Solid Particle Counting System SPCSSolid Particle Counting System SPCS ... Other control system To...

C 2005 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solid Particle Counting SystemSPCS

Cambridge Particle Conference22nd May 2006


PMP : Solid Particle Number Counting

! With the increasing interest in the health effects of particulate emissions and continuing reduction of levels of emission, the PMP (Particulate Measurement Program) was initiated to makea complete review the principles and methods of particulate measurement

! Following the phases of literature study, review of candidate systems and a program of testing/validation, two methods wereselected to be used in a global correlation exercise– Filter based gravimetric measurement from diluted exhaust as current

legislation, with improvements along the lines specified by EPA for 2007HDD (heated sampling, particle size classification etc)

– Counting the number of solid particles emitted from the vehicle

! Draft requirements and regulations were issued for instrument developers and testing authorities / laboratories


Solid Particle Number Counting

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000Diameter (µµµµm)

Nor

mal

ized

Con

cent

ratio

n,

dC/C

tota

l/d

logD

p

Mass Weighting Number Weighting

NucleiMode

AccumulationMode

CoarseMode

Volatile particles formed in dilution process

Reference: Kittelson D. B., J. Aerosol Sci., 28: 575-580, 1998

Measuring range on SPCS

(23 nm ~ 2.5 to 10 µm)


Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

Reference: TSI CPC 3010 manual

TSI Model 3010D is used in the SPCS prototypes

Design is modified to give the particle size classification specified in the GRPE-PMP draft regulation


Schematic To Meet GRPE-PMP


SPCS Wide Range Diluter

Qby-pass

Mixer

Absolute pressure

transducer

Sample flow

Make-up airQmake-up

ΔΔΔΔP

Orifice Qs

Critical Orifice or mass flow controller

Qtotal

TC

Vacuum source

AirQair

Mass flow controller I

Mass flow controller II

Or Other control system

To instrumentQinstrument

Orifice flow meter

•No moving parts•Low dead volume•Accurate dilution ratio•Minimum contamination•Used as PND1 and PND2

•Ideal for remote control•Wide dilution ratio range•High penetration for particles•Not sensitive to sample pressure (with PID control)


Prototype System Appearance

Front Back


Fully Automated Control on Prototype

• Control and data acquisition with NI Fieldpoint process I/O and Labviewsoftware

• Automated operations including check functions

• Configurable data log

• Data log rate up to 5 Hz

• Real-time dilution ratios

• Easy to operate


Key Requirements For SPCS(PMP specifications)! Daily linearity check, using particle generator and

particle gas divider (R2 > 0.95)! Confirmation of the dilution ratios (+/- 10%)

– Using gas tracer method and actual single size particles! Removal of particles from volatile HCs (> 90 %)

– Using tetracontan (C40) vaporiser into Evaporation Tube! Low losses of solid particles (< 10 %)

– Using particle generator and single particle size selection to confirm the solid particle penetration through the system at various sizes


Daily Linearisation Check (Automatic)

y = 0.994x - 33.463

R2 = 0.9997

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Reference Concentration

SPCS Concentration

Standard waterOrifice at generator: 5mmPressure: 30 psiｇｇｇｇ


Dilution Ratio Check

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Reference DR

Difference with reference %

Using propane and FIDas tracer gas

PMP

Lim

it


Removal Of Volatile HC ParticlesEvaporation Tube Temperature Dependency

-40000

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tim e sec

Particle N

umbe

r

220 C200C

175C

150C 150C

C40 concentration (100 nm particles) downstream of EU as the function of temperature set point


Volatile Particle Removal Efficiency

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Tim e sec

Particle Numbe

rC40 concentration (100 nm size) downstream of EU as the function of set point

Removal > 99%


Particle Losses In SPCS

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1 10 100 1000

Log Dp

dN/dL

ogD

p

R aw

DR 500

DR 750

DR 1000

20x2530x2540x25

Penetration > 98%


Initial Testing, Diesel On Chassis Dyno

0.0E+00

2.0E+06

4.0E+06

6.0E+06

8.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.2E+07

1.4E+07

1.6E+07

1.8E+07

2.0E+07

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time [s]

Solid

par

ticle

con

cent

ratio

n in

CVS

[p

art/c

c]

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Spee

d [k

m/h

]

Day I, Conc Day II, Conc Day III, Conc Day I, Speed Day II, Speed Day III, Speed

Total dilution RatioTotal dilution Ratio：：：：：：：：1250(50x25)1250(50x25)

0.0E+00

2.0E+06

4.0E+06

6.0E+06

8.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.2E+07

1.4E+07

1.6E+07

1.8E+07

2.0E+07

600 650 700 750 800

Time [s]

Solid

par

ticle

con

cent

ratio

n in

CVS

[p

art/c

c]

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Spee

d [k

m/h

]

Day I, Conc Day II, Conc Day III, Conc Day I, Speed Day II, Speed Day III, Speed

Diesel vehicle (1997)Diesel vehicle (1997)

C onc.(part/km )C onc.(part/km )C onc.(part/km )C onc.(part/km ) difference(%)difference(%)difference(%)difference(%)DayⅠDayⅠDayⅠDayⅠ 4.837E+134.837E+134.837E+134.837E+13 0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%DayⅡDayⅡDayⅡDayⅡ 4.898E+134.898E+134.898E+134.898E+13 1.26%1.26%1.26%1.26%DayⅢDayⅢDayⅢDayⅢ 4.833E+134.833E+134.833E+134.833E+13 -0.08%-0.08%-0.08%-0.08%


SPCS In PMP Inter - Lab Correlation

Actually SeptemberActually September


SPCS In PMP Inter - Lab Correlation

PEUGEOT 407PEUGEOT 407PEUGEOT 407PEUGEOT 407

Golden Car Golden System


SPCS In PMP Correlation Exercise

InterInter--Lab Correlation Exercise @NTSELLab Correlation Exercise @NTSEL

Repeatability of measurement by GPMS and SPCS

Outline of tested vehiclesOutline of tested vehicles

DPF + Oxi. Cat.TC, Common rail D.I1998DieselJV-2

TWC + de NOx Cat.NA, Direct Injection2990GasolineJV-1

SiC DPFTC, Common rail D.I1997DieselGVAfter treatmentEngine typeDisp.cm3Fuel

7.1%11.8% 6.8%

3.6%

32.9%

21.2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

GPMS SPCS

Coefficient of variance



Coefficient of variance GV JV-1 JV-2

9.39E + 109.39E + 109.39E + 109.39E + 10 1.05E + 111.05E + 111.05E + 111.05E + 11

1.14E + 131.14E + 131.14E + 131.14E + 13 1.03E + 131.03E + 131.03E + 131.03E + 13

4.55E + 104.55E + 104.55E + 104.55E + 103.83E + 103.83E + 103.83E + 103.83E + 10

1E + 081E + 081E + 081E + 08

1E + 091E + 091E + 091E + 09

1E + 101E + 101E + 101E + 10

1E + 111E + 111E + 111E + 11

1E + 121E + 121E + 121E + 12

1E + 131E + 131E + 131E + 13

1E + 141E + 141E + 141E + 14

G P M SG P M SG P M SG P M S S P C SS P C SS P C SS P C S

Partic

le e

mis

sio

n (#/k

m)

Partic

le e

mis

sio

n (#/k

m)

Partic

le e

mis

sio

n (#/k

m)

Partic

le e

mis

sio

n (#/k

m)

G VG VG VG V JV -1JV -1JV -1JV -1 JV -2JV -2JV -2JV -2

Particle emission from different vehicles


Particle Trap Efficiency Measurements

JE05 Driving modeBefore DeviceAfter Device

-1.E+05

0.E+00

1.E+05

2.E+05

3.E+05

4.E+05

50 250 450 650 850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850

Tim e sec

Particle Number Before

DPNR

-1.E+03

0.E+00

1.E+03

2.E+03

3.E+03

Particle Number After

DPNR


SPCS Actions after ILCE

! Prototype SPCS updated after ILCE in Japan- minor modifications incl software

! Prototype SPCS in the HE Chassis Cell – Testing on EU spec vehicles and cycles– Comparison with other PM measurements

• Full flow dilution CVS with gravimetric PM• TEOM (on CVS/DLT)• MEXA-1230PM on direct raw exhaust with a standalone PTFM

(Pitot Tube Flow Meter)


SPCS Data in HE Test Cell



1230PM_Total Mass v CVS Mass (g/km)

y = 1.0288x + 0.0008R2 = 0.9873

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Vehicle comparative data shown above includes diesel w/o DPF, diesel with new and used DPF, gasoline MPI with TWC with cold and hot starts



1230PM Soot v CVS PM Mass (g/km)

y = 0.884x - 0.0006R2 = 0.9908

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05





SPCS (particles/km) v DLT PM Mass (g/km)

y = 4E+15xR2 = 0.9885

0.00E+00

2.00E+13

4.00E+13

6.00E+13

8.00E+13

1.00E+14

1.20E+14

1.40E+14

1.60E+14

1.80E+14

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045

DLT PM Mass g/km

Part

icle

Num

ber /

km



Vehicle comparative data shown above includes diesel w/o DPF, diesel with new and used DPF, gasoline MPI with TWC for cold and hot starts

SPCS (particles/km) v 1230PM Soot Mass (g/km)

y = 4E+15xR2 = 0.988

-2.00E+13

0.00E+00

2.00E+13

4.00E+13

6.00E+13

8.00E+13

1.00E+14

1.20E+14

1.40E+14

1.60E+14

-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035


SPCS Future Actions

! SPCS prototypes (2 sets) will be taken to JRC ISPRA for final session of PMP Inter Lab Correlation Exercise

! SPCS has been offered for use in the HDD Particle Number Program

! Timing for if and when a particle number regulation will be applied remains open

! EU Auto Industry representatives and individual manufacturers have objected to the inclusion of particle number counting in the draft LD Stage 5 regulations– Current absence of practical, traceable calibration/verification system

! Prototype SPCS results shows good potential for a highly sensitive soot measurement system

! Production SPCS scheduled for deliveries in April 2007 .

Solid Particle Counting System SPCSSolid Particle Counting System SPCS ... Other control system To...

Documents

Transcript of Solid Particle Counting System SPCSSolid Particle Counting System SPCS ... Other control system To...