Solid Waste Management - Group 3

8/13/2019 Solid Waste Management - Group 3

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#1 BIOREACTORS

A bioreactor is a vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or

biochemically active substances derived from such organisms.

Bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from some liter to cube meters,and are oftenmade of stainless steel.

Bioreactor Landfill

A bioreactor landfill operates to rapidly transform and degrade organic waste. The increase in

waste degradation and stabilization is accomplished through the addition of liquid and air to enhance

microbial processes. By efficiently designing and operating a landfill, the life of a landfill can be extended

by as much as 20 years. A bioreactor landfill is a sanitary landfill that uses enhanced microbial processes to

transform and stabilized the readily and moderately decomposable organic waste constituents within 5 to

10 years of bioreactor process implementation.

Bioreactor Technology

It is a process based technology which involves physical, chemical and biological process with

proper leachate management to recover bioenergy in the form of landfill gas and residue as manure.

Physical Process

Physical process involves, shredding of the waste to an uniform size, proper mixing of the waste.

Chemical Process

Chemical process for the enhancement of microbial growth involves leachate recirculation, pH

adjustment, addition of buffers and nutrients.

Biological Process

Bioreactor Landfill operates under the optimal anaerobic environmental conditions for the

enhancement of bio-degradation process.

There are three different general types of bioreactor landfill configurations:

a. AerobicIn an aerobic bioreactor landfill, leachate is removed from the bottom layer, piped to

liquids storage tanks, and re-circulated into the landfill in a controlled manner. Air is injected

into the waste mass, using vertical or horizontal wells, to promote aerobic activity and

accelerate waste stabilization.

b. AnaerobicIn an anaerobic bioreactor landfill, moisture is added to the waste mass in the form of

re-circulated leachate and other sources to obtain optimal moisture levels. Biodegradation

occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically) and produces Landfill gas. Landfill gas,


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primarily methane, can be captured to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and for energy

projects.

c. Hybrid (Aerobic-Anaerobic)The hybrid bioreactor landfill accelerates waste degradation by employing a

sequential aerobic-anaerobic treatment to rapidly degrade organics in the upper sections of

the landfill and collect gas from lower sections. Operation as a hybrid results in the earlier

onset of methanogenesis compared to aerobic landfill

Advantages of Bioreactor Landfills

Bioreactor landfills accelerate the process of decomposition. Bioreactor landfills are expected to

increase this rate of decomposition and save up to 30% of space needed for landfills. With increasing

amounts of solid waste produced every year and scarcity of landfill spaces, bioreactor landfill can thus

provide a significant way of maximising landfill space. This is not just cost effective, but since less land is

needed for the landfills, this is also better for the environment. Lower waste toxicity and mobility due to

both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Furthermore, most landfills are monitored for at least 3 to 4 decades to ensure that no leachate or

landfill gases escape into the community surrounding the landfill site. In contrast, bioreactor landfill are

expected to decompose to level that does not require monitoring in less than a decade. Hence, the landfill

land can be used for other purposes such as reforestation or parks, depending on the location at an earlier

date. In addition, re-using leachate to moisturise the landfill filters it. Thus, less time and energy is required

to process the leachate, making the process more efficient.

Disadvantages of Bioreactor Landfills

Bioreactor landfills are a relatively new technology. For the newly developed bioreactor landfills

initial monitoring costs are higher to ensure that everything important is discovered and properly

controlled. This includes gases, odours and seepage of leachate into the ground surface.

The increased moisture content of bioreactor landfill reduces the structural stability of the landfill.

The landfill can become too soft too quickly and end up collapsing in on itself due to its weight.

Another consequence of rapid decomposition is the rapid accumulation of landfill gases, primarily

methane. Traditional landfills have exhaust pipes dug into them to release methane as it is produced.

Bioreactor landfills may produce enough landfill gases at a fast enough rate that pipes are not be able vent

them, causing an explosion. In addition, the types of gases bioreactor landfills produce in excess compared

to traditional landfills, such as H2S, have excessively putrid smell (H2S smells like rotten eggs).Hence, there

is a chance that bioreactor landfill land may not be used for other projects due to the presence of these

odorous gases. Since the target of bioreactor landfills is to maintain a high moisture content, gas collection

systems can be effected by the increased moisture content of the waste.

Special Considerations of Bioreactor Landfills

Several considerations about bioreactor landfills must be examined and understood before the EPA can

identify specific bioreactor standards or recommend operating parameters. Issues that need to beaddressed during both design and operation of a bioreactor landfill include:


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Increased gas emissions Increased odors Physical instability of waste mass due to increased moisture and density Surface seeps Landfill fires

#2 THE ANAEROBIC BIOREACTORS

LANDFILL: The Anaerobic Decomposition Process in Bioreactor Landfill Ecosystem

The technologies of enhancing biodegradation of organic waste in bioreactor landfills can be

possibly developed upon understanding the basic biochemical processes that occur in such ecosystem.

Numerous studies have been carried out on the anaerobic biodegradation process in the landfills.

Numerous researchers have characterized the stabilization of waste in terms of an idealized sequence of

phases between the burial of fresh MSW and well-decomposed waste. Some investigations have

suggested that the stabilization of waste proceeds in five sequential and distinct phase. The rate and

characteristics of produced leachate and biogas vary from one phase to another, and reflect the microbiallymediated processes taking place inside the landfill. Major bacterial groups involved in this decomposition

process include hydrolytic bacteria, fermentative bacteria, acetogenic bacteria, and methanogenic bacteria

The bioreactor landfill requires certain specific management activities and operational

modifications to enhance microbial decomposition processes. The single most important and cost-effective

method is liquid addition and management. Other strategies, including waste shredding, pH adjustment,

nutrient addition, waste pre-disposal and post-disposal conditioning, and temperature management, may

also serve to optimize the bioreactor process. Successful implementation also requires the development

and implementation of focused operational and development plans.

Operations

The bioreactor landfill is a waste treatment system. During landfill operations, it requires closer

attention to system performance than the drier landfill. Successful operation of a bioreactor landfill

depends upon control and monitoring of biological, chemical, and hydrologic processes occurring within

the landfill. Operational and maintenance programs addressing settlement, landfill gas, and leachate may

be reduced to a minimal level once the landfill is closed and the refuse is largely stabilized.

Solid Waste Pre-treatment or Segregation

Bioreactor operations are most efficient and effective where the refuse has high organic content

and high exposed specific surface area. For this reason, bioreactor operations should be concentrated on

waste segregated to maximize its organic content and shredded, flailed, or otherwise manipulated to

increase its exposed surface area. Waste segregation could include separation of construction and

demolition (C&D) wastes from MSW. Limited shredding can be obtained by spreading refuse in thin lifts

and using landfill equipment to break open plastic bags and break down containers. Mechanical shredding

can be efficient and effective in reducing particle size and opening bags, however it is an intensive, high

maintenance and high cost activity, which may not be cost-effective. Moreover, shredded wastes may

become exceedingly dense after placement, thereby limiting moisture penetration.

Leachate Seeps

Adding liquids to solid waste landfills increases the potential for leachate seeps or breakouts; and

the landfill must be operated to minimize such possibilities. Leachate must be precluded from

contaminating storm water runoff. Monitoring for leachate seeps is mandatory, and the operations plan


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must include a rapid response action to correct leachate seeps as they develop. Such measures as

installation of slope and toe drains, surface regrading, filling and sealing cracks as necessary to reduce

surface water infiltration, and reducing the liquid addition rate, are some of the standard methods used to

address this condition. Potential for slope seeps can also be limited by managing liquid addition rate,

amount, and location.

Daily and Intermediate Cover

The use of soil cover in a bioreactor landfill requires special attention. A cover more permeable

than the waste can direct leachate to the sides, where the leachate must be properly collected and

drained. Low permeability daily cover can create barriers to the effective percolation of leachate and water

(Miller et al, 1991). It can also impede leachate distribution and landfill gas flow to collection and

distribution systems. Where low permeability soil is used ascover, its ability to serve as a barrier should be

reduced by scarifiying, or partial removal, prior to placing solid waste over it. Where low permeability soil

cover isplaced within 50 feet of the slopes, it should be graded to drain back into the landfill topreclude

leachate from reaching the slope and emerging as a seep. Use of alternative covers that do not create such

barriers can mitigate these effects. In many cases, alternative covers havebeen found to be quite costeffective when compared to soil.

Management of Nutrients and Other Supplement Addition

Nutrient requirements are generally supplied by waste components (Barlaz et al, 1990), but

research suggests that nutrients and other biological and chemical supplements may be considered to

enhance biological activity. Addition of such additives has not yet been attempted in the field. As with

waste segregation, or shredding, the costs of nutrient and supplement additions will need to be justified.

Optimum pH for methanogens is approximately 6.8 to 7.4. Buffering of leachate in order to

maintain pH in this range has been found to improve gas production in laboratory studies. Particular

attention to pH and buffering needs should be given during early stages of leachate recirculation. Careful

operation of the landfill bioreactor initially through slow introduction of liquids should minimize the need

for buffering.

#3 INCINERATOR

The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste is a moving grate incinerator. The moving

grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more

efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tons (39 short

tons) of waste per hour, and can operate 8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection

and maintenance of about one month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as

Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWIs).


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Amsterdams Waste to Energy Plant

More than 1 and a half million tons of domestic and commercial waste is processed here each year

on six incineration lines.

Waste to Energy Process:1. Tipping FloorWaste is brought into the tipping floor by trucks, usually household wastes, and

tipped into the waste bunker. For optimum incineration to occur the waste must be uniform in

quality.

2. Bunker in the bunker, overhead cranes transfers the waste mixture into the hoppers of thefurnaces.

3. Furnacethis is where the waste is incinerated. It is a continuous process 24 hours/day 7 days aweek. The temperature ranges from 1000 1200 C. In less than 2 hours the waste is reduced to

10% of its original volume.

4. Combustion Chamberheat is not wasted, water in steel tubes is heated and turned into steam.Part of the waste is incombustible, this is what we call bottom ash, and any recyclable metals are

separated from the inert ash.5. Electromagnetic Separators at the end of the firing grate large amounts of Iron and non-ferrous

metals such as aluminum and copper are separated by the use of overhead electromagnets and

are eventually sold as scrap to steel mills. The rest of the ash are cleaned further until sand and a

stony granular remain. High quality building materials which are used for example in concrete and

asphalt.

6. Turbine Generatorpowered by the passing steam at high pressure to generate clean, renewableelectricity, which is sent to the power grid. 161 000 homes are using this generated electricity

every year.

7. Heating system After the electricity has been generated, the residual heat is used to produceheat for the city. Heat is piped to the district heating system and provides warmth to 15 000

homes.

8. Electrostatic precipitators After the incineration process is that the mixture of flue gas iscollected by particle filtration by electrostatic precipitators and baghouse filters. First of all flying

particles are removed by the electrostatic precipitators such as volatile heavy metals (lead,

cadmium, zinc and copper) and hydro-carbons. It is placed behind the furnace exhaust duct. This

fly ash is used as a filling material in asphalt.

9. Baghouse filter it is a sophisticated fabric bag filters that capture any remaining particles withinthe flue exhaustsuch as fine particles.

10. Scrubber the flue gases are cleaned by utilizing reagent addition {through injection of a mix ofwhite reactant (soda), furnace coke and bicarbonate} for removal of contaminants {HCl, SO 2, HF,

furans, and dioxins}. Dioxins, heavy metals and other environmentally harmful materials areremoved from the flue gases.

Basic scrubbers remove sulfur dioxide forming gypsum by the reaction with lime. Sulfur

dioxide may also be removed by dry desulfurization by injection of limestone slurry into the flue

gas before the particle filtration. NOx is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a

catalytic converter (selective catalytic reduction) or by a high temperature reaction with ammonia

in the furnace (selective non-catalytic reduction). Heavy metals are often absorbed on injected

active carbon powder, which is collected by the particle filtration.

The water necessary for the process is recycled in a closed system. No wastewater is

produced. This is the longest part of the production process; this is to ensure that nothing is

released into the chimney other than steam.

11. Sensor is placed in the chimney constantly measures the quality of the discharge gases. Thewhite plume of smoke is basically pure steam.


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Only about 1% of everything that enters the plant is actually left over, and completely unusable and is

disposed of safely. 99% of the waste is converted into sustainable electricity, heat and useful building

materials. (Waste and Energy Company, City of Amsterdam).

#4 INCINERATION CONTINUATION

Incineration is a method where industry can break down its bulk waste and disperse it into the

environment through air, water and ash emissions. It is a convenient way for industry to mask today's

waste problems and pass them onto future generations.

Does an incinerator have an effect on the environment?

Answer:

Yes, incinerators can have pretty major environmental impacts, depending on what they're

burning. You have to get special air permits to use them. The major concern from incinerators is air

pollution, but you also have to be careful what you do with the ash after you've burned the stuff, because

it can contain contaminants too. Basically incinerators are pretty nasty for the environment. People have a

very good reason to be against their use.

Incineration is NOT an alternative to landfill

The incinerator ashes, which are contaminated with heavy metals, unburned chemicals and new

chemicals formed during the burning process, are then buried in landfill or dumped in the environment.

Therefore, instead of making waste disappear, incinerators create even more toxic waste that poses a

significant threat to public health and the environment.

In many countries around the world, there are concerned experts and local community disquietabout the environmental impact of incinerators. Despite what industry and governments would like people

to believe, incineration is not a solution to the worlds waste problems, but is part of the problem. Public

opposition to incineration is growing worldwide.

Burning waste in incinerators only reduces the volume of solid waste; it does not dispose of the

toxic substances contained in the waste. Worse still, the process of incineration creates the largest source

of dioxins, which is one of the most toxic chemicals known to science.

Incinerators emit a wide range of pollutants in their stack gases, ashes and other residues. The

filters used to clean incinerator stack gases produce solid and liquid toxic wastes, which also need to be

disposed of somewhere!

What happens when waste is incinerated?

The current data shows that even in "state-of-the-art" incinerators, burning hazardous waste will

lead to the release of three types of dangerous pollutants into our environment: heavy metals; unburned

toxic chemicals; and new pollutants- entirely new chemicals formed during the incineration process.

Roughly two and a half million tons of wastes are incinerated in the UK every year. Of this, a third

comes out as contaminated ash and the rest goes up into the air as exhaust gases.


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Exhaust Gases

Each tonne of waste burnt releases around 5000 cubic meters of gases containing many

pollutants. The pollutants are transported in the air and deposited in water and soil, both near and far from

the incinerator. Even though the gases coming from the chimney-stack often appear clean (it may

sometimes appear as if nothing is coming out), they contain very fine particles of dust. Metals in the wastevaporise and become attached to the dust particles formed by incineration. Some are caught in filters and

become fly ash, others are washed out in the gas-cleaning unit and the rest are released into the air from

the chimney-stacks.

Contaminated Ashes

Incinerators in the UK create almost a million tonnes of ash every year. The ashes, which are

contaminated with heavy metals like lead and cadmium as well as toxic compounds like dioxins, are usually

deposited in landfills leaving a toxic heritage for future generations. These pollutants can leach out posing

a more immediate threat to ground water and rivers. The highest concentrations of pollutants are in

residues from the pollution control devices. These residues are supposed to be sent to special wastelandfills but it has recently emerged that the Byker incinerator in Newcastle has been illegally mixing this

fly ash with other ashes. This toxic mixture was spread on allotments and paths in Newcastle. Mixed fly

and bottom ash from Edmonton incinerator has also been used to build roads in London and a car park in

Peterborough. The practice of mixing ash with aggregate or asphalt for use in construction is increasing.

Health Effects of Incinerators

Numerous studies confirm that a typical incinerator releases a cocktail of toxic chemicals, including

dioxins, lead, cadmium, mercury and fine particles, into the atmosphere. However, there has been little

follow up investigation into the effects of these poisons on people near incinerators. Greenpeace has

compiled a comprehensive review of all the scientific studies carried out on people living near to orworking in incinerators. The report Incineration and Human Health contains some worrying findings, for

example:

A study conducted on 70 municipal waste incinerators in the UK operating between 1974 and 1987, and

307 hospital waste incinerators from 1953 to 1980, identified a 2-fold increase in the cancer deaths in

children living nearby. These results were consistent with a second study showing increased child cancers

for hospital incinerators and large scales, high temperature combustion industries (study dates 1998 and

2000).

In 1996, a study on residents living in an urban area near an incinerator in Italy found a 6. 7-fold increase in

deaths from lung cancer.

A study in 1989 on people working at a Swedish incinerator between 1920 and 1985 found a 3.5-fold

increase in deaths from lung cancer, and a 1.5-fold increase in deaths from cancer of the oesophagus. The

same study also found an excess of ischemic heart disease, especially in workers with more than 40 years

exposure.

Dioxins

The most notorious of incineration by-products are dioxins. These are long-lived organic

compounds, which form when chlorinated substances in the waste, such as PVC plastic, are burnt. While

dioxin emissions to air from incinerators are thought to have decreased significantly in recent years, the

amounts in ash may well have increased. Moreover official figures of dioxin emissions are unreliable and


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are probably significantly under-estimated(6). Point measurements are taken only twice a year, a method

that is likely to miss peaks of dioxin production.

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals, including lead, cadmium and mercury are also emitted. Heavy metals cannot be

destroyed by incineration. Improvements in pollution control technology mean that a large proportion of

heavy metals remain in the fly ash and bottom ash and end up in landfill tips or increasingly are used as

aggregate in roads and paths. One exception is mercury, which is the most volatile and difficult to control

and tends to be emitted with the flue gases. Many heavy metals are persistent, toxic at low concentrations

and exert a wide range of adverse impacts on health.

Particulates

Pollution control devices can do little to prevent ultra-fine particles from being released, which are

the most dangerous particles for human health. Furthermore, the new EC Directive on incineration sets no

limits for fine particles. Health effects from fine particles are thought to range from premature deaths from

respiratory and cardiovascular diseases to exacerbation of mild and severe asthma attacks in children and

adults. Many studies have associated these impacts on health with particulate air pollution.

Inorganic acidic gases

Inorganic acidic gases such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide, sulphur

oxides and nitrogen oxides are also formed and emitted by incinerators. Exposure to nitrogen and sulphur

oxides has also been linked to adverse impacts on respiratory health.

Is there a solution to managing waste?

People are recognising that there is no place for the incineration of waste in a sustainable society.The only way to improve the situation is to avoid toxic waste production by improving our products that is

replacing fossil fuels with plant derived, renewable materials and improving processes.

Enormous amounts of waste food are buried in landfill sites and more than half of total landfill

comes from biodegradable waste. Instead of sending it to landfill, anaerobic digestion allows us to convert

this waste into biogas, making it part of the solution.

Anaerobic digestion can help us to replace fossil fuels, reduce methane emissions from landfill

sites and increase the efficiency of our energy system. As well as helping us to fight climate change, it can

solve many of our waste management problems, reduce freshwater pollution from organic wastes,

increase fuel security and reduce our dependence on chemical fertilisers.

In UK, The European Landfill Directive requires the UK to reduce landfill of organic waste by 25% by

2010 and 65% by 2020. This is not a difficult task. Several cities and regions around the world have achieved

close to 70% diversion of municipal waste from landfill in time frames of 5 years or less, without using

incineration.

Edmonton in Canada, (population 636,000) recycles and composts 70% of household waste.

Separate doorstep collection of dry recyclables, and hazardous wastes from all households (recycling rate

achieved 15 18%) - Mechanical separation and composting of the remainder


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In comparison the London borough of Edmonton, home to the UKs biggest incinerator recycles a

mere 6% and incinerates the rest. The recycling rate in Sheffield, which has the worst incinerator in England,

is even more abysmal -- less than 5%.

Levels of recycling in the UK are the lowest in Europe. As the Government has recognised, waste

must be separated at source at both the household and commercial level. 80% or more could then berecycled or composted. Materials that cannot be safely recycled or composted, like PVC plastic, must be

phased out and replaced with sustainable alternatives. Producer responsibility legislation, already

proposed by the EU for electronic equipment and end of life vehicles, must be brought in for all goods.

Longer-term, products and packaging needs to be rethought and redesigned.

Incinerators must be replaced immediately with recycling and composting facilities. The UK must

immediately draw up and implement a zero waste policy. Zero waste can be achieved by: - minimising waste

creation - maximising product and packaging re-use - separate collection and recycling of dry recyclables -

separation and composting of organic waste - producer responsibility for hazardous products - phase out of

non-reusable, non-recyclable materials

#5 BIOGAS GENERATION

Biogas is a combustible gas derived from decomposing biological waste under anaerobic

conditions. It is a mixture of mainly methane gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). Natural gas is about

90-95% methane, but biogas is about 50-65% methane. So biogas is basically low grade natural gas.

The composition and properties of biogas varies to some degree depending on feedstock types,

digestion systems, temperature, retention time etc. The following table contains some average biogas

composition values found in most literature.

Compound Chemical Symbol Content (% Volume)

Methane CH4 50-75

Carbon dioxide CO2 25-45

Water vapour H2O 2(20C)-7(40C)

Oxygen O2


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Two conditions that are necessary for the bacteria are an anaerobic atmosphere (no oxygen) and

the right temperature. Most digesters operate in the mesophilic range of 35-40C, but others are designed

to operate in the thermophilic range of 50-60C, and a few are designed to operate at 15-25C or the

psychrophilic range. Many modern biogas plants operate at thermophilic process temperatures.

Stages of Anaerobic Digestion

Hydrolysis: Enzymes break down and liquefy the smaller molecules and break down large polymers in the

material.

Acidogenesis: The products of the hydrolysis (soluble monomers) are fermented to volatile fatty acids (or

VFAs) and alcohols.

Acetogenesis: Acetogenic bacteria break down the VFAs and alcohols, acetic acid, carbon dioxide and

hydrogen.

Methanogenesis: The methanogenic bacteria convert acetic acid and hydrogen into CO2and methane.

Why use biogas?

On-Site Farm Energy.By recovering biogas and producing on-farm energy, livestock producers can reduce

monthly energy purchases from electric and gas suppliers.

Reduced Odors. Biogas systems reduce offensive odors from overloaded or improperly managed manure

storage facilities. These odors impair air quality and may be a nuisance to nearby communities. Biogas

systems reduce these offensive odors because the volatile organic acids, the odor causing compounds, are

consumed by biogas producing bacteria.

High Quality Fertilizer. In the process of anaerobic digestion, the organic nitrogen in the manure is largely

converted to ammonium. Ammonium is the primary constituent of commercial fertilizer, which is readily

available and utilized by plants.

Reduced Surface and Groundwater Contamination. Digester effluent is a more uniform and predictable

product than untreated manure. The higher ammonium content allows better crop utilization and the

physical properties allow easier land application. Properly applied, digester effluent reduces the likelihood

of surface or groundwater pollution.

Pathogen Reduction. Heated digesters reduce pathogen populations dramatically in a few days. Lagoon

digesters isolate pathogens and allow pathogen kill and die-off prior to entering storage for land

application.


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Renewable Energy Source. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources which reserves are being depleted

much faster than new ones are being formed. Unlike fossil fuels, biogas from AD is permanently

renewable, as it is produced on biomass, which is actually a living storage of solar energy through

photosynthesis.

Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation of Global Warming. The combustion of biogas alsoreleases CO2. However, the main difference, when compared to fossil fuels, is that the carbon in biogas

was recently up taken from the atmosphere, by photosynthetic activity of the plants. The carbon cycle of

biogas is thus closed within a very short time (between one and several years).

Reduced Dependency on Imported Fossil Fuels . Fossil fuels are limited resources, concentrated in few

geographical areas of our planet. This creates, for the countries outside this area, a permanent and

insecure status of dependency on import of energy.

Landfill Gas Recovery Plants

Landfill gas has a composition which is similar to biogas, but it can contain toxic gases, originating

from decomposition of waste materials on the site. Landfill gas recovery can be optimized through the

management of the site such as shredding the waste, re-circulating the organic fraction and treating the

landfill as a bioreactor.

Where to Locate the Biogas Plant

The site should be located at suitable distance from residential areas in order to avoid inconveniences,

nuisance and thereby conflicts related to odors and increased traffic to and from the biogas plant.

The direction of the dominating winds must be considered in order to avoid wind born odors reaching

residential areas.

The site should have easy access to infrastructure such as to the electricity grid, in order to facilitate the

sale of electricity and to the transport roads in order to facilitate transport of feedstock and digestate.

The soil of the site should be investigated before starting the construction.

The chosen site should not be located in a potential flood affected area.

The site should be located relatively close (central) to the agricultural feedst ock production (manure,

slurry, energy crops) aiming to minimize distances, time and costs of feedstock transportation.

For cost efficiency reasons, the biogas plant should be located as close as possible to potential users of

the produced heat. Alternatively, other potential heat users such as heat demanding industry, greenhousesetc. can be brought closer to the biogas plant site.

The size of the site must be suitable for the activities performed and for the amount of biomass supplied.

The required site space for a biogas plant cannot be estimated in a simple way. Experience shows that e.g.

a biogas plant of 500 kWel needs an area of approximate 8 000 m.

#6 PYROLYSIS

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen where

the system pressure is not constrained by the vapor pressure of water. This is called hydrothermal

decomposition or hydrocharring. It is the first step of combustion.


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In the case of Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolysis,the organic compounds are ordinary garbage and

the products they are converted into are oil, gas and carbon. Pyrolysis, is an ancient process, first

developed thousands of years ago in eastern areas of the Mediterranean Sea, to produce tar (pitch) used

to seal the hulls of ships.

Pyrolysis and Gasification

The pyrolysis, gasification and plasma technologies are thermal processes that use high

temperatures to break down waste. The main difference is that they use less oxygen than traditional mass-

burn incineration. However, they are still classified as incineration, these technologies are sometimes

known as Advanced Thermal Technologies or Alternative Conversion Technologies. They typically rely on

carbon-based waste such as paper, petroleum-based wastes like plastics, and organic materials such as

food scraps.

How It Works

o The waste is broken down to create gas, solid and liquid residues. The gases can then becombusted in a secondary process.

o The pyrolysis process thermally degrades waste in the absence of air (and oxygen).o Gasification is a process in which materials are exposed to some oxygen, but not enough to allow

combustion to occur. Temperatures are usually above 7500C.

o In some systems the pyrolysis phase is followed by a second gasification stage, in order that moreof the energy carrying gases are liberated from the waste.

The main product of gasification and pyrolysis is syngas, which is composed mainly of carbon

monoxide and hydrogen (85 per cent), with smaller quantities of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and

various other hydrocarbon gases.

Most gasification and pyrolysis processes have four stages:

1) Preparation of the waste feedstock: The feedstock may be in the form of a refuse derived fuel, produced

by a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant or an autoclave. Alternatively, the plant may take mixed waste

and process it first through some sort of materials recycling facility, to remove some recyclables and

materials that have no calorific value (e.g. grit)

2) Heating the waste in a low-oxygen atmosphere to produce a gas, oils and char (ash)

3) Scrubbing (cleaning) the gas to remove some of the particulates, hydrocarbons and soluble matter

4) Using the scrubbed gas to generate electricity and, in some cases, heat (through combined heat and

power CHP). There are different ways of generating the electricity from the scrubbed gas steam

turbine, gas engine and maybe some time in the future, hydrogen fuel cells

Advantages

A pyrolysis based process has several advantages when compared to other possible approaches

for solid waste resource recovery:

1) it can be used for all types of solid products and can be more easily adapted to changes in feedstock

composition than alternative approaches;

2) the technology is relatively simple and can be made compact and lightweight and thus is amenable to

spacecraft operations;


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3) it can be conducted as a batch, low pressure process, with minimal requirements for feedstock

preprocessing;

4) it can produce several usable products from solid wastestreams (e.g., CO2,CO, H2O, H2, NH3, CH4, etc.);

5) the technology can be designed to produce minimal amounts of unusable byproducts;

6) it can produce potentially valuable chemicals and chemical feedstocks; e.g., nitrogen-rich compounds for

fertilizers, monomers, hydrocarbons);7) pyrolysis will significantly reduce the storage volume of the waste materials while important elements

such as carbon and nitrogen can be efficiently stored in the form of pyrolysis char and later recovered by

gasification or incineration when needed.

In addition to being used as the primary waste treatment method, pyrolysis can also be used as a

pretreatment for more conventional techniques, such as incineration or gasification.

Disadvantages

The primary disadvantages of pyrolysis processing are:

1) the product stream is more complex than for many of the alternative treatments;

2) the product gases cannot be vented directly in the cabin without further treatment because of the high

CO concentrations.

Pyrolysis in Municipal Solid Waste

While Pyrolysis is not new, its use to process Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a recent

development. Pyrolysis comes in many forms. There are fast processes and slow processes, high

temperature and lower temperature processes. One drawback to most types of Pyrolysis is that they

require the organic compounds to be homogeneous that is they must be uniform and only one

substance. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) however, is about as heterogeneous as it gets.

This is one of the things that makes Bill Comptons process forMunicipal Solid Waste Pyrolysis

different. It is designed to work with a heterogeneous feed. In addition the process takes place at a

relatively low temperature (725 F) and at normal atmospheric pressure. At this lower temperature metals

do not vaporize and harmful products such as dioxins do not form. This makes Bills form of Municipal Solid

Waste Pyrolysis, safer than higher temperature processes or incineration. The diagram below, though

oversimplified, shows how the process works and the resulting products of oil, carbon and gas. The

process has been proven in a test plant as well as a small demonstration plant.

Advantages of Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolysis

It is safer and more environmentally friendly than incineration and land filling and many othergasification processes.

It takes trash and converts it into valuable new products, 0il, carbon and gas. It allows for the recovery of metals and glass either before or after the process. It is suitable for a mixed (heterogeneous) waste stream. It complements traditional recycling efforts. It preserves land for agricultural or other uses that would be taken up by land fills and creates jobs. It has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the distances that trash is hauled,

by reducing the machinery that is used to handle the trash at the land fill, and by sequestering

carbon in products which would otherwise be used for fuel or released as landfill gases. Its sustainable by reusing products that are thrown away, they can be recycled again and again.


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#7 PHILIPPINE LAW ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003-AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING

THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS

PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER

PURPOSES.

-APPROVED AT METRO MANILA, JULY 24, 2012(MONDAY)

CHAPTER IBASIC POLICIES

ARTICLE 1- GENERAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 1- SHORT TITLE. This act shall be known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000.

SECTION 2- DECLARATION OF POLICIES. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a

systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and

encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery,

green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically

sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological

waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;


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(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of

market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national andlocal integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to

promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

ARTICLE 2- DEFINITION OF TERMS

SECTION 3- DEFINITION OF TERMS. For the purpose of this act.

Terms being defined include: agricultural waste, bulky wastes, bureau, buy-back center, collection,

composting, consumer electronics, controlled dump, department, disposal, disposal site, etc.

CHAPTER II- INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

SECTION 4- NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. --There is hereby established a

National Solid Waste Management Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, under

the Office of the President. The Commission shall be composed of fourteen (14) members from

the government sector and three (3) members from the private sector. The government sector

shall be represented by the heads of the following agencies in their ex officio capacity:

(1) Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR);

(2) Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG);

(3) Department of Science and Technology (DOST);

(4) Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);

(5) Department of Health (DOH);

(6) Department of Trade and Industry (DTI);

(7) Department of Agriculture (DA);

(8) Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA);

(9) League of provincial governors;

(10) League of city mayors;

(11) League of municipal mayors;

(12) Association of barangay councils;

(13) Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA); and(14) Philippine Information Agency.

The private sector shall be represented by the following:

(a) A representative from nongovernment organizations (NGOs) whose principal purpose is to

promote recycling and the protection of air and water quality;

(b) A representative from the recycling industry; and

(c) A representative from the manufacturing or packaging industry;

SECTION 5- POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION

SECTION 6-MEETINGS

SECTION 7-NATIONAL ECOLOGY CENTER


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SECTION 8-ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT

SECTION 9-VISITORIAL POWERS OF THE DEPARTMENT

SECTION 10-ROLE OF LGUs IN SOLID WASTE. Pursuant to the relevant provisions of R.A. No. 7160,

otherwise known as the Local Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible for the

implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act within their respective jurisdictions.

Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay for biodegradable,

compostable and reusable wastes: Provided, That the collection of non-recyclable materials and

special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city.

SECTION 11-PROVINCIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD

SECTION 12-CITY AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD

SECTION 13- ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PURPOSE ENVIRONMENT COOPERATIVES OR

ASSOCIATIONS IN EVERY LGU

CHAPTER III- COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

ARTICLE 1- GENERAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 14- NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS

SECTION 15- NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

SECTION 16- LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SECTION 17- THE COMPONENTS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

SECTION 18- OWNER AND OPERATOR

SECTION 19- WASTE CHARACTERIZATION. The Department, in coordination with the LGUs, shall be

responsible for the establishment of the guidelines for the accurate characterization of wastes

including determination of whether or not wastes will be compatible with containment features

and other wastes, and whether or not wastes are required to be managed as hazardous wastes

under R.A. 6969, otherwise known as the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste

Control Act.

SECTION 20- ESTABLISHING MANDATORY SOLID WASTE DIVERSION. Each LGU plan shall includean implementation schedule which shows that within five (5) years after the effectivity of this Act;

the LGU shall divert at least 25% of all solid waste from waste disposal facilities through re-use,

recycling, and composting activities and other resource recovery activities: Provided, That the

waste diversion goals shall be increased every three (3) years thereafter: Provided, further, That

nothing in this Section prohibits a local government unit from implementing re-use, recycling, and

composting activities designed to exceed the goal.

ARTICLE 2- SEGREGATION OF WASTES

SECTION 21- MANDATORY SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTES

SECTION 22- REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEGREGATION AND STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE


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ARTICLE 3- COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF SOLID WASTE

SECTION 23- REQUIREMENTS FOR COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

SECTION 24- REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TRANSPORT OF SOLID WASTE. The use of separate

collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific types of

wastes. Otherwise, vehicles used for the collection and transport of solid wastes shall have the

appropriate compartments to facilitate efficient storing of sorted wastes while in transit. Vehicles

shall be designed to consider road size, condition and capacity to ensure the safe and efficient

collection and transport of solid wastes. The waste compartment shall have a cover to ensure the

containment of solid wastes while in transit. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear

the body number, the name, and telephone number of the contractor/agency collecting solid

waste.

SECTION 25- GUIDELINES FOR TRANSFER STATIONS. Transfer stations shall be designed and

operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with environmental standards

and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations: Provided, That no waste shall bestored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The siting of the transfer station shall

consider the land use plan, proximity to collection area, and accessibility of haul routes to disposal

facility. The design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to

accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

ARTICLE 4- RECYCLING PROGRAM

SECTION 26- INVENTORY OF EXISTING MARKETS FOR RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

SECTION 27- REQUIREMENT FOR ECO-LABELING. The DTI shall formulate and implement a coding

system for packaging materials and products to facilitate waste recycling and re-use.

SECTION 28- RECLAMATION PROGRAMS AND BUY-BACK CENTERS FOR RECYCLABLES AND

TOXICS. The National Ecology Center shall assist LGUs in establishing and implementing deposit or

reclamation programs in coordination with manufacturers, recyclers and generators to provide

separate collection systems or convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials and

particularly for separated toxic components of the waste stream like dry cell batteries and tires to

ensure that they are not incinerated or disposed of in landfill. Upon effectivity of this Act, toxic

materials present in the waste stream should be separated at source, collected separately, and

further screened an sent to appropriate hazardous waste treatment and disposal plants,

consistent with the provisions of R.A. No. 6969.

SECTION 29- NON-ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PRODUCTS. Within one (1) year from the

effectivity of this Act, the Commission shall, after public notice and hearing, prepare a list of non-

environmentally acceptable products as defined in this Act that shall be prohibited according to a

schedule that shall be prepared by the Commission: Provided, however, That non-environmentally

acceptable products shall not be prohibited unless the Commission first finds that there are

alternatives available which are available to consumers at no more than ten percent (10%) greater

cost than the disposable product.

Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary, this section shall not apply to:

(a) Packaging used at hospitals, nursing homes or other medical facilities; and

(b) Any packaging which is not environmentally acceptable, but for which there is no commercially

available alternative as determined by the Commission.


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SECTION 36- INVENTORY OF WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES

SECTION 37- PROHIBITATION AGAINST THE USE OF OPEN DUMPS FOR SOLID WASTE

SECTION 38- PERMIT FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY CONSTRUCTION AND

EXPANSION. No person shall commence operation, including site preparation and construction of

a new solid waste management facility or the expansion of an existing facility until said person

obtains an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department pursuant to P.D.

1586 and other permits and clearances from concerned agencies.

SECTION 39- GUIDELINES FOR CONTROLLED DUMPS. The following shall be the minimum

considerations for the establishment of controlled dumps:

(a) Regular inert cover;

(b) Surface water and peripheral site drainage control;

(c) Provision for aerobic and anaerobic decomposition;

(d) Restriction of waste deposition to small working areas;

(e) Fence, including provision for litter control;(f) Basic record-keeping;

(g) Provision of maintained access road;

(h) Controlled waste picking and trading;

(i) Post-closure site cover and vegetation; and

(j) Hydrogeological siting.

SECTION 40- CRITERIA FOR SITING A SANITARY LANDFILL. The following shall be the minimum

criteria for the siting of sanitary landfills:

(a) The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

(b) The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

(c) The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled andcompacted;

(d) The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

(e) The size must be located in an area where the landfills operation will not detrimentally affect

environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area;

(f) The site should be large enough to accommodate the communitys wastes for a period of five

(5) years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable

solid waste disposal;

(g) The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary constraints,

including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-closure care and possible

remediation costs;

(h) Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource recovery

projects; and

(i) Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

SECTION 41- CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILL. The following shall be the

minimum criteria for the establishment of sanitary landfills:

(a) Liners a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and

reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

(b) Leachate collection and treatment system Installation of pipes at the low areas of the liner to

collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;


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(c) Gas control recovery system a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing

permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or

productive use as an energy source;

(d) Ground water monitoring well system wells placed at an appropriate location and depth for

taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

(e) Cover two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect thewaste from long-term contact with the environment:

(i) a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each days operations and;

(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control

infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

(f) Closure procedure with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems and

final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of the final

cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least receipt of wastes; and

(g) Post-closure care procedure During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible for

providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfills environmental

protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater should it become

contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission.

SECTION 42- OPERATING CRITERIA FOR SANITARY LANDFILLS

ARTCICLE 7- LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SECTION 43- GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROBLEMS. For purposes of encouraging and facilitating the development of local government

plans for solid waste management, the Commission shall, as soon as practicable but no later than

six (6) moths from the effectivity of this Act, publish guidelines for the identification of those

areas which have common solid waste management problems and are appropriate units for

clustered solid wastemanagement services. The guidelines shall be based on the following:

(a) the size and location of areas which should be included;

(b) the volume of solid waste which would be generated;

(c) the available means of coordinating local government planning between and among the LGUs

and for the integration of such with the national plan; and

(d) possible lifespan of the disposal facilities.

SECTION 44- ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMON WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES.

Pursuant to Sec. 33 of R.A. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, all provinces

cities, municipalities and barangays, through appropriate ordinances, are hereby mandated to

consolidate, or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes of jointly addressing

common solid waste management problems and/or establishing common waste disposal facilities.

The Department, the Commission and local solid waste management boards shall provide

technical and marketing assistance to the LGUs.

#8 PHILIPPINE LAW ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTINUATION

CHAPTER IV- Incentives (section 45)

(a) Rewards, monetary or otherwise, shall be provided to individuals, private organizations and entities,

including non-government organizations that have undertaken outstanding and innovative projects,

technologies, processes and techniques or activities in re-use, recycling and reduction. Said reward shall besourced from the Fund herein created.


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extend financial services to individuals, enterprises, or private entities engaged in solid waste

management.

(4) Extension of Grants to LGUs. Provinces, cities and municipalities whose solid waste management

plans have been duly approved by the Commission or who have been commended by the Commission for

adopting innovative solid waste management programs may be entitled to received grants for the purposeof developing their technical capacities toward actively participating in the program for effective and

sustainable solid waste management.

(5) Incentives to Host LGUs. Local government units who host common waste management facilities

shall be entitled to incentives

CHAPTER V-Financing Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management Fund (section 46)There is hereby created, as a special account in the National

Treasury, a Solid Waste Management Fund to be administered by the Commission. Such fund shall be

sourced from the following:

(a) Fines and penalties imposed, proceeds of permits and licenses issued by the Department under this

Act, donations, endowments, grants and contributions from domestic and foreign sources; and

(b) Amounts specifically appropriated for the Fund under the annual General Appropriations Act. The

Fund shall be used to finance the following:

(1) products, facilities, technologies and processes to enhance proper solid waste management;

(2) awards and incentives;

(3) research programs;

(4) information, education, communication and monitoring activities;

(5) technical assistance; and

(6) capability building activities.

LGUs are entitled to avail of the Fund on the basis of their approved solid waste management plan. Specific

criteria for the availment of the Fund shall be prepared by the Commission.

The fines collected under Sec. 49 shall be allocated to the LGU where the fined prohibited acts are

committed in order to finance the solid waste management of said LGU. Such allocation shall be based on a

sharing scheme between the Fund and the LGU concerned.

In no case, however, shall the Fund be used for the creation of positions or payment of salaries and wages.

Authority to Collect Solid Waste Management Fees (section 47) The local government unit shall impose

fees in amounts sufficient to pay the costs of preparing, adopting, and implementing a solid waste

management plan prepared pursuant to this Act. The fees shall be based on the following minimum

factors:

(a) Types of solid waste;

(b) amount/volume of waste; and


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(c) Distance of the transfer station to the waste management facility. The fees shall be used to pay

the actual costs incurred by the LGU in collecting the local fees. In determining the amounts of the

fees, an LGU shall include only those costs directly related to the adoption and implementation of

the plan and the setting and collection of the local fees.

CHAPTER VI-Penal Provisions

Prohibited Acts (section 48)The following acts are prohibited:

(1) Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros

or parks, and establishment, or causing or permitting the same;

(2) Undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment in violation of sanitation

operation and other requirements or permits set forth in or established pursuant to this Act;

(3) The open burning of solid waste;

(4) Causing or permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted waste;

(5) Squatting in open dumps and landfills;

(6) Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in flood-prone areas;

(7) Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by authorized persons;

(8) The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle, box, container

or receptacle used in solid waste collection or

disposal;

(9) Establishment or operation of open dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure of said dumps in violation

of Sec. 37;

(10) The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging materials;

(11) Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable materials;

(12) Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as recyclable or with recyclable content;

(13) Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastes in

areas other than centers of facilities prescribed under this Act;

(14) Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an

Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act and

not conforming with the land use plan of the LGU;

(15) The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open dumps or

controlled dumps or sanitary landfills; and

(16) The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater

reservoir or watershed area and or any portions thereof;

Fines and Penalties (section 49)


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Section 52 Citizen SuitsFor purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and

regulations, any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action in the proper

courts/bodies against:

(a) Any person who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this Act or its implementing

rules and regulations; or

(b) The Department or other implementing agencies with respect to orders, rules and regulations

issued inconsistent with this Act; and/or

(c) Any public officer who willfully or grossly neglects the performance of an act specifically

enjoined as a duty by this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or abuse his authority in

the performance of his duty; or, in any manner, improperly performs his duties under this Act or its

implementing rules and regulations: Provided, however, That no suit can be filed until after thirty-

day (30) notice has been given to the public officer and the alleged violator concerned and no

appropriate action has been taken thereon.

The Court shall exempt such action from the payment of filing fees and shall, likewise, upon prima facie

showing of the non-enforcement or violation complained of, exempt the plaintiff from the filing of an

injunction bond for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.

In the event that the citizen should prevail, the Court shall award reasonable attorneys fees, moral

damages and litigation costs as appropriate.

Section 53Suits and Strategic Legal Action Against Public Participation (SLAPP) and the Enforcement of

this ActWhere a suit is brought against a person who filed an action as provided in Sec. 52 of this Act, or

against any person, institution or government agency that implements this Act, it shall be the duty of the

investigating 41 prosecutor or the Court, as the case may be, to immediately make a determination not

exceeding thirty (30) days whether said legal action has been filed to harass, vex, exert undue pressure orstifle such legal recourses of the person complaining of or enforcing the provisions of this Act. Upon

determination thereof, evidence warranting the same, the Court shall dismiss the case and award

attorneys fees and double damages.

This provision shall also apply and benefit public officers who are sued for acts committed in their official

capacity, there being no grave abuse of authority, and done in

Section 54 Research on Solid Waste Management The Department, after consultations with the

cooperating agencies, shall encourage, cooperate with and render financial and other assistance to

appropriate government agencies and private agencies, institutions and individuals in the conduct and

promotion of researches, experiments, and other studies on solid waste management; particularly thoserelating to:

(a) Adverse health effects of the release into the environment of materials present in solid wastes,

and methods to eliminate said effects;

(b) The operation and financing of solid waste disposal programs;

(c) The planning, implementation and operation of resource recovery and resource conservation

systems;

(d) The production of usable forms of recovered resources, including fuel from solid waste;


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(e) the development and application of new and improved methods of collecting and disposing of

solid waste and processing and recovering materials and energy from solid waste;

(f) Improvements in land disposal practices for solid waste (including sludge); and

(g) Development of new uses of recovered resources and identification of existing or potential

markets of recovered resources.

In carrying out solid waste researches and studies, the Secretary of the Department or the authorized

representative may make grants or enter into contracts with government agencies, non-government

organizations and private persons.

Section 55 Public Education and Information - The Commission shall, in coordination with DECS, TESDA,

CHED, DILG and PIA, conduct a continuing education and information campaign on solid waste

management. Such education and information program shall:

(a) Aim to develop public awareness of the ill-effects of and the communitybased solutions to the

solid waste problem;

(b) Concentrate on activities which are feasible and which will have the greatest impact on the

solid waste problem of the country, like resource conservation and recovery, recycling,

segregation at source, re-use, reduction and composting of solid waste; and

(c) Encourage the general public, accredited NGOs and people's organizations to publicly endorse

and patronize environmentally acceptable products and packaging materials.

Section 56 Environmental Education in the Formal and Non-formal Sectors - The national government,

through the DECS and in coordination with concerned government agencies, NGOs and private institutions,

shall strengthen the integration of environmental concerns in school curricula at all levels, with particular

emphasis on the theory and practice of waste management principles like waste minimization, specifically

resource conservation and recovery, segregation at source, reduction, recycling, re-use and composting, in

order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Section 57 Business and Industry Role - The Commission shall encourage commercial and industrial

establishments, through appropriate incentives other than tax incentives, to initiate, participate and invest

in integrated ecological solid waste management projects, to manufacture environment-friendly products,

to introduce, develop and adopt innovative processes that shall recycle and re-use materials, conserve raw

materials and energy, reduce waste, and prevent pollution, and to undertake community activities to

promote and propagate effective solid waste management practices.

Section 58Appropriations - For the initial operating expenses of the Commission and the National Ecology

Center as well as the expenses of the local government units to carry out the mandate of this Act, the

amount of Twenty million pesos (P20,000,000.00) is hereby appropriated from the Organizational

Adjustment Fund on the year this Act is approved. Thereafter, it shall submit to the Department of Budget

and Management its proposed budget for inclusion in the General Appropriations Act.

Section 59 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) - The Department, in coordination with the

Committees on Environment and Ecology of the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, the

representatives of the Leagues of Province, Cities, Municipalities and Barangay Councils, the MMDA and

other concerned agencies, shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations of this Act, within one

(1) year after its enactment: Provided, That rules and regulations issued by other government agencies and

instrumentalities for the prevention and/or abatement of the solid waste management problem not


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inconsistent with this Act shall supplement the rules and regulations issued by the Department, pursuant

to the provisions of this Act.

The draft of the IRR shall be published and be the subject of public consultations with affected sectors. It

shall be submitted to the Committees on Environment and Ecology of the Senate and House of

Representatives, respectively, for review before approval by the Secretary.

Section 60 Joint Congressional Oversight Committee - There is hereby created a Joint Congressional

Oversight Committee to monitor the implementation of the Act and to oversee the function of the

Commission. The Committee shall be composed of five (5) Senators and five (5) Representatives to be

appointed by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively. The

Oversight Committee shall be co-chaired by a Senator and a Representative designated by the Senate

President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively.

Section 61Abolition of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management and the Project Management

Office on Solid Waste Management - The Presidential Task Force on Waste Management which was

created by virtue of Memorandum Circular No. 39 dated November 2, 1987, as amended by Memorandum

Circular No. 39A and 88 is hereby abolished. Further, pursuant to Administrative Order No. 90 dated

October 19, 1992, the Project Management Office on Solid Waste Management is likewise hereby

abolished. Consequently, their powers and functions shall be absorbed by the Commission pursuant to the

provisions of this Act.

Section 62Transitory Provision - Pending the establishment of the framework under Sec. 15 hereof, plans

under Sec. 16 and promulgation of the IRR under Sec. 59 of this Act, existing laws, regulations, programs

and projects on solid waste management shall be enforced: Provided, That for specific undertaking, the

same may be revised in the interim in accordance with the intentions of this Act.

Section 63Report to Congress - The Commission shall report to Congress, not later then March 30 of every

year following the approval of this Act, giving a detailed account of its accomplishment and progress on

solid waste management during the year and make the necessary recommendations in areas where there

is need for legislative action.

Section 64 Separability Clause - If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any

person or circumstances is declared unconstitutional, the remainder of the Act or the application of such

provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.

Section 65 Repealing Clause - All laws, decrees, issuances, rules and regulations, or parts thereof

inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 66 Effectivity - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in at least two (2)newspapers of general circulation.the course of enforcing this Act.

Solid Waste Management - Group 3

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