Besi

21/05/08 06:00 15 Metal MGB/3 50 – 100 3 Compactor

Lorry

Manual +

Mechanical

4 Yes

23/05/08 06:05 5 5

Templer

28/05/08

12:26

34

Metal/Plastic MGB/4

90 – 100 3

(Mon/Wed/

Fri)

Compactor

Lorry

Manual +

Mechanical

5 Yes

30/05/08

14:13

15

Metal/Plastic MGB/3

18

3.2.2 Contractors

It was noted that the majority of waste collectors are sub-contractors of concessionaires (e.g. Alam Flora) or the concessionaires themselves. It is uncommon (only 1 out of 12) to employ private contractors for waste collection and disposal services. This trend is highlighted in Figure 2. The names and contact details of all waste contractors identified during ground work are attached in Appendix 4.

S olid Was te C ontrac tors for Hig h R is e S urvey

C onc es s ionaires

25%

Unknown

8%

S ub-c ontrac tors

67%

Figure 2: Waste Contractors Servicing High-rise Building Sites

3.2.3 Collection Frequency

The number of collections per week is determined by location rather than compound size or category. A total of four sites, which are serviced 6 times per week or more, are located in Kuala Lumpur while suburban compounds housing similar populations are generally serviced less frequently. The most common collection frequency amongst the sites is three times per week (see Figure 3).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Daily Basis 6x per week 3-4x per week 3x per week

No.

of

hig

hrise

Collection

Frequency

Figure 3: Waste Collection Frequencies at Selected Survey Sites

19

The three survey sites (all located within Kuala Lumpur) which are serviced six times per week hold a higher average storage capacity than those serviced less frequently. This trend is presented in Figure 4. This higher average is also partly due to the fact that one of the high-rise buildings employs 3 spiral bins (the only spiral bin observed at the survey) with very high total capacity (approximately 20,000 m³ in total) for a relatively higher number of housing units (close to 1600). Higher storage capacity (10,000 m³) was also provided at another high-rise building of 400 units. Therefore, the average total capacity was observed to be higher than that of other high-rise buildings with different collection frequencies.

Over-filling of waste receptacles is more likely to take place at sites which are serviced less frequently. Overflowing waste receptacles were observed at 4 of the 8 sites which are serviced either 3 times per week or 3 to 4 times per week. In contrast, not a single case of over-filling was observed at sites serviced 6 times per week or on a daily basis. This trend indicates that the minimum total waste storage capacity allocated to high-rise buildings must be increased, if collection services are to take place 3 times per week.

1320

10953

6380

2640 4435

Daily B as is 6x per week

(with s piral

bin)

6x per week

(without s piral

bin)

3-4x per week 3x per week

Average Total C apac ity (l)

Figure 4: Average Total Storage Capacity per Collection Frequency

The average storage capacity per household unit at high-rise buildings with the same collection frequency is presented in Figure 5.

5

15

20

5

12

Daily B as is 6x per week

(with s piral

bin)

6x per week

(without

s piral bin)

3-4x per

week

3x per week

Average Unit C apac ity (l)

Figure 5: Average Unit Storage Capacity per Collection Frequency

20

The average waste storage capacity per high-rise building category is presented in Figure 6.

5500 5468

7170

2860

C ondominium Apartment F lat (with

s piral bin)

F lat (without

s piral bin)

A verage Total S torage C apac ity (l)

Figure 6: Average Waste Storage Capacity per High-rise Building Category

3.2.4 Duration of Collection Activities

The time spent on emptying waste receptacles at the high-rise building sites is dependent on a number of factors. First of all, the size of the crew allocated to a certain collection route can play a role. Shorthanded crews are often assisted by drivers when emptying waste receptacles, repeatedly halting the flow of collection activities in the process. The general quality of the receptacles to be emptied can also influence the amount of time spent on collection activities. For example, if one of its wheels is faulty or missing, it is extremely strenuous to move a full metal MGB into a position even its mechanical lifting is still possible. This process, in combination with a lack of manpower, can add several minutes to the average unit time required to empty prime quality receptacles. Furthermore, the duration of collection practices is heavily dependent on the method applied in emptying receptacles by contractors. Waste storage facilities are emptied manually at a total of five locations visited. Collectors spend an average of 60 minutes on servicing these sites. An average of 19 minutes is spent on collection activities at the three sites which are serviced mechanically using a bin-lift. It must be noted that the total storage capacity of one of these sites was only partially emptied on one occasion, which may prove the average collection time documented above to be an underestimation. A mixture of both manual and mechanical collection methods is applied at a total of four selected survey sites. An average of 20 minutes is spent on servicing these locations. A breakdown of the collection methods applied at the selected survey sites is shown in Figure 7. An overview of the average amount of time spent on each type of collection method is presented below in Table 5.

21

C ollec tion Method at Hig h R is e B uilding s

Mec hanic al

25%

Manual &

Mec hanic al

33%

Manual

42%

Figure 7: Common Collection Methods

Table 5: Average Duration of Specific Collection Methods

Collection Method Average Time Spent (Minutes)

Manual 60

Mechanical 19

Manual + Mechanical 20

It was also noted that the amount of time spent on collection activities is considerably extended if recyclable materials are segregated by the employees. For example, when the segregation of waste was observed at Baiduri Apartments in Shah Alam, the total duration of collection activities amounted to 83 minutes. Recyclables were not segregated by collection vehicle crew members during the following visit to this particular site, resulting in the same number of storage facilities being emptied in a total of 35 minutes. Thus, it can be concluded that more than 50% of the total amount of time spent on collection activities by crews who practice on-site waste segregation may be allocated to this process. An overview of the regularity in which segregation of recyclables takes place is presented in Figure 8.

No

33%

Unknown

13%

Y es

54%

Figure 8: On-Site Segregation of Recyclables

22

Finally, other activities which affect the duration of collection activities were observed at some sites. These activities include the post-collection cleaning of centralised storage areas and the use of water tap facilities in these areas for bathing purposes. The aforementioned activities were included in the documentation of collection times. It was observed that the cleaning of centralised storage areas generally amounted to 15% of the total time spent on collection activities. Personal hygiene amounted to circa 12% of the total time spent. A similar percentage of time was spent on alternative modes of relaxation, such as smoking cigarettes or sitting in the shade, at numerous other survey sites. The figures mentioned above indicate that a relatively small percentage of the total time allocated to collection activities is actually spent on emptying storage facilities. This percentage varies between 30% and 70%, depending on the specific storage facilities in question.

3.2.5 Leachate Management

The spilling of leachate was observed while viewing collection activities at the majority of the survey sites. Leachate spillage is most likely to take place while waste is being transferred from source of generation to final points of disposal as collection vehicles are generally not equipped with proper leachate tanks for containing liquid waste. Broken bins are another major cause of leachate spillage during collection activities. These situations are presented in the following images.

Leachate spillage from compactor lorry.

Example of poor quality bin prone to leachate spillage.

23

Leachate spillage can also occur during bin-lifting.

An overview on the locations and particular collection activities during which leachate spillage was observed is presented in Table 6 below.

Table 6: Sources of Leachate Spillage

Bin Collection / Emptying Truck

Condominium

Putra Indah Condo √

Regency Condo √

Tiara Ampang Condo √ √

Vista Perdana Condo √ √

Apartments

Baiduri Apartment √ √ √

Casa Ria Apartment √ √ √

Idaman Suria Apartment √ √

Prima Bayu Apartment √ √ √

Flats

Sg. Besi Flat √ √ √

Sri Selangor √ √ √

Taman Sri Serdang √

Templer Flat √ √ √

The information presented above proves that leachate spillage is a common occurrence during waste collection activities. More stringent and frequent controls of waste storage facilities and collection vehicles must take place in order to prevent this problem from manifesting itself following the implementation of the Act.

24

3.3 Existing Waste Disposal Practices

The following sections will concentrate on the final destination of refuse collected at the survey sites as well as the routes travelled to reach these points of disposal.

3.3.1 Collection Routes

Information gathered through ground work indicates that waste contractors rarely allocate one of their collection vehicles to service high-rise buildings only. This only proved to be the case at a single survey site which also happened to be the only high-rise premises serviced by a private contractor. In this case the vehicle only services a single site before proceeding to the disposal site. The majority of collection routes travelled by concessionaires and sub-contractors consist of a mixture of high-rise buildings and various types of landed properties or commercial lots. A general overview of the collection routes travelled by contractors servicing locations visited during this survey is shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Full Trajectory of Waste Transportation

Next Destination

Final Destination Collection Route

Types of

Premises

Serviced

Total Amount

of Waste Collected (Tonnes)

Condominium

Putra Indah Condo

Variable (not set)

Various Landfills

(Sg. Sibu/ Banting/

Kapar)

Bandar Tun Razak (8:00) → Serdang Raya→ Kapar/Sg. Sibu/Banting

High-rise

Buildings / Commercial

Lots

N/A

Regency Condo

Jalan Kampar (Landed)

Kapar Landfill Kapar Landfill (6:30) → Commercial Lots → Regency → Jalan Kampar → Commercial Lots → Housing Estate → Kapar Landfill

High-rise

Buildings / Commercial Lots Semi-Detached Houses /

Detached Houses / Bungalows

N/A

Restaurant (Landed)

Kapar Landfill

Tiara Ampang Condo

Jeram Landfill Jeram Landfill N/A High-rise

Buildings

2

1

Vista Perdana Condo

Perdana Court (Condo)

Jeram Landfill N/A High-rise

Buildings /

Housing Estates / Commercial Lots

7 - 8

25

Next Destination

Final Destination Collection Route

Types of

Premises

Serviced

Total Amount

of Waste Collected (Tonnes)

Apartments

Baiduri Apartment

Recycler/ Trader (Kapar)

N/A N/A High-rise

Buildings /

Housing Estates

N/A

School (Seksyen 7)

Kapar Landfill Kapar Landfill (6:30) → Seksyen 7 or 8 → Baiduri → Seksyen 7 or 8 → Kapar Landfill

High-rise

Buildings /

Housing Estates / Schools / Government

Offices

Casa Ria Apartment

Jalan Wira 1-7

Taman Beringin Transfer Station (Selayang)

Casa Ria → Jalan Wira 1-7 → GoM Quarters → Tmn. Beringin → (B. Tagar)

High-rise

Buildings /

Terraced Houses / Semi-Detached Houses / Commercial Lots / School / YMCA

N/A

N/A Jinjang Landfill

N/A 4

Idaman Suria Apartment

N/A Jinjang Landfill (19:00)

N/A High-rise Buildings / Kindergarten / Commercial Lots

8 - 9

Prima Bayu Apartment

N/A Kapar Landfill N/A High-rise &

Landed

N/A

N/A

Flats

Sri Selangor

Hang Tuah Flats

Taman Beringin Transfer Station (Selayang)

N/A High-rise

Buildings

4

Taman Sg. Besi

N/A Taman Beringin Transfer Station (Selayang)

N/A High-rise

Buildings / Commercial Lots

6 - 7

Taman Sri Serdang

Sunway Kapar Landfill Hulu Langat (6:30) → Serdang → Sunway → Kapar Landfill (15:00)

High-rise

Buildings /

Terraced

Houses / Commercial

Lots / Schools

N/A

Templer Flat

S. Gopinath Enterprise (Trader/Recycler), Lukut

Bukit Palong Landfill (Lukut)

N/A High-rise

Buildings /

Industrial

Areas / Housing

Estates / Hotels

8

26

It must be noted that many of the collection routes documented above are far from fixed and are prone to pragmatic adaptations by collection vehicle crews. For example, a respondent servicing Taman Sungai Besi claimed that parked vehicles blocking access to centralised storage areas or other receptacles often forced his crew to service other premises before returning at a later point to finish off the job. A similar case was identified in Klang when the crew servicing Prima Bayu Apartments was due to postpone these activities due to congestion. However, the majority of management corporation representatives interviewed did not have any major complaints concerning the punctuality of their respective waste contractors.

3.3.2 Final Destination

The majority of waste contractors identified dispose of waste at official dump sites, landfills or transfer stations. However, it was observed that these contractors do not necessarily dispose of the contents of their collection vehicles at the nearest waste disposal site. Figure 10 shows the location of all designated disposal sites in the Klang Valley in relation to the 12 high-rise buildings surveyed. No official documentation in the form of receipts was obtained from waste contractors following disposal activities at these sites.

A breakdown of the type of disposal sites most regularly frequented by the waste contractors identified during this survey is presented in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Final Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Buildings

F inal Des tination

E nd of life landfill

13%

Operating L andfill

66%

T rans fer S tation

13%

Unknown

8%

27

Figure 10: Locations of Designated Disposal Sites

28

A total of 19 collection routes which were (partially) traced during ground work ended at a landfill site in the vicinity of the greater Klang Valley metropolitan area. An extended visit to the premises of a recycling agent was observed during one of these partially traced routes. Several waste truck drivers claimed that it is common to sell segregated recyclables before disposing of residual waste at a designated site. From the survey, it appears that in some cases, the disposal sites accepting waste from the contractors are not fixed i.e. can vary at the discretion of the truck driver and crew. Information on the exact landfill sites at which respective contractors dispose of collected wastes occasionally highlighted negligence. For example, a number of crews stated that waste collected along the specific route in question was disposed of at Jinjang Landfill. However, this particular site is no longer operational after maximum filling capacity was reached in 2006. A single respondent stated that wastes collected along his regular route are disposed of at one of three landfill sites depending on undisclosed circumstances.

3.3.2.1 Logistics of Current Disposal and Delivery

Restricted access to disposal sites also exerts adverse effects on the efficiency of waste collection and disposal practices. For instance, the private waste contractor responsible for servicing Tiara Ampang Condominium is repeatedly refused access to disposal sites in the vicinity of their collection sites and is thus forced to transport all collected wastes to Jeram Landfill. This site is located over 100 km from the majority of premises serviced by this particular contractor. This can be illustrated in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Final Disposal Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Building (Tiara Ampang Condominium)

Legend

!? Local Authority

Tiara_Ampang

ML Transfer Station

Disposal Destination

Distance (km)

Operating Disposal Option

Current Disposal Destination

Landfill

Lifespan

MO 0 - 1

MO 2 - 5

MO 6 - 20

Tiara Ampang Condominium - Current Disposal Destination vs Other

Operating Disposal

29

Putra Indah Condo (South of KL) is another example indicating a need to reconsider the final disposal facility. The waste collected from Putra Indah Condo and nearby landed residential is currently being delivered to Jeram Landfill which is more than 60km direct distance (as shown in Figure 12). There are several alternative disposal facilities that are closer to the point of waste generation (as shown in Figure 12).

Figure 12: Final Destination of Waste Collected at High-rise Building (Putra Indah Condominium)

Legend

!? Local Authority

Landfill

Lifespan

MO 0 - 1

MO 2 - 5

MO 6 - 20

ML Transfer Station

Disposal Destination

Distance (km)

Operating Disposal Option

Current Disposal Destination

Putra Indah Condominium - Current Disposal Destination vs Other Operating

Disposal Options

Operating Disposal

30

4 CONCLUSIONS

A considerable amount of information was gathered on existing solid waste management practices at high-rise buildings during this survey. Despite the wide variety in practices observed, a number of general trends can be formulated. The findings on existing solid waste management (SWM) at high-rise buildings are summarised below:

SWM Aspects Findings and Recommendations from Survey

Waste generation and service providers

Who provides waste collection services?

Almost all high-rise buildings surveyed are serviced by either the interim concessionaire or their sub-contractors. Only one of the apartments hires their own private waste transporters.

Awareness of Building Management on SWM

Management corporations of the high-rise have very limited knowledge on their waste management (timing of collection, destination etc.).

Internal waste transfer and storage

Internal transfer of solid waste in high-rise

The most widely applied practice involves residents disposing of their waste in designated refuse chambers located on every floor. Cleaners employed by the building management will transfer these waste to the centralised storage area on regular basis. The residents of the majority of low-income flats are responsible for transferring generated waste to final storage facilities themselves.

Centralised storage of waste

Covered centralised storage areas as final points of keeping waste preceding collection activities are common. Mobile Garbage Bins (MGBs) are the most common receptacles found in centralised storage areas.

Required storage capacity

The required waste storage capacity is largely

31

SWM Aspects Findings and Recommendations from Survey

determined by the frequency in which high-rise buildings are serviced. It was found that the current average bin capacity range (5 – 10 litres per unit) is insufficient at high-rise buildings which are serviced 3 times per week. Overflowing bins and unhygienic refuse chambers were frequently observed at these types of locations. If collection were to take place 3 times per week, a minimum waste storage capacity of around 30 litres per unit is required to prevent over-filling. A total storage capacity of around 15 litres per unit should prove to be sufficient if high-rise buildings are to be serviced 6 times per week (see Figure 4, p. 19).

Waste collection

Collection times and frequencies

Collection times and frequencies differ considerably per visited location. The actual timing of the collection was found to be very inconsistent. High-rise buildings are most likely to be serviced either early morning (06:00-08:00) or around lunch time (11:00 – 13:00). The collection frequency differs among the high-rise surveyed, ranging from 3 times per week to daily service. The majority of high-rise buildings surveyed are serviced three times per week. Premises that enjoy higher collection frequencies tend to be located within Kuala Lumpur.

Collection methods and duration

Compactor trucks are the most common vehicles employed. However, it was found that mechanical bin-lifts are often not utilised during collection activities. Manual or a combination of manual and bin-lift were practiced. Manual collection takes an average of 60 minutes per high-rise building while it takes around 20 minutes for mechanical or manual/mechanical collection (see Table 5, p. 21).

Based on figures regarding duration, emptied storage facilities and collection method presented in Table 4 (p. 16), the following range in time spent per collection method was calculated:

Manual: 3 minutes per 240 litre MGB;

7 – 15 minutes per 660 litre MGB;

15 – 40 minutes per refuse chamber

Mechanical: 4 – 10 minutes per 660 litre MGB

Mixed: 4 – 8 minutes per 660 litre MGB

It must be noted that the size of collection crews influence the time spent on emptying waste storage

32

SWM Aspects Findings and Recommendations from Survey

facilities. For example, the minimum amount of time required to mechanically empty a bin was achieved by 4 people whereas the maximum duration involved 3 people.

Segregation of recyclables was observed to be common at collection. On average, 50% of the total amount of time spent on collection activities by crews who practice on-site waste segregation is allocated to this process.

Leachate spillage

Leachate spillage was observed to be a common occurrence during waste collection and transportation activities. This was due to broken bins, during collection and leaking waste collection trucks etc.

Waste transportation and destination

Waste collection routes

For waste concessionaires and its sub-contractors, it was found that the collection truck will serve a mixture of high-rise buildings and various types of landed properties or commercial lots prior to ending up in disposal facilities.

Waste disposal sites

From the survey, it appears that in most cases, the disposal sites where the contractors deliver their waste are not fixed i.e. can vary at the discretion of the truck driver and crew.

In many cases the current location of the disposal sites chosen by the contractors are not the most economical from logistic point of view. This could be due to the fact that some landfill within the proximity of the waste generation sources does not accept waste from these contractors.

33

APPENDICES

34

Appendix 1: List of High-rise Buildings Visited During Preliminary Research Day 1 (Friday, 14/03/2008):

Site Name Category Location

1 Prima Bayu Semi-Condominium Bayu Perdana, Klang

2 Regency Condominium Klang

3 Baiduri Apartment Shah Alam

4 Saujana Bungaraya Condominium Subang U2

5 Boulevard Condominium Subang Jaya

6 Kelana Parkview Condominium Kelana Jaya

7 Arena Green Apartment Bukit Jalil

Day 2 (Monday, 17/03/2008):

Site Name Category Location

1 Segar Heights Apartment Taman Segar, Cheras

2 Vista Perdana Condominium Pandan Perdana

3 Casa Ria Apartment Taman Maluri, Cheras

4 Sri Selangor Flat Pudu

5 Taman Sungai Besi Flat Sungai Besi

6 Tiara Ampang Condominium Jalan Ampang

7 Vistana Condominium Off Jalan Pahang

8 Idaman Suria Apartment Setapak

Day 3 (Tuesday, 18/03/2008):

Site Name Category Location

1 Garden Avenue Apartment Seremban 2

2 Templer Flat Lobak, Seremban

3 Suteramas Apartment Kajang

4 Puteri Palma Condominium Putrajaya

5 Taman Sri Serdang Flat Serdang

6 Serdang Perdana Apartment Serdang

7 Putra Indah Condominium Seri Kembangan

35

Appendix 2: Official Sample Letter to Building Management of High-rise Buildings

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

Dear Sirs / Madams,

SURVEY ON EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT PRACTICES IN

HIGHRISE BUILDINGS

I respectfully refer to the subject matter above.

The National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD) of the Ministry of

Housing and Local Government (MHLG) is currently undertaking a project on future

solid waste collection and disposal practices with the support of the Danish

International Development Assistance (DANIDA).

In relation to the aforementioned, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management

Act (2007) will be implemented throughout the course of this year. Various

regulations on solid waste management will be introduced under the new Act,

including legislation applicable to waste generators, waste transporters, waste

management facilities, etc. Consequently, all waste generators, waste transporters and

waste management facility operators will be regulated under this Act.

As part of the preparatory works leading up to implementation of the new Act, we are

currently conducting a survey on waste storage and collection procedures in high-rise

buildings. This survey aims to determine existing solid waste management practices

in high-rise buildings as well as gain insight into services offered by the waste

transport sector in order to obtain useful information for future planning of solid

waste management practices in general.

For the purpose of preparation on your behalf, a brief overview of the type of

information we hope to acquire during the interview is listed below.

1) General information on compound in question:

a. Total number of blocks, floors and units.

b. Occupancy rate.

c. Total number of residents.

2) Solid waste management practices:

a. General description of existing solid waste management practices from

generation source to centralized storage area.

b. Information regarding the segregation of generated wastes for

recycling purposes (if applicable).

36

3) Waste storage systems:

a. Type(s) of waste receptacles used, capacity (in m³) and number of

units.

b. Location of aforementioned receptacles (e.g. open air, indoor).

4) Information on waste collection procedures:

a. Name and contact details of waste contractor.

b. Collection frequency

c. Total service charge paid.

d. Type of vehicle(s) used, number of workers and collection method (e.g.

mechanical, manual).

In addition to the discussion, we also kindly request your cooperation in allowing us

to tour your compound and photograph scenes relevant to our research in order to gain

a better impression on existing practices of solid waste management within the

premises of high-rise buildings as well as documentation purposes.

Please do not hesitate to contact Mr. Theng, technical advisor with DANIDA-SWMC,

at 03-2096161 or 012-2977993 if you require any further clarification on this matter.

Your cooperation to participate in this survey is highly appreciated.

Thank you.

Yours sincerely,

_________________________

DR. NADZRI BIN YAHAYA

Director General

National Solid Waste Management Department

Ministry of Housing and Local Government

37

Appendix 3: Survey Form

Survey on Solid Waste Management of High-rise Buildings Form No:__

Building Name: _______________Total Block(s):______ Total Floors: ______

Address : ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Contact Person (Management Corporation): ___________________________

(If relevant) ___________________________

Total Units: _______ Units Occupied: ______ Total Population: ____________

(Estimated / Actual)

I) Solid Waste Management Practice

a) General descriptions on the existing practice of solid waste management in the

building (from generation source to the centralised waste storage area):

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

b) Whether the generated wastes are segregated for recycling? YES / NO

c) If YES, please describe the details:

Who segregate the recyclables?

House Occupiers Corporation Management Workers

Others (Please specify ______________________)

How do they sell the recyclable materials segregated?

Door to Door Recyclers Recyclers outside the Building

Others (Please specify ______________________)

Survey Form

38

II) Waste Storage System

a) General descriptions on the existing waste storage system:

Type of waste receptacles used, capacity and units:

i) Type: _______________ Capacity: ___________ Unit: _________

Own purchased (Price: RM _______)

Provided by waste contractors (Rental Price: RM _____/month)

ii) Type: _______________ Capacity: ___________ Unit: _________

Own purchased (Price: RM _______)

Provided by waste contractors (Rental Price: RM _____/month)

iii) Type: _______________ Capacity: ___________ Unit: _________

Own purchased (Price: RM _______)

Provided by waste contractors (Rental Price: RM _____/month)

Location of the waste receptacle placement:

Open Air (with lids / without lids)

Indoor (concrete structure / others ______________________)

b) Sketch the location of the centralized waste storage area:

c) Other observations (Conditions of the bins, cleanliness of the area etc.):

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

39

III) Waste Collection Information

a) General information about waste collection:

Waste contractor name and contact information (for residue waste):

Company Name : ____________________________________

Contact information : ____________________________________

Collection Frequency : _________ times / week

Binfill before the collection: __________%

Payment : RM ________ / month

b) Detailed observation on the waste collection practice:

Type of vehicle used: _________; number of worker(s): ___________

Collection method:

Binlift / mechanical (Elaborate: ____________________________)

Manual (Elaborate: ______________________________________)

Other (Elaborate: _______________________________________)

Time spent for collection: _________ minutes per ______ number of bin

Observation of leachate spillage during collection: YES / NO

c) Destination of the collection vehicle:

Where is the next destination of the collection vehicle:

Disposal Site / Facility: (Name: _____________________________)

Distance from the building: _________km

Collection at another premise: (Specify: ______________________)

Types of premises to collect:

Only highrise highrise & landed mixed with commercial

How many premise(s) to collect before to disposal site/facility: _______

The total amount of waste collected from the building: _____________

tonnes (Figure at the weighbridge)

40

IV) Additional Information/Observations:

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Survey done by: ______________________

Date:_______________________

41

Appendix 4: List of Identified Waste Contractors

No. Survey Site Name Address Contact Details

Condominiums

1 Putra Indah Shah Latiff Sdn Bhd

No.5, Persiaran Mewah, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 KL

N/A

2 Regency Alam Flora Sdn Bhd

Level 5, Wisma Hicom, No. 2, Jalan U1/8,Off Persiaran Kerjaya, 40000 Shah Alam

N/A

3 Tiara Ampang USG Enterprise No. 9, Jalan 2, 68000 Ampang Jaya

N/A

4 Vista Perdana Istazateguh Enterprise

Tapak Rimbun Enterprise, Lot 651B, Off Block N, Taman Dato Ahmad Razali, Ampang

03-42564262

Apartments

5 Baiduri Alam Flora Sdn Bhd

Level 5, Wisma Hicom, No. 2, Jalan U1/8,Off Persiaran Kerjaya, 40000 Shah Alam

N/A

6 Casa Ria Amaryryllis Resources Sdn Bhd

52, Jalan Pria 4, Taman Maluri, 55100 KL

N/A

7 Idaman Suria Cemerlang Das (formerly known as Hebat Abadi)

Lot 24, Jalan 4/32A, Off Batu 6.5, Jalan Kepong, 52000 KL (Hebat Abadi)

N/A

8 Prima Bayu Alam Flora Sdn Bhd

Level 5, Wisma Hicom, No. 2, Jalan U1/8,Off Persiaran Kerjaya, 40000 Shah Alam

N/A

Flats

9 Sri Selangor Alam Flora Sdn Bhd

Level 5, Wisma Hicom, No. 2, Jalan U1/8,Off Persiaran Kerjaya, 40000 Shah Alam

N/A

10 Taman Sri Serdang Syarikat Halilintar Mayu Sdn Bhd

24, Jalan 1/7, Bandar Tek. Kajang, Jalan Semenyih, Kajang

019-3774351

(Hamid)

11 Taman Sungai Besi Adams Sanitary Services Sdn Bhd

452A, Jalan Ipoh, 51200 KL

03-40417716

12 Templer Perkhidmatan Ara (M) Sdn Bhd

Lot 999, No. 112, Jalan Pegaga, Taman Merdeka, Batu Berendam, 75350 Melaka

N/A