Solid Waste Manage Men 1

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2012

Menuka Wijayananda

Practical Action

4/21/2012

S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT


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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

01. INTRODUCTION

Waste as we all know, is what we have no use for maybe we have used it and it is not

suitable for further use, or the useful material came with some useless material that has to be

discarded, or perhaps we have an excess supply that we cannot use, or return to the supplier,

and therefore has to be thrown away. Anyway, we throw them away because we feel that we

have no further use for them.

Many things have changed in the world within the last 50 years or so. In the 60s and 70s,

US was called the throwaway society, while our lifestyles were much more sustainable. We

wore cotton clothes (which were biodegradable), and our eating habits were such that food

was hardly wasted, and always there were domestic cats and dogs that were fed on table scrap

unlike the pets of today that have to be fed special foods from cans. There were no plastic

shopping bags or lunch sheets there were brown paper bags that could carry a decent

weight, and carrying a bag when you go marketing was the done thing. Food was wrapped

in plantain leaves or carried in reusable containers or between two plates, (often metal). Take

away food was a rarity. You had to go and eat at a restaurant or hotel, where cutlery, crock-

ery and all other utensils were reusable.

There were no fancy names like 3-R principle.

Reduce Reuse Recycle

But these three are common sense.

Bottles were almost entirely glass, and was never thrown away because the Bottle-paper

man was a regular visitor, and aerated water and liquor bottles were not sold without an

empty bottle or a thumping deposit which itself was a deterrent. Newspapers went for

wrapping all kinds of goods at the grocers and used exercise books were destined to go to

the gram sellers for the kadala gottas. Metals like cast iron and aluminium were collected

from door to door for recycling, coconut shells were used as firewood or for ironing, and


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Even coconut residue either had uses like for floor cleaning or could be sold after sun drying,

as a raw material for oil production.

Almost everyone had a small plot of land, where you could have a small pit for the garden

waste and any other stuff that needed to be thrown away and since most of it was biode-

gradable, the pit seemed to last forever. As far as I know, the solid waste collection and dis-

posal was only happening in the few Municipal Councils, and the simple lifestyle of the ma-

jority of the people resulted in quite manageable quantities to be collected, and incineration

was practiced - perhaps not the best choice of technology even those days when oil prices

were not highbut we did not see heaps of garbage lying around.

So basically, we were living by the 3-R principle, without calling it that. A fine example of

this is found in the Buddhist teachings, Vinaya Pitakaya, where I understand that the Bud-

dhist priests have been advised to reuse the good parts of the robes as undergarments when

they were too old to be worn as outer wear, and then used as bed linen, and then as towels or

napkins, door mats and finally when it is no longer useable as a cloth, to mix it with clay and

use as a filler material for the walls.

Unfortunately, that era is now gone, and we in Sri Lanka have got caught up in the Winds of

Change, and have become a throwaway society in a big way. Our opportunities for reuse

are masked by the availability of so many consumer items, so that the temptation is to pur-

chase something new rather than reuse an old thing as a substitute. Mostly due to lack of stor-

age space, we prefer to throw away things regardless of the possibility of reuse, and purchase

again when we need it next time. This is apparent when we look at the solid waste generation

statistics in the recent past.

The average per capita solid waste generation is reported as 0.4 kg/person-day, which is

higher than India, but still lower than the more developed countries like China, Malaysia,

Singapore and the western countries.

This figure shows the situation of solid waste generation as it stood in several Asian countries

as reported in a study carried out in 2004 led by the AIT, Bangkok.


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Health issues due to the breeding of stray cats, dogs, rats and other vermin, mosqui-toes

Effects on wild animals that are attracted to these waste dumps, like deer, bandicoots,and even elephants, which may cause death (due to suffocation or consumption of

plastics and toxic substances) as well as whose feeding habits change causing changes

to their immune systems and other vital processes that may even lead to irreversible

changes.

Air pollution due to the anaerobic degradation of the biodegradable portion resultingin emission of air pollutants like methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and other of-fensive gases


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Yes, lack of funding is a factor, because the legal responsibility of solid waste management is

with the local Authorities and the Provincial Councils, which are not profit making organiza-

tions. Most of the local Authorities pay more attention to the improvement of physical infra-

structure coming within their purview, and their concern toward SWM issue is low and the

amount of resources utilized for SWM is relatively low.

05. Attitude?

However, I think the main reason behind the poor state of affairs with regard to our Solid

Waste Management is our attitude. We are so used to not taking responsibility for the waste

that we produce, that it is very easy to blame the Local Authorities for not doing their job,

and absolve ourselves from the blame. If we stop for a moment to think who is actually re-

sponsible, any reasonable person would realize that we, who produce the waste, should be

held responsible for safe disposal of it too. True enough, we are paying taxes and the local

authorities are expected to provide services, but when it comes to resource wastage, how

much can money compensate? All these heaps and mountains of garbage contain so much of

resources that should not have gone there in the first place. This is what we should be think-

ing about. Not throwing good stuff away and then trying to recover some resources from it,

but not throwing it away at all.

06.How can we change this?

Ideally, if we could go back to the lifestyle that we had 50 years ago, we would be undoubt-

edly much better as far as sustainability goes. However, that is unlikely to happen; but we can

still keep our hopes for a better future, because the younger generation seem to be more con-

scious about the diminishing resources than ours. If we can even at this late stage provide

them with the right kind of platform, we may be able to redeem our losses, at least to a cer-

tain extent.

Most of us are familiar with the hierarchy of actions in Solid Waste Management.

o AvoidDo you really need it?o ReduceHow much is enough?o ReuseCan it be used for another purpose?o RecoverAt least some parts, metals, chemicalso RecycleDont waste your waste convert to usable products or energyo Dispose safely


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03.3 Why not in Sri Lanka?

Issues on lands Issues on substrate (MSW) supply Issues on other approvals Most of developers are not the real investors but the agents Fluctuation of Rupee Political involvement

4 WASTE GENERATED BY THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYWaste is best defined as any material by-product of human and industrial activity that has no

residual value, but construction industrys waste has a residual value and is avoidable. Co n-

struction waste can be defined as the by-product generated and removed from construction,

renovation and demolition work places or sites of building and civil engineering

structures.

4.1 Types of Waste Generated by the Construction Industry

Mainly there are two types of waste in the construction industry

Process waste -The difference between the value of those materials delivered and ac-

cepted on site and those used properly as specified and accurately measured in the work, after

deducting the cost saving of substituted materials and those transferred elsewhere.

Demolition waste -The waste generated in dismantling of buildings or infrastructure and

which are consisting of high percentage of granular hard materials. The demolition waste can

be biodegradable (subject to decomposition by micro-organisms: wood) and non-

biodegradable (Heavy metal) wastes.


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05. TYPE OF WASTE

05.1 Natural waste

Direct waste

Substitution waste Delivery waste Site storage and internal site transit waste Conversion waste Fixing waste Cutting waste Application and residue waste Waste due to uneconomic use of plant Management waste Criminal waste Waste due to wrong use Waste stemming from materials wrongly specified Learning waste

Production waste

Operational waste

Negligence waste

05.2 Reuse and Recycle of C & D Materials

The Reuse and recycling industry is one which brings back the rejected and neglectedwaste into material cycle.

Hence it makes materials to transit in a cyclical nature and assists to minimize the im-pact on the environment, which would otherwise be very significant and hazardous.


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05.3 BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

TrimCosts.

Recycling, reusing, and salvaging construction waste can save money. Many of the contrac-

tors that have embraced Construction Waste Management have made changes to their opera-

tions and practices to take advantage of reduced waste disposal costs and revenues derived

from recycle, reuse and salvage materials. Utilizing reuse and salvage methods on site reduce

the need for new materials, reduces materials that end up in the landfill, creates a cleaner and

safer project site, and improves community relations.

Establish a Market Advantage.

A companys experience in waste prevention and recycling is a valuable marketing tool for

bidding on projects in response to customer interest in Construction Waste Management. Ef-

forts to prevent waste, to recycle, and to use recycled-content materials on a project can help

the project team earn points towards qualifying for LEED and other local and national pro-

grams

Create Environmental Benefits

Environmental benefits also result from recycling and waste prevention programs. In the long

run, preventing waste reduces dependence on natural resources such as trees, oil, and miner-

als plus creates less pollution by reducing manufacturing and transportation related emis-

sions. Reduction of the energy and water required to produce building supplies from virgin

materials contributes to reduced greenhouse gasses related to the manufacturing and transpor-

tation of those materials.

Help the Economy.

Recycling and reuse of construction waste can also help the economy through the creation of

jobs related to salvaging and recycling of construction waste. New products create jobs

through the manufacture of recycled content materials.

Assist Charitable Organization

Organizations such as Habitat for Humanity can use surplus building materials. Pick-up of

materials at the project site can sometimes be arranged.


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05.4 How to Reduce Construction Waste

1. Construction Material Management

Order the right amount of raw material at the right time Store material in allocated area with suitable protective Measures Design with standard sizes for building materials Collect the exact amount of materials and return the Surplus to stock Maximize the utilization of materials Avoid unnecessary use and cutting Consider off-cuts for sections when small lengths are Required

2. The demolition plan

Assess dust control and implement it! Negative pressure needed? Inventory of what will be demolished Plan - where will the material go? Estimate the amount of material -helps conserve dump yards DO NOT MIX THE MATERIALINERT VS. HAZARDOUS

3. Reuse/Recycling Plan

1. Identify recyclable materials & Identify Hazardous Waste Considerations2. Determine the costs/savings of recycling3. Develop a site-specific waste management plan and include it in the contract docu-

ments.

4. Implement the waste management plan and train all contractors and employees.5. Monitor and encourage the participation of contractors and employees.6. Balance cut and fills in site7. Reuse items such as hoardings, formworks, scaffoldings and trench support8. Reuse debris, rubble, sand, rock, concrete, tile and brick for backfilling9. Recycle the following materials: paper, paperboard, packaging material, plastics, tim-

ber, metals, concrete, rocks & sand.


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4. Disposal Plan

1. Evaluate the composition and estimate the volume of solid wastes that will be gener-ated

2. Determine the re-use/recycle potential and implement it Evaluate disposal optionsavailable

3. Match disposal options to volume and composition of wastes considering economy,environmental protection, and resource depletion

4. Reuse public fill for filling areas for reclamation5. Dispose of non-recyclable C & D waste at landfills

06. ROLE OF PROVINCIAL COUNCILS IN MANAGING MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE

In Sri Lanka, there are 335 Local Governments mainly categorised as MunicipalCouncils, Urban Councils and Pradesheeya Sabas which have been identified as inde-

pendent .political entities to address human welfare and economic development of

the areas of their jurisdiction.

According to the Local Government Acts and Ordinances of the country, all street re-fuse, house refuse, night- soil, or other similar matter collected by Local Authorities

shall be a property of the Council, and the Council shall have full power to sell or dis-

pose of all such matter.

Every Local Government shall provide places convenient to people for the proper dis-posal of their Solid Waste and take care all vehicles and other equipment required to

ensure that no such refuse is removed in such a way as to cause any nuisance to the

general public of the area.

How Provincial Councils can support their Local Authorities for the management of

MSW?

Provincial Councils can have their own Statute to acquire more powers to supporttheir own Local Authorities for the management of their MSW. In this way PCs can:

Delegate powers to LAs to charge User fees for generators and Fines for offend-ers,

Promote private sectors to optimize their services to LAs, Promote Private Public Partnership Programs, Extend financial supports for the execution of identified activities,


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Coordinate with line ministries, donor agencies to obtain maximum supports, etc.

07. SEVEN WASTE MANAGEMENT STEPS

STEP 01Management of waste at Source:

Minimizing, collecting, segregating and disposing of all types of domestic, commercial &

industrial wastes are considered and also the dumping of waste on streets or public places and

open burning of wastes are restricted.

STEP 02 -Proper Collection/Acceptance of MSW from the Source of Generation:

Collection/ acceptance of wastes from different sources of generation as mentioned in the

Step 01 are being considered

STEP 03 -Cleaning of Streets and Public Places.

Under this step, daily Cleaning of main road and other public roads, places and their utility

areas, sidewalks (payments), drains, pruning of road side trees, removal of tree cuttings and

improving the aesthetic beauty of the area are considered.

STEP 04 -Abolition of Open MSW Storage Bins:

Removal of open storage bins from main roads, public places and introducing close type ap-

propriate waste receptacles are considered

STEP 05 - Improved System for Mass Transportation of MSW

Under this step prohibition of waste transportation in open vehicles, optimizing the efficiency

of the vehicle usage for waste transportation is considered.

STEP 06Use of Collected MSW as a Resource

Under this step encourage re-cycling of MSW and re-using of MSW for Composting, Power

generation, etc. and uses of state-of- the-art technologies for this purpose are considered.

STEP 07 -Improved System for the Final Disposal of MSW

Management of waste facilities accept more than 25MT of solid waste per day is considered.

Establishing of engineering/ sanitary landfills, Waste to Energy projects, and use of the stateof the art technologies for such events at zonal or District levels are excepted.

Solid Waste Manage Men 1

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