Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Transcript of Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Solid and Hazardous Waste
Chapter 21
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem
Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid waste problem
Composition includes• High-quality plastics
• Valuable metals
• Toxic and hazardous pollutants
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Fig. 21-1, p. 560
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Core Case Study: E-wasteAn Exploding Problem
Shipped to other countries• 70% of the world’s E-waste is
shipped to China• Rest to India and poor African Nations• Worker- many of them children- dismantle product
to recover valuable parts• They are exposed to toxic metals and other
harmful chemicals
International Basel Convention• Bans transferring hazardous wastes from developed
countries to developing countries• US, Afghanistan, and Haiti did not ratify
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem
European Union requires Cradle to Grave approach
What should be done?• Recycle
•US recycles roughly 10-15%•Changing
• E-cycle
• Reuse
• Prevention approach: remove the toxic materials
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21-1 We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials
Solid waste- any solid unwanted or discarded materials
• Industrial solid• Produced by mines, agriculture, and industries
• Municipal solid waste (MSW)• Trash that comes from households and workplaces
• Hazardous, toxic, waste• Poisonous, dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or
flammable ex. Industrial solvents, car batteries(lead), dry-cell batteries(mercury and cadmium) and incinerator ash
Hazardous wastes• Organic compounds (pesticides, PCB’s, dioxins)
• Toxic heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic)
• Radioactive waste (nuclear power plants, weapons facilities)
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We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials
80–90% of hazardous wastes produced by developed countries
Why reduce solid wastes?• ¾ of the materials are an unnecessary waste of the
earth's resources• Huge amounts of air pollution, greenhouse gases, and
water pollution
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Fig. 21-2, p. 562
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Solid Waste in the United States
Leader in solid waste problem With 4.6% of the world’s population we produce
1/3rd of the world’s solid waste Leader in trash production, by weight, per person
• 98.5% of all solid waste in US is • Industrial-76%• Agriculture- 13%• Industry- 9.5%
• For every pound of electronics ~8,000 pounds of waste is produced
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1.5 % is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)• About 55% of U.S. MSW is dumped into landfills,
30% is recycled or composted, and 15% is burned in
incinerators.
Recycling is helping
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p. 587
2006
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Fig. S3-15, p. S18
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Fig. S3-16, p. S19
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Each year, the United States produces enough MSW to fill a bumper to bumper convoy of garbage trucks long enough to encircle the earth almost 8 times!
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Fig. 21-3, p. 562
Solid wastes polluting a river in Jakarta, Indonesia
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Case Study: Trash Production, Recycling in NYC: Past, Present, and Future
1920–1940: Highest trash due to coal ash
1962 and 1963: Lowest trash, coal burning phased out
1964 and 1974: Rise in trash due to throwaway containers
1999: Mandatory recycling
2001: Fresh Kills landfill closed, trash hauling
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2001: Landfill temporarily reopened to accept 9/11 debris
2006: The City of New York releases Master Plan for Fresh Kills Park
2010: Last batch of 9/11 debris sifted for human remains
2040: Full build out of Fresh Kills Park projected.
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1990
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Fig. 21-4, p. 563
Tire dump in Midway, Colorado
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21-2 We Can Burn or Bury Solid Waste or Produce Less of It
Waste Management –”where to put it?”
Waste Reduction- “how can we avoid it?”
Integrated waste management • Uses a variety of strategies
54% of MSW is buried in landfills 25% recycled 14% is incinerated 7 %- composted
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Fig. 21-5, p. 565
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Fig. 21-6, p. 565
Integrated waste management
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Refuse: to buy items that we really don’t need.
Reduce: consume less and live a simpler and less stressful life by practicing simplicity.
Reuse: rely more on items that can be used over and over. Repurpose: use something for another purpose instead of throwing it away. Recycle: paper, glass, cans, plastics…and buy items made from recycled materials
Solutions: Reducing Solid Waste
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We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling
Seven strategies:(1) Redesign manufacturing processes and
products to use less material and energy
(2) Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less waste and pollution
(3) Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle
(4) Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging
(5) Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems
(6) Establish cradle-to grave responsibility
(7) Restructure urban transportation systems
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21-3 Reuse: Important Way to Reduce Solid Waste, Pollution and to Save Money
Reuse: clean and use materials over and over• Ex. Coffee cups
Downside of reuse in developing countries• Often savage in dumps for useful items are exposed
to toxins and infectious disease
Salvaging automobiles parts
Rechargeable batteries
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Case Study: Use of Refillable Containers
Reuse and recycle• Refillable glass beverage bottles
• Refillable soft drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic
Paper, plastic, or reusable cloth bags• Pros
• Cons
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There Are Two Types of Recycling
Primary, closed-loop recycling• Materials are recycled into products of the same
type
Secondary recycling • Waste products are recycled into different
products• Used tires shredded and converted into rubberized road
surface.• Newspapers transformed into cellulose insulation.
Types of wastes that can be recycled• Preconsumer: internal waste
• Postconsumer: external waste
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We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling
Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs)
Source separation• Pay-as-you-throw
• Fee-per-bag
Which program is more cost effective?
Which is friendlier to the environment?
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We Can Copy Nature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes
Composting• Individual
• Municipal
Benefits
Successful program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Fig. 21-10, p. 570
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Case Study: Recycling Paper Production of paper versus recycled paper
• Energy use- pulp and paper industries are the 5th largest energy users• Water use – uses more water to produce a metric ton than any other
industry• Pollution- In US it is the third largest polluter
Recycling paper uses 64% less energy and produces 35% less water pollution and 74%less air pollution
Countries that are recycling• U.S -56% of its waste paper• Denmark-97%• South Korea- 77%• Germany- 72%
Replacement of chlorine-based bleaching chemicals with H2O2 or O2
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Case Study: Recycling Plastics
Plastics: composed of resins Produced mainly from oil and natural gas
Most containers discarded: 4% recycled
Litter: beaches, water• Significance?
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Fig. 21-11, p. 571
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Case Study: Recycling Plastics (2) Low plastic recycling rate
• Hard to isolate one type of plastic
• Low yields of plastic
• Cheaper to make it new
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Waste Management at the Empire State Plaza
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Fig. 21-12, p. 573
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Science Focus: Bioplastics
Plastics from soybeans: not a new concept
Key to bioplastics: catalysts
Sources• Corn• Soy• Sugarcane
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Science Focus: Bioplastics
Sources cont…• Switchgrass
• Chicken feathers
• Some garbage
• CO2 from coal-burning plant emissions
Benefits: lighter, stronger, cheaper, and biodegradable
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Fig. 21-12, p. 573
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We Can Encourage Reuse and Recycling
What hinders reuse and recycling?
Encourage reuse and recycling• Government
• Increase subsidies and tax breaks for using such products
•Decrease subsidies and tax breaks for making items from virgin resources
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21-4 Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Waste-to-energy incinerators
600 Globally • Most in Great Britain
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Fig. 21-13, p. 575
waste-to-energy incinerator
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Fig. 21-14, p. 575
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Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Open dumps
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When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash
Topsoil
Sand Electricity generator buildingClay
Garbage Methane storage and compressor building
Leachate treatment system
Probes to detect methane leaks
Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity
Methane gas recovery well
Leachate storage tankCompacted
solid waste
Leachate pipesGarbage Leachate pumped
up to storage tank for safe disposal
Groundwater monitoring wellSand
Synthetic liner
Leachate monitoring wellSand Groundwater
ClayClay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Subsoil
Sanitary landfills
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Fig. 21-16, p. 576
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21-5 We Can Use Integrated Management of Hazardous Waste
Integrated management of hazardous wastes• Produce less• Convert to less hazardous substances• Rest in long-term safe storage
Increased use for postconsumer hazardous waste
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We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes
Collect and then detoxify• Physical methods
• Chemical methods
• Use nanomagnets
• Bioremediation
• Phytoremediation
Incineration
Using a plasma arc torch
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Fig. 21-18, p. 579
phytoremediation
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Fig. 21-19, p. 579
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We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous Waste
Burial on land or long-term storage
Deep-well disposal
Surface impoundments
Secure hazardous landfills
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Fig. 21-24, p. 582
Bulk waste
Gas vent
Topsoil
EarthPlastic cover
Sand Impervious clay cap
Clay cap
Impervious clay
Water table
Earth
Leak detection system
Groundwater
Double leachate collection system
Plastic double liner
Reactive wastes in drums
Groundwater monitoring well
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Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States
1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)- management of hazardous waste (cradle-to grave system) only regulates 5% of hazardous waste
1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund • Identify sites where contamination has occurred
• Pace of cleanup has slowed
• Superfund is broke Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields-
abandoned industrial and commercial sites
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Case Study:Love Canal — There Is No “Away”
Between 1842-1953, Hooker Chemical sealed
multiple chemical wastes into steel drums and
dumped them into an old canal excavation (Love
Canal).
In 1953, the canal was filled and sold to Niagara
Falls school board for $1.
The company inserted a disclaimer denying
liability for the wastes.
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Love Canal
In 1957, Hooker Chemical warned the school
not to disturb the site because of the toxic waste.
In 1959 an elementary school, playing fields and
homes were built disrupting the clay cap covering the wastes.
In 1976, residents complained of chemical smells and chemical burns from the site.
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Love Canal
•President Jimmy Carter declared Love Canal a federal disaster area.
• The area wasabandoned in 1980.
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Love Canal
1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund
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21-6 Grassroots Action Has Led to Better Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
NIMBY “Not in my backyard”
Produce less waste• NIABY “Not in anyone’s backyard”
• NOPE “Not on planet Earth”
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Providing Environmental Justice for Everyone Is an Important Goal
Environmental Justice • The ideal whereby every person is entitled to
protection from environmental hazards regardless of race, gender, age, national origin, or social class.
Which communities in the U.S. have the largest share of hazardous waster dumps? • African-American, Hispanic and indigenous
communities that were subject to hazardous and polluting industries located predominantly in their neighborhoods