SolarPhotovoltaic Technologies: Past, Present and Future PV... · Dye-sensitized solar cells...

Solar PhotovoltaicTechnologies:Past,PresentandFuture

XihuaWang,Ph.D.,P.Eng.

AssistantProfessorofElectrical&ComputerEngineering

UniversityofAlberta

April18,2018

Outline

• Historyofphotovoltaic(PV)technology

• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems

• PVindustry

• Abrightfuture:thedevelopmentofsolar

technologies

2

3

Photovoltaic(PV)effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect

http://www.britannica.com/science/photovoltaic-effect

Thephotovoltaiceffectisthe

creationofvoltageorelectric

currentinamaterialupon

exposuretolightandisaphysical

andchemicalphenomenon.

Photons(light)

Electrons(electricity)

PVtechnology:solarenergytoelectricity

4Thehistoryofsolar- U.S.DepartmentofEnergy

1839:FrenchscientistEdmondBecquereldiscoveredthephotovoltaic

effectwhileexperimentingwithanelectrolyticcellmadeupoftwometal

electrodesplacedinanelectricity-conductingsolution.

1883:CharlesFritts,anAmericaninventor,describedthefirstsolarcells

madefromseleniumwafers.

1905:AlbertaEinsteinpublishedhispaperonthephotoelectriceffect

(alongwithapaperonhistheoryofrelativity).HewontheNobelPrizefor

thistheoryin1921.

1954:PhotovoltaictechnologywasbornintheUnitedStateswhenDaryl

Chapin,CalvinFuller,andGeraldPearsondevelopedthesiliconPVcellat

Belllabs.Aone-wattcellcostalmost$300perwattin1956whilea

commercialpowerplantcost50centsawatttobuildatthattime.

1958:TheVangard Ispacesatelliteusedasmall(lessthanonewatt)array

topoweritsradios.TheExplorerVIsatellitelaunchedin1959contained

9600PVcells(solarcells).Thesizewas1cmx2cmeach.

HistoryofPVtechnology

5Thehistoryofsolar- U.S.DepartmentofEnergy

1964:NASAlaunchedthefirstNimbusspacecraft- satellitepoweredbya

470-wattPVarray.Solarcellswereusedsuccessfullyinpoweringsatellites.

1970s:Dr.ElliotBerman,withhelpfromExxonCorporation,broughtprice

ofsolarcellsdownto$20awatt.Solarcellsbegantopowernavigation

warninglightsandhornsandotherapplicationsinremotelocations.

1973:TheUniversityofDelawarebuilt“SolarOne”,oneoftheworld’sfirst

PVpoweredresidences.

1977:TotalPVmanufacturingproductionexceeded500kilowatts.

1978NASA’sLewisResearchCenterinstalleda3.5-kilowattPVsystemin

southernArizona- theworld’sfirstvillagePVsystem.

1985:TheUniversityofSouthWalesbrokethe20%efficiencybarrierfor

siliconsolarcells.

1994:TheU.S.NationalRenewableEnergyLab(NREL)developedmulti-

junctionGaInP/GaAs cellsexceeding30%efficiency.

6

StevenChu,NobelPrizeinPhysicsin1997

SecretaryofEnergy(Jan.2009toApr.2013)

BarackObama

U.S.president

(Jan.2009toJan.2017)

BostonUniversity(U.S.)

Nano-electronicsandnano-optics

UniversityofToronto

QuantumdotPVtechnology

Mypath

toPV

(Jan.2009)

MyresearchhistoryofPVtechnology

7IwasapostdocinProf.TedSargent’sgroupattheUniversityofToronto (2009-2012).

Solarspectrum

Quantumdotswith

differentsizes

8

UniversityofToronto

UniversityofAlberta

ThedevelopmentofphotovoltaicresourcemapsforCanada

31st AnnualConferenceoftheSolarEnergySocietyofCanada.Aug.20-24th 2006.

July,2012


• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems:

§ HowPVdevices(solarcells)work

§ Solarcell:materialsandefficiencies

§ FromsolarcellstoPVsystems

§ Concentratorphotovoltaics(CPV)

• PVindustry


technologies

9

Outline

HowPVdevices(solarcells)work

Absorbphotonenergy(hn)>bandgap(Eg)

(i)electron-holepairexcitation

(ii)electron-holepairseparationtochargecarriers

(iii)carriertransportation

(iv)carriercollectionbyelectrodes

hν (i)

(ii)

(ii)

(iii)

(iii)

(iv)

(iv)

Light absorber (Eg)

10

11

Firstgenerationsolarcells(CrystallineSicells):Monocrystallinesilicon:1.1eV,worldrecordefficiency26.6%

Polycrystallinesilicon:1.1eV,worldrecordefficiency22.3%

Indirectbandgapsemiconductor– 200umthick

Secondgenerationsolarcells(Thin-filmtechnologies):Amorphoussiliconthinfilm:1.7eV,worldrecordefficiency14.0%

CdTethinfilm:1.5eV,,worldrecordefficiency22.1%

CIGSthinfilm:1.1-1.7eV,worldrecordefficiency22.6%

Directbandgapsemiconductors– 1-2umthick

Thirdgenerationsolarcells(EmergingPV):Organicphotovoltaics(OPV),worldrecordefficiency11.5%

Dye-sensitizedsolarcells(DSSC),worldrecordefficiency11.9%

Colloidalquantumdot(CQD),worldrecordefficiency13.4%

Perovskitesolarcells,worldrecordefficiency22.7%

Solarcell:materialsandefficiencies

12

CrystallineSiSolarcellsTherearenonaturalmineraldepositsofSi,asitistooreactive.

1. Startingmaterialisultrapuresand(SiO2)

2. Sandisreducedbycarbonathightemperaturetoproduce98%pure

“metallurgicalgradesilicon”orMGS

3. MGSisconvertedtogaseoustrichlorosilane(bp32oC)

4. Trichlorosilaneispurifiedbydistillation(differenceinboilingpointsof

impuritycompounds)

5. TrichlorosilaneconvertedbacktoSibydecomposition,yielding“electronic

gradesilicon”orEGS

Saga,NPGAsiaMaterials(2010).

13

Thin-filmsolarcells

• Thicknessoflightabsorbing layerinSisolar

cellsisaround200um.

• Thicknessoflightabsorbing layerinthin-film

solarcellsis1-2um.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell

www.sattransusa.com

14

FromsolarcellstoPVsystems

AC

110or220V

DC

~0.6V

15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system

SunPowerCorporation

16

Grid-tie(withorwithout

battery)systems

http://www.aladdinsolar.com/pvsystems.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter

Stand-alonesystems

VariousPVsystems

Inverter

17

Concentratingphotovoltaics(CPV)

http://www.geni.org/

Cheapoptics+expensivebuthigh-

efficiencymulti-junctionsolarcells.

Outline



• PVindustry:productionandpricetrend


technologies

18

19PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de

Energypay-backtimeofRooftopPVsystemsinGermany

21

GlobalcumulativePVinstallation

until2016(includesoff-grid)

GlobalPVindustryproduction

byregion(2005-2016)

PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de


PriceforPVsystemsinGermany

23

U.S.SolarPhotovoltaicSystemCostBenchmark,August2017

https://www.nrel.gov

U.S.PVsystemcostbenchmarksummary(inflationadjusted),2010-2017

24

Commercialsiliconmoduleefficiency

1955-2005

Prog.Photovolt:Res.Appl.13,447(2005)

EvolutionofPVmoduleefficiency

PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26

February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de

Outline



• PVindustry


technologies

§ EmergingPVtechnologies

§ Newconcept:artificialphotosynthesis

§ Newdevelopment:Luminescentsolarconcentrators

26

27

ResearchCellEfficiencyRecords(Nov2017)

http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/

Perovskite cells:Solution-processedlight-absorbingmaterials,earth-abundant

elements;Compatibletoroll-to-rollprintingprocess(comparedtosolarcellsby

vacuumdepositionandcrystalgrowth),record-efficiency22.7%.

EmergingPVtechnologies

28

Perovskitesolarcells

Solution-processed(CH3NH3)PbI3 organic/inorganichybrid

materialsthathavethesamecrystallinestructureas

perovskite(CaTiO3mineral).

NatureEnergy1,16048(2016)

NatureReviewsMaterials3,18017(2018)

29

Newconcept:artificialphotosynthesis

Photosynthesisinplants

Inspiredbynature,solar-to-chemicalenergy:

• CO2 reduction

• Watersplitting(H2 generation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

ChemPhotoChem2,148(2018)

30

Photoelectrochemical/photocatalyticwatersplitting:


Science334,645(2011)

Photoelectrochemical/photocatalyticCO2 reduction:

AdvancedScience5,1700275(2018)

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Newdevelopment:Luminescentsolarconcentratorsforbuildingintegratedphotovoltaics(BIPV)

http://www.geni.org/

Traditionalconcentratingphotovoltaics

requiretrackingsystems.

Luminescentsolarconcentratorsforbuildingwindowsandparkingcoverages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics


32

XihuaWangResearchGroupattheUniversityofAlbertaworksonquantumdotbasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.

Absorptionandemissionspectraoforganic

dyebasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.

Absorptionandemissionspectraofquantum

dotbasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.

33

Solar energy:1.5x105 TWatEarthsurface

0.05%(Earthsurface)x20%(efficiency)=15TW

In2002,globalenergyconsumptionrateis~13.5TW(1012 watts).

In2050,expectedglobalenergyconsumptionrateis~30TW. Nocera,Daedalus112(2006)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

Futureofsolarelectricity

SolarPhotovoltaic Technologies: Past, Present and Future PV... · Dye-sensitized solar cells...

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