Solaris 10 Security-Sun.v1.3

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Solaris 10 Security Workshop

Peter Baer GalvinFor Usenix 2005

Last Revision Apr 2005

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Apr-05 Copyright 2004-2005 Peter Baer Galvin All Rights Reserved

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About the SpeakerPeter Baer [email protected]@petergalvin.infowww.petergalvin.info781 273 4100

BioPeter Baer Galvin is the Chief Technologist for Corporate Technologies, Inc., a systems integrator and VAR, and was the Systems Manager for Brown University's Computer Science Department. He has written articles for Byte and other magazines. He wrote Pete's Wicked World, the security column for SunWorld magazine, Pete’s Super Systems, the systems administration column there. He is now contributing editor of the Solaris Corner for SysAdminMagazine. Peter is co-author of the Operating Systems Concepts and Applied Operating Systems Concepts texbooks. As a consultant and trainer, Mr. Galvin has taught tutorials in security and system administration and given talks at many conferences and institutions.

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Objectives

Explore the new Solaris 10 security features, from an admin point of view

Some app/dev points made to guide developers

Convey their current status, usability, and future functionalityHelp prepare for Solaris 10 deploymentSome pre-Solaris 10 coverage when needed

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Prerequisites

Recommend at least a couple of years of Solaris experience

Or at least a few years of other Unix experience

Best is a few years of admin experience, mostly on Solaris

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About the Tutorial

Every SysAdmin has a different knowledge setA lot to cover, but notes should make good reference

So some covered quickly, some in detailSetting base of knowledge

Please ask questionsBut let’s take off-topic off-line

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Fair Warning

Sites varyCircumstances varyAdmin knowledge variesMy goals

Provide information useful for each of you at your sitesProvide opportunity for you to learn from each other

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Why Listen to Me?

20 Years of Sun experienceSeen much as a consultantHopefully, you've used:

The Solaris Corner @ www.samag.com/SolarisThe Solaris Security FAQSunWorld “Pete's Wicked World”SunWorld “Pete's Super Systems”Unix Secure Programming FAQOperating System Concepts (The Dino Book)Applied Operating System Concepts

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Schedule

Eat / Drink / Be Merry5:00pm

Eat/Drink3:00pm

Learn1:30pm

Eat / Drink12:00pm

Learn10:30am

Eat/Drink10:00am

Learn8:30am

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Coverage

Solaris 10 is a moving targetThis tutorial based on FCS (Jan / Mar 05)

How to get Solaris 10Download from SunMedia Kits now shipping

How to get Solaris 10+Join Solaris Express

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OutlineOverviewN1 Grid Containers (aka Zones) (lab)RBAC (lab)PrivilegesNFS V4Flash archives and live upgradeMoving from NIS to LDAPDTraceFTP client and server enhancementsPAM enhancements Auditing enhancementsBSMService Management Facility (lab)Solaris Cryptographic FrameworkSmartcard interfaces and APIsKerberos enhancementsPacket filteringBART

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Your Objectives?

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Overview

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Overview

Solaris 10 includes lots of new security features

Security is important to administratorsIt usually annoys users

We’ll look at each new feature, how useful, powerful and annoying it is

Should provide a good roadmap for what to use, whenHow can they be used to solve the following problems

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Sun Overview

Quick high-level overview of Sun’s view of Solaris security

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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)

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20(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)

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N1 Grid Containers (aka Zones)

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Zones Overview

Virtualized operating system servicesIsolated and “secure” environment for running appsApps and users (and superusers) in zone cannot see / effect other zones

Delegated admin controlVirtualized device paths, network interfaces, network ports, process space, resource user (via resource manager)Application fault isolation

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Zones Overview - 2

Low physical resource useUp to 8192 zones per system!

Differentiated file systemMultiple versions of an app installed and running on a given system

Inter-zone communication is only via network (but short-pathed through the kernelNo application changes needed – no API or ABICan restrict disk use of a zone via the loopback file driver (lofi) using a file as a file system

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Zone Limits

Only one OS installed on a systemOne set of OS patchesOnly one /etc/system

Although Sun working to move as many settings as possible out of /etc/system

System crash / OS crash -> all zones crashZones cannot be moved between systems (yet)Each zone uses

~ 100MB of disksome VM and physical memory (for processes and daemons running in the zone) - ~40MB PM

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28(From System Administration Guide: N1 Grid Containers, Resource Management, and Solaris Zones)

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Global Zone

Aka the usual systemGlobal Is assigned ID 0 by the systemProvides the single instance of the Solaris kernel that is bootable and running on the systemContains a complete installation of the Solaris system software packagesCan contain additional software packages or additional software, directories, files, and other data not installed through packages

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Global Zone - 2Provides a complete and consistent product database that contains information about all software components installed in the global zoneHolds configuration information specific to the global zone only, such as the global zone host name and file system tableIs the only zone that is aware of all devices and all file systemsIs the only zone with knowledge of non-global zone existence and configurationIs the only zone from which a non-global zone can be configured, installed, managed, or uninstalled

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Non-global Zones

Non-Global Is assigned a zone ID by the system when the zone is bootedShares operation under the Solaris kernel booted from the global zoneContains an installed subset of the complete Solaris Operating System software packagesContains Solaris software packages shared from the global zoneCan contain additional installed software packages not shared from the global zone

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Non-global Zones -2Can contain additional software, directories, files, and other data created on the non-global zone that are not installed through packages or shared from the global zoneHas a complete and consistent product database that contains information about all software components installed on the zone, whether present on the non-global zone or shared read-only from the global zone Is not aware of the existence of any other zonesCannot install, manage, or uninstall other zones, including itselfHas configuration information specific to that non-global zone only, such as the non-global zone host name and file system table

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Non-global Zone StatesConfigured - The zone’s configuration is complete and committed tostable storage, not initially bootedIncomplete - During an install or uninstall operationInstalled - The zone’s configuration is instantiated on the system but no virtual platformReady - The virtual platform for the zone is established. The kernel creates the zsched process, network interfaces are plumbed, file systems are mounted, and devices are configured. A unique zone ID is assigned by the system, no processes associated with the zone have been started.Running - User processes associated with the zone application environment are running. Shutting down and Down - These states are transitional states that are visible while the zone is being halted. However, a zone that is unable to shut down for any reason will stop in one of these states.

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(From System Administration Guide: N1Grid Containers, Resource Management, and Solaris Zones)

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Zone ConfigurationData from the following are not referenced or copied when a zone is installed:

Non-installed packagesPatchesData on CDs and DVDsNetwork installation imagesAny prototype or other instance of a zone

In addition, the following types of information, if present in the global zone, are not copied into a zone that is being installed:

New or changed users in the /etc/passwd fileNew or changed groups in the /etc/group fileConfigurations for networking services such as DHCP address assignment, UUCP, or sendmailConfigurations for network services such as naming servicesNew or changed crontab, printer, and mail filesSystem log, message, and accounting files

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Zone Configuration

Zlogin –C logs in to a just-boot virgin zoneOnly root can zlogin – normal zone access is via network

The usual sysidconfig questions are asked (hostname, name service, timezone, kerberos)Zone reboots to put configuration changes into effect (a few seconds)

Messages look like a system reboot (within your window)

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Zone Configuration - 2# zonecfg -z app1app1: No such zone configuredUse 'create' to begin configuring a new zone.zonecfg:app1> createzonecfg:app1> set zonepath=/opt/zone/app1zonecfg:app1> set autoboot=falsezonecfg:app1> add netzonecfg:app1:net> set physical=pnc0zonecfg:app1:net> set address=192.168.118.140zonecfg:app1:net> endzonecfg:app1> add fszonecfg:app1:fs> set dir=/export/homezonecfg:app1:fs> set special=/export/homezonecfg:app1:fs> set type=lofszonecfg:app1> add inherit-package-dirzonecfg:app1:inherit-pkg-dir> set dir=/opt/sfwzonecfg:app1:inherit-pkg-dir> endzonecfg:app1> verifyzonecfg:app1> commitzonecfg:app1> exit

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Zone Configuration - 3# df -kFilesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on/dev/dsk/c0d0s0 5678823 2689099 2932936 48% //devices 0 0 0 0% /devices/dev/dsk/c0d0p0:boot 10296 1401 8895 14% /bootproc 0 0 0 0% /procmnttab 0 0 0 0% /etc/mnttabfd 0 0 0 0% /dev/fdswap 600780 28 600752 1% /var/runswap 600776 24 600752 1% /tmp/dev/dsk/c0d0s7 4030684 32853 3957525 1% /export/home# zoneadm -z app1 verifyWARNING: /opt/zone/app1 does not exist, so it cannot be verified.When 'zoneadm install' is run, 'install' will try to create/opt/zone/app1, and 'verify' will be tried again,but the 'verify' may fail if:the parent directory of /opt/zone/app1 is group- or other-writableor/opt/zone/app1 overlaps with any other installed zones.could not verify net address=192.168.118.140 physical=pnc0: No such device or

addresszoneadm: zone app1 failed to verify

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Zone Configuration - 4# ls -l /opt/zonetotal 2drwx------ 4 root other 512 Aug 21 12:44 test# mkdir /opt/zone/app1# chmod 700 /opt/zone/app1# ls -l /opt/zonetotal 4drwx------ 2 root other 512 Sep 16 15:14 app1drwx------ 4 root other 512 Aug 21 12:44 test# zonadm -z app1 verifycould not verify net address=192.168.118.140 physical=pnc0: No

such device or addresszoneadm: zone app1 failed to verify# zonecfg -z app1zonecfg:app1> infozonepath: /opt/zone/app1autoboot: false

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Zone Configuration - 5net:

address: 192.168.118.140physical: pnc0

zonecfg:app1> remove physical=pnc0zonecfg:app1> add netzonecfg:app1:net> set physical=pcn0zonecfg:app1:net> set address=192.168.118.140zonecfg:app1:net> endzonecfg:app1> exit# zoneadm -z app1 verify# zoneadm -z app1 installPreparing to install zone <app1>.Creating list of files to copy from the global zone.Copying <2199> files to the zone.Initializing zone product registry.Determining zone package initialization order.Preparing to initialize <779> packages on the zone.Initializing package <0> of <779>: percent complete: 0%. . .

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Zone Configuration -6Zone <app1> is initialized.The file </opt/zone/app1/root/var/sadm/system/logs/install_log>

contains a log of the zone installation.

# zoneadm list -vID NAME STATUS PATH 0 global running / 1 test running /opt/zone/test

# df -kFilesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on/dev/dsk/c0d0s0 5678823 2766177 2855858 50% //devices 0 0 0 0% /devices/dev/dsk/c0d0p0:boot 10296 1401 8895 14% /bootproc 0 0 0 0% /procmnttab 0 0 0 0% /etc/mnttabfd 0 0 0 0% /dev/fdswap 594332 32 594300 1% /var/runswap 594500 200 594300 1% /tmp/dev/dsk/c0d0s7 4030684 32853 3957525 1% /export/home

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Zone Configuration -7

# zoneadm -z app1 bootzoneadm: zone 'app1': WARNING: pcn0:2: no matching subnet found in netmasks(4) for

192.168.118.131; using default of 192.168.118.131.# zoneadm list -v

ID NAME STATUS PATH 0 global running / 1 test running /opt/zone/test 2 app1 running /opt/zone/app1

# telnet 192.168.118.140Trying 192.168.118.140...telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused

# zlogin -C app1[Connected to zone 'app1' console]

Select a Locale

0. English (C - 7-bit ASCII)1. U.S.A. (UTF-8)2. Go Back to Previous Screen

Please make a choice (0 - 2), or press h or ? for help: 0

. . .

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Zone Configuration -8

rebooting system due to change(s) in /etc/default/init

[NOTICE: Zone rebooting]

SunOS Release 5.10 Version s10_63 32-bitCopyright 1983-2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.Use is subject to license terms.Hostname: zone-app1The system is coming up. Please wait.starting rpc services: rpcbind done.syslog service starting.Sep 16 15:48:24 zone-app1 sendmail[7567]: My unqualified host name

(zone-app1) unknown; sleeping for retrySep 16 15:49:24 zone-app1 sendmail[7567]: unable to qualify my own

domain name (zone-app1) -- using short nameWARNING: local host name (zone-app1) is not qualified; see cf/README:

WHO AM I?/etc/mail/aliases: 12 aliases, longest 10 bytes, 138 bytes total

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Zone Configuration -9STSF Font Server Daemon.

Standard Type Services Framework 0.11.1Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.STSF is Open Source Software. http://stsf.freedesktop.org

Creating new rsa public/private host key pairCreating new dsa public/private host key pairThe system is ready.zone-app1 console login: rootPassword: Sep 16 15:51:08 zone-app1 login: ROOT LOGIN /dev/consoleSun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.10 s10_63 May 2004# cat /etc/passwdroot:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/shdaemon:x:1:1::/:bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:. . .noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x NFS Anonymous Access User:/:

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Zone Configuration -10# useradd -u 101 -g 14 -d /export/home/pbg -s /bin/bash pbg# passwd pbgNew Password: Re-enter new Password: passwd: password successfully changed for pbg# zoneadm list -v

ID NAME STATUS PATH 3 app1 running /

# exitzone-app1 console login: ~.[Connection to zone 'app1' console closed]

# zoneadm list -vID NAME STATUS PATH 0 global running / 1 test running /opt/zone/test 3 app1 running /opt/zone/app1

# uptime3:53pm up 5:14, 1 user, load average: 0.23, 0.34, 0.43

# telnet 192.168.118.140Trying 192.168.118.140…Connected to 192.168.118.140.Escape character is ‘^]’.Login: pbgPassword:. . .

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Zone Scriptcreate -bset zonepath=/opt/zones/zone0set autoboot=falseadd inherit-pkg-dirset dir=/libendadd inherit-pkg-dirset dir=/platformendadd inherit-pkg-dirset dir=/sbinendadd inherit-pkg-dirset dir=/usrendadd inherit-pkg-dirset dir=/opt/sfwendadd netset address=192.168.128.200set physical=pcn0endadd rctlset name=zone.cpu-sharesadd value (priv=privileged,limit=1,action=none)end

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Life in a Zone# ifconfig -alo0: flags=1000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 8232 index 1

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000lo0:1: flags=1000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 8232 index 1

zone testinet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000

lo0:2: flags=1000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 8232 index 1zone app1inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000

pcn0: flags=1004843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2inet 192.168.80.128 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.80.255ether 0:c:29:44:a9:df

pcn0:1: flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2zone testinet 192.168.80.139 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.80.255

pcn0:2: flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2zone app1inet 192.168.80.140 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.80.255

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Life in a Zone - 2$ telnet 192.168.80.140. . .$ df -kFilesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on/ 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% //dev 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% /dev/export/home 10076926 10369 9965788 1% /export/home/lib 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% /lib/platform 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% /platform/sbin 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% /sbin/usr 9515147 1894908 7525088 21% /usrproc 0 0 0 0% /procmnttab 0 0 0 0% /etc/mnttabfd 0 0 0 0% /dev/fdswap 1043072 16 1043056 1% /var/runswap 1043056 0 1043056 0% /tmp$ touch /usr/footouch: /usr/foo cannot create

Note that virtual memory (and therefore swap) are global resources

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Life in a Zone - 3$ ps -ef

UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMDroot 11120 11120 0 11:00:35 ? 0:00 zschedpbg 11377 11347 0 11:01:28 pts/8 0:00 ps -ef

root 11229 11120 0 11:00:40 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/cronroot 11341 11120 0 11:00:46 ? 0:00 /usr/sfw/sbin/snmpdroot 11266 11120 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/im/htt -port 9010 -s

yslog -message_locale Croot 11339 11336 0 11:00:46 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymonroot 11250 11120 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/utmpdroot 11264 11261 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/sadm/lib/smc/bin/smcbootroot 11261 11120 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/sadm/lib/smc/bin/smcbootroot 11227 11120 0 11:00:40 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/nscdroot 11218 11120 0 11:00:40 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/autofs/automountdroot 11325 11120 0 11:00:45 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/dmi/snmpXdmid -s zon

e-app1root 11239 11120 0 11:00:40 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q15mroot 11265 11261 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/sadm/lib/smc/bin/smcbootroot 11230 11120 0 11:00:40 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/inetd -sroot 11273 11266 0 11:00:42 ? 0:00 htt_server -port 9010 -syslog

-message_locale Croot 11129 11120 0 11:00:36 ? 0:00 init

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Life in a Zone - 4root 11323 11120 0 11:00:45 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/dmi/dmispd

daemon 11152 11120 0 11:00:37 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/crypto/kcfdroot 11241 11120 0 11:00:41 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sendmail -Ac -q15mroot 11214 11120 0 11:00:39 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/syslogdroot 11299 11120 0 11:00:44 ? 0:00 /usr/dt/bin/dtlogin-daemonroot 11317 11120 0 11:00:45 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/snmp/snmpdx-y -c /e

tc/snmp/confroot 11337 11129 0 11:00:45 console 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon-g -h -p

zone-app1 console login: -T dtterm -d /dev/consoldaemon 11177 11120 0 11:00:38 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/rpcbindroot 11343 11120 0 11:00:47 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/ssh/sshdpbg 11347 11344 1 11:00:50 pts/8 0:00 -bashroot 11344 11230 0 11:00:50 ? 0:00 in.telnetdroot 11336 11129 0 11:00:45 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300

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Life in a Zone - 5$ mount -p-bash: mount: command not found$ su -Password:Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.10 s10_63 May 2004# mount -p/ - / ufs - no rw,intr,largefiles,logging,xattr,onerror=panic/dev - /dev lofs - no zonedevfs/export/home - /export/home lofs - no/lib - /lib lofs - no ro,nodevices,nosub/platform - /platform lofs - no ro,nodevices,nosub/sbin - /sbin lofs - no ro,nodevices,nosub/usr - /usr lofs - no ro,nodevices,nosubproc - /proc proc - no nodevices,zone=app1mnttab - /etc/mnttab mntfs - no nodevices,zone=app1fd - /dev/fd fd - no rw,nodevices,zone=app1swap - /var/run tmpfs - no nodevices,xattr,zone=app1swap - /tmp tmpfs - no nodevices,xattr,zone=app1# hostnamezone-app1# zonenameapp1

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Other Cool Zone Stuff

ps –Z shows zone in which each process is runningCan use resource manager with zonesZones can use global naming services

Use features to enable or disable accounts per zone

Interzone networking executed via loopbackfor performance

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Zones and Resource ManagementLoad the fair share schedule as the default schedule class

dispadmin –d fssMove all processes into the FSS class

priocntl -s -c FSS -i class TSGive the global zone some (2) shares

prctl -n zone.cpu-shares -v 2 -r -i zone globalCheck the shares of the global zone

prctl -n zone.cpu-shares -i zone globalAdd a zone-wide resource control (1 share) to a zone (within zonecfg)

zonecfg:my-zone> add rctlzonecfg:my-zone:rctl> set name=zone.cpu-shareszonecfg:my-zone:rctl> add value \(priv=privileged,limit=1,action=none)zonecfg:my-zone:rctl> end

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Zone IssuesZone cannot reside on NFS

But zone can be NFS clientEach zone normally has a “sparse” installation of a package, if package is from “inherit-package-dir”directory treeBy default, a package installed in global zone is installed in all existing non-global zones

Unless the pkgadd –G or –Z options are usedSee also SUNW_PKG_ALLZONES and SUNW_PKG_HOLLOW package parameters

By default, patch installed in global zone is installed in all non-global zones

If any zone does not match patch dependencies, patch not installed

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Zone issues - contUpgrading the global zone to a new Solaris release upgrades the non-global zones (but only by using live upgrade)Best practice is to keep packages and patches synced between global and all non-global zonesBest practice – prebuild a bunch of zones, even if you won’t need them

Packages and patches stay in sync or as in generic initial systemLow resource useUse one of them for all applications & non-sys admin users

Watch out for giving users root in a zone – could violate policy or regulations

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Zones and Packages# pkgadd -d screen*

The following packages are available:1 SMCscreen screen

(intel) 4.0.2

Select package(s) you wish to process (or 'all' to processall packages). (default: all) [?,??,q]:## Not processing zone <zone10>: the zone is not running and cannot be booted## Booting non-running zone <zone0> into administrative state## waiting for zone <zone0> to enter single user mode...## Verifying package <SMCscreen> dependencies in zone <zone0>## Restoring state of global zone <zone0>## Booting non-running zone <zone1> into administrative state## waiting for zone <zone1> to enter single user mode.... . .## Booting non-running zone <zone0> into administrative state## waiting for zone <zone0> to enter single user mode...## waiting for zone <zone0> to enter single user mode...## Installing package <SMCscreen> in zone <zone0>

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Zones and Packages (Cont.)

screen(intel) 4.0.2Using </usr/local> as the package base directory.## Processing package information.## Processing system information.

86 package pathnames are already properly installed.

Installing screen as <SMCscreen>

## Installing part 1 of 1.[ verifying class <none> ]

Installation of <SMCscreen> on zone <zone0> was successful.## Restoring state of global zone <zone0>

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Labs

Explore your zone – what can you do and see, what can’t you?What is your view of file systems?What packages are installed?What patches?What is your life like in a zone?How are zones different from domains? From vmware?

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RBAC

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RBAC

Been in Solaris since release 8Basis for access control on SolarisA bit, um, complicatedQuick review here

How many of you are using RBAC?

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RBAC Terminology

Administrative Roles – (or just “roles”) for grouping authorizations, profiles and commands together as a common set of functions. Think of these as special user accounts to which profiles are assigned.Profiles -- (also known as "execution profiles" or "rights profiles") a collection of authorizations, commands, and/or other profiles that together provide for performing a set of administrative tasks.

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RBAC Terminology - 2Authorizations – permissions that grant access to restricted actions that are otherwise prohibited by the security policy. These are typically assigned in a profile, but can also be assigned to a user or a role. Think of this as tokens that can be checked by RBAC-aware programs. Rather than checking if UID=0 to allow an action, such programs can check if, for example, the user has authorization token “solaris.admin.diskmgr.read”.Privileged program – a program with security attributes that enables special functions depending on a check of user-id, group-id, privileges, or authorizations. These are setuid or setgid programs, or programs with assigned privileges.

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RBAC UseUser assumes a role - placed in a special profile-understanding shell

pfcsh, pfksn, and pfshShells know how to read through the various config files in /etc/security (and /etc/user_attr) Determines the rights profiles of the role and the components ofthose profiles, enforces themI.e., if a role had the Name Service Security rights profile, then user would be allowed to run /usr/bin/nischown with the effective user-id of 0 (from /etc/security/exec_attr)

The administrator creates a profile of authorizations and privileged commands for task or tasks

Can be assigned directly to a user or to (better) a role Without authorizations, user is prevented from executing a privileged application, or prevented from performing operations within a privileged application

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RBAC Use - 2Easiest RBAC admin is to use the Solaris Management Console (smc)User is allowed to assume zero or more roles by knowing the password of the roles

Similar to using the su commandWhen the user assumes a role, the capabilities of the role are availableList of roles available to that user is displayed by the roles commandUser su’s to an available role to accomplish privileged tasksNo default roles

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/etc/security/exec_attr

# head exec_attrApplication Server

Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/appserver/bin/asadmin:Software Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/pkgparam:uid=0Network Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/in.named:uid=0File System Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/mount:uid=0Software Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/pkgtrans:uid=0Name Service Security:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/nisaddcred:euid=0Mail Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/makemap:euid=0FTP Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/ftprestart:euid=0File System

Management:solaris:cmd:::/sbin/mount:privs=sys_mountSoftware Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/install:euid=0

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Roles

Typical types of roles:primary administrator - the traditional superuser, with all privileges, system administrator – an administrator without security-modification privileges,operator – an administrator with a limited, specific set of privileges,advanced user – a user with privileges to debug and fix her own system or programs

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Solaris Privileges

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PrivilegesReally known as “least privilege”

Only the minimum privileges to get a job done should be available

Alternative to being root or no oneDone at the API level

SetUID programs can dictate fine grain access to kernel featuresCan limit what privs children haveShould further help can buffer overflows and other privilege escalation methods

Done at the user or role levelAll specific users to perform specific operations regardless of the programs being run

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Privileges - 2

New level of management of rights within a Solaris 10 systemFine-grained privileges that can be assigned to entitiesThe kernel enforces the new requirement that, to perform a special function, the entity must have the privilege to do so. Can work in parallel with traditional superuserfunctionality for backward compatibility.

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Privilege Sets

E - Effective privilege set – the current set of privileges that are in effectI - Inheritable privilege set – the set of privileges that a process can inherit across an exec()P - Permitted privilege set - the set of privileges that are available for useL - Limit privilege set – the outside limit of what privileges are available to a process and its children

Used to shrink the “I” set when a child is created, for example

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Privileges ExampleTraceroute is now privilege enabled

$ ls -l /usr/sbin/traceroute-r-sr-xr-x 1 root bin 35392 Jul 3 14:42

/usr/sbin/traceroute

$ /usr/sbin/traceroute 1.2.3.4 &[2] 7841# pcred 78417841: e/r/suid=101 e/r/sgid=14

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Privileges Example - 2# ppriv -v 78417841: /usr/sbin/traceroute 1.2.3.4flags = PRIV_AWAREE:

file_link_any,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session

I: file_link_any,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session

P: file_link_any,net_icmpaccess,net_rawaccess,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session

L: noneNote exploit needs to execute fully in the context of traceroute to make use of its privileges because the "Limit“set is empty

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Privileged Daemon Example# ppriv `pgrep rpcbind`153: /usr/sbin/rpcbindflags = PRIV_AWARE

E: basic,!file_link_any,net_privaddr,!proc_exec,!proc_info,!proc_session,sys_nfs

I: basic,!file_link_any,!proc_exec,!proc_fork,!proc_info,!proc_session

P: basic,!file_link_any,net_privaddr,!proc_exec,!proc_info,!proc_session,sys_nfs

L: basic,!file_link_any,!proc_exec,!proc_fork,!proc_info,!proc_session

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RBAC and PrivilegesUse RBAC to assign specific privs to roles or usersBy default, all non-setuid processes have the “basic”set of privileges assignedCreate a role with that privilege and then allow the user to assume that role

The list of available privileges is available in the privileges(5), and via the all important pprivcommand (the “-lv” options)Divided into categories, including file, ipc, net, proc, and sys privileges

For example, enable users in role “test” to do process management and use DTrace features

Create “test” role in /etc/user_attr

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RBAC and Privileges - 2# roleadd -u 201 -d /export/home/test -P "Process Management" test

# rolemod -K defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel test

# grep test /etc/user_attrtest::::type=role;defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel;profiles=Process Management

The user would need to switch to the role “test” to use DTrace

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RBAC and Privileges - 2$ ppriv $$10897: -bashflags = <none>

E: basicI: basicP: basicL: all

$ dtrace -s bitesize.ddtrace: failed to initialize dtrace: DTrace requires

additional privileges$ su testPassword:Roles can only be assumed by authorized userssu: Sorry# usermod –R test pbg(then login as pbg)

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RBAC and Privileges - 3$ rolestest$su testpassword:$ ppriv $$11022: pfshflags = <none>

E: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_userI: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_userP: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_userL: all

$ dtrace –s bitesize.d. . .

Alternately, privileges can be directly assigned to users, as in:pbg::::type=normal;roles=primary_administrator,test; \defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel

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Privilege Assignment

To add a privilege to a specific user, use the usermod command to add the privilege to the user’s default privileges, as in

# usermod –K defaultpriv=basic,proc_clock_high_res jdoeUnfortunately, to be able to assign a specific privilege to a specific command, the command must be written to be privilege aware

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Privilege Assignment - 2

Currently, native system programs are becoming privilege aware and having a limited set of privileges assigned to them

Includes most setuid-root and network daemonsAPI available with privileges to allow Solaris programmers to write privilege aware programsppriv command can be used on a program that is failing due to a lack of privilege, to determine exactly the privileges that the program needs to succeedAppropriate privileges can be assigned to the program, or assigned to a role or user to allow that program to run properly when the appropriate set of users runs it

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/etc/passwd

# cat /etc/passwdroot:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/shdaemon:x:1:1::/:bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3::/:adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucicosmmsp:x:25:25:SendMail Message Submission Program:/:listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:gdm:x:50:50:GDM Reserved UID:/:webservd:x:80:80:WebServer Reserved UID:/:nobody:x:60001:60001:NFS Anonymous Access User:/:noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x NFS Anonymous Access User:/:pbg:x:101:14::/export/home/pbg:/bin/bashtest:x:201:1::/export/home/test:/bin/pfsh

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/etc/user_attr# cat /etc/user_attr## Copyright (c) 2003 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights

reserved.## /etc/user_attr## user attributes. see user_attr(4)##pragma ident "@(#)user_attr 1.1 03/07/09 SMI"#adm::::profiles=Log Managementlp::::profiles=Printer Managementroot::::auths=solaris.*,solaris.grant;profiles=Web Console

Management,All;lock_after_retries=notest::::type=role;defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dt

race_kernel;profiles=Process Managementpbg::::type=normal;roles=test

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LabsCreate new user “foo”Create new role “operator”Find list of profilesAdd some profiles to role “operator”Add user foo to role “operator”Find list of privilegesAdd some privileges to role “operator”Add some privileges to user “foo”Test user foo in role “operator”Test user “foo” privilegesExplore the system to find all of the changes associated with the new user and role

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NFS V4

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NFS V4 OverviewStateful rather than statelessAll traffic uses one port number (2049) Can negotiate security authentication protocol, including using Kerberos (SEAM) and DESThe /etc/default/nfs file uses keywords to control the NFS protocols that are used by both the client and the serverUses the string representations to identify the owner or group_owner via the nfsmapid daemonSupports mandatory locking (multiple lock types) When you unshare a file system, all the state for any open files or file locks in that file system is destroyedServers use a pseudo file system to provide clients with access to exported objects on the server

Server provides a view that just includes the exported file systems

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NFS V4 Overview - 2Supports client and server recovery from a crashSupports client failover between multiple replicated copies of afile system on different serversSupports volatile file handlesDelegation, a technique by which the server delegates the management of a file to a client, is supported on both the client and the server.

I.e. the server could grant either a read delegation or a write delegation to a client.

Does not use the following daemons:lockdmountdnfslogdstatd

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NFS V4 Use

Enable it via NFS_CLIENT_VERSMIN and NFS_CLIENT_VERSMAX in the /etc/default/nfs file

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Solaris Flash Archives

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System Build Technology

What does it have to do with security?Capture state of system just after virgin buildFast restoreUseful for comparisonAlso good for DR / BC

This is available pre-Solaris 10, but generally under-utilized

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Flash Archives

Create master system – single reference installationThen replicate master to clone systems

Initial install overwrites all filesystems on target cloneUpdate only includes differences between two system images (on master and clone)Differential update changes only specified files of a clone based on a master

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Flash Archives Initial Install1. Install master server however you’d like2. (Optional) Prepare customization scripts to reconfigure or customize

the clone system before or after installation3. Create the Solaris Flash archive. The Solaris Flash archive contains a

copy of all of the files on the master system, unless you excluded some nonessential files

4. Install the Solaris Flash archive on clone systems1. Master and clone system must have the same kernel architecture2. Can run scripts to customize clone or install extra packages using

custom jumpstart5. (Optional) Save a copy of the master image

1. If you plan to create a differential archive, the master image must be available and identical to the image installed on the clone systems

Note – best to start from Entire Plus OEM install image to get all drives clones might need

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Flash Archives DeploymentCreate archive after full master install but before software configuration

I.E. No Solaris Volume Manager configMaster should be as inactive as possibleCreate archive with flar create –n name options path/filename

Save it to disk or tapeMake a copy for differential archive creationCan keep multiple archives – just costs disk

Can compress archivesTo install from an archive, select Solaris Flash installation during standard installation procedures

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Updating Clone with Flash Differential Archive1. Start from master identical to clone2. Prepare the master system with changes3. (Optional) Prepare customization scripts to reconfigure or customize

the clone system before or after installation4. Mount the directory of a copy of the saved-unchanged master image

1. Second image is to be used to compare the two system images2. Mount it from a Solaris Live Upgrade boot environment3. Mount it from a clone system over NFS4. Restore from backup using the ufsrestore command

5. Create the differential archive with the -A option of the flar create command

6. Install the differential archive on clone systems with custom JumpStart1. Or, use Solaris Live Upgrade to install the differential archive on an

inactive boot environment

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Moving from NIS to LDAP

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Why Move?NIS is old, limited, not secure

Weak authenticationNot much encryptionNonstandard

NIS+ is complicated and EOLSorry if you already moved to itDon’t move to NIS+ if you haven’t already

LDAP is the wave of the future“Standard”Full featuresExpandable, flexible, interoperable

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NIS to LDAP OverviewThe NIS–to–LDAP transition service (N2L service) replaces existing NIS daemons on the NIS master server with NIS–to–LDAP transition daemonsThe N2L service also creates a NIS–to–LDAP mapping file on that server

Specifies the mapping between NIS map entries and equivalent Directory Information Tree (DIT) entries in LDAPA transitioned server is called an N2L serverSlave servers do not have an NISLDAPmapping file, so they continue as usualThe slave servers periodically update their data from N2L server

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NIS to LDAP Overview - 2Behavior of the N2L service is controlled by the ypserv and NISLDAPmapping configuration files

A script, inityp2l, assists with initial setup of configurationfiles. Once N2L server has been established, you can maintain N2L by editing configuration files

The N2L service supports:Import of NIS maps into LDAP DITClient access to DIT information with speed and extensibility of NIS

When using N2L LDAP directory is source of authoritative dataEventually, all NIS clients can be replaced by Solaris LDAP naming services clientsMany gory details in SysAdmin Guide to Naming and Directory Services

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DTrace

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DTrace and Security

No real linkDTrace so cool we need to take a quick look

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DTrace OverviewBest tool ever for understanding system behaviorUses language D, based on CFully dynamic, full probing of kernel and user appsFully scalableEnabled in Solaris 10 – no custom kernel or configuration changes neededUse DTrace today to solve non-S10 problems

Move the “problem” to a test / dev S10 machine, debug, and then back port the solution to the original machine

Way to much to cover hereSo I’ll whet your appetiteGot example code available at http://users.tpg.com.au/adsln4yb/dtrace.htmlAll DTrace resources athttp://www.sun.com/bigadmin/content/dtrace/

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DTrace Example - 1

connections.d snoop inbound TCP connections as they are established, displaying the server process that accepted the connection.

# ./connections.dUID PID IP_SOURCE PORT CMD 0 254 192.168.001.001 23 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 23 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 21 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 100 2319 192.168.001.001 6000 /usr/openwin/bin/Xsun :0 -nobanner

0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s [...]

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DTrace Example - 2

The following script counts number of write(2) calls by application:

syscall::write:entry

{

@counts[execname] = count();}

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DTrace Example - 4# dtrace -s write-calls-by-app.ddtrace: script 'write-calls-by-app.d' matched 1 probe^C

dtrace 1login 1sshd 2sh 6telnet 6w 7df 12in.telnetd 25mixer_applet2 61gnome-panel 108metacity 125gnome-terminal 197

#

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DTrace Example - 5

Let’s have a look at the size of the writes to file descriptor 5, per section of user code (!)

syscall::write:entry

/execname == "sshd" && arg0 == 5/

{@[ustack()] = quantize(arg2);

}

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DTrace Example - 6bash-2.05b# dtrace -s write-sshd-fd-5.ddtrace: script 'write-sshd-fd-5.d' matched 1 probe^C

libc.so.1`_write+0xcsshd`atomicio+0x2d805b59csshd`main+0xd59805b1fa

value ------------- Distribution ------------- count8 | 016 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 132 | 0

libc.so.1`_write+0xcsshd`packet_write_poll+0x2esshd`packet_write_wait+0x23sshd`userauth_finish+0x19f805f42esshd`dispatch_run+0x49sshd`do_authentication2+0x7csshd`main+0xdc7805b1fa

value ------------- Distribution ------------- count16 | 032 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 164 | 0

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DTrace Example - 7#!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s#pragma D option flowindentpid$1::$2:entry{self->trace = 1;}pid$1:::entry, pid$1:::return, fbt:::/self->trace/{printf("%s", curlwpsinfo->pr_syscall ?"K" : "U");}pid$1::$2:return/self->trace/{self->trace = 0;}

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FTP Server Enhancements

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FTP Server EnhancementsThe sendfile() function is used for binary downloadsNew capabilities supported in the ftpaccess file

flush-wait controls the behavior at the end of a download or directory listingipcos sets the IP Class of Service for either the control or data connectionpassive ports can be configured so that the kernel selects the TCP port to listen onquota-info enables retrieval of quota informationrecvbuf sets the receive (upload) buffer size used for binary transfersrhostlookup allows or disallows the lookup of the remote hosts namesendbuf sets the send (download) buffer size used for binary transfersxferlog format customizes the format of the transfer log entry-4 option which makes the FTP server only listen for connections on an IPv4 socket when running in standalone mode

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FTP Server Enhancements - 2

ftpcount and ftpwho now support the -voption, which displays user counts and process information for FTP server classes defined in virtual host ftpaccess filesThe FTP client and server now support Kerberos

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PAM Enhancements

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PAM EnhancementsPluggable Authentication Module (PAM) framework enhancementsThe pam_authtok_check module now allows for strict password checking using new tunable parameters in the /etc/default/passwd file. The new parameters define:

A list of comma separated dictionary files used for checking common dictionary words in a passwordThe minimum differences required between a new password and an old passwordThe minimum number of alphabetic or nonalphabeticcharacters that must be used in a new passwordThe minimum number of uppercase or lowercase letters that must be used in a new passwordThe number of allowable consecutive repeating characters

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PAM Enhancements - 2The pam_unix_auth module implements account locking for local users. Account locking is enabled by the LOCK_AFTER_RETRIES parameter in /etc/security/policy.conf and the lock_after-retries key in /etc/user_attrThe pam_unix module has been removed and replaced by a set of service modulesof equivalent or greater functionality. Many of these modules were introduced in the Solaris 9 release. Here is a list of the replacement modules:

pam_authtok_checkpam_authtok_getpam_authtok_storepam_dhkeyspam_passwd_authpam_unix_accountpam_unix_authpam_unix_credpam_unix_session

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PAM Enhancements - 3

The functionality of the pam_unix_auth module has been split into two modules. The pam_unix_auth module now verifies that the password is correct for the user. The new pam_unix_cred module provides functions that establish user credential information.Additions to the pam_krb5 module have been made to manage the Kerberos credentials cache using the PAM framework.

A new pam_deny module has been added. The module can be used to deny access to services. By default, the pam_deny module is not used

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/etc/default/passwd

$ cat /etc/default/passwd#ident "@(#)passwd.dfl 1.7 04/04/22 SMI"## Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.# Use is subject to license terms.#MAXWEEKS=MINWEEKS=PASSLENGTH=6

# NAMECHECK enables/disables login name checking.# The default is to do login name checking.# Specifying a value of "NO" will disable login name checking.##NAMECHECK=NO

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/etc/default/passwd - 2

# HISTORY sets the number of prior password changes to keep and

# check for a user when changing passwords. Setting the HISTORY

# value to zero (0), or removing/commenting out the flag will# cause all users' prior password history to be discarded at

the# next password change by any user. No password history will# be checked if the flag is not present or has zero value.# The maximum value of HISTORY is 26.## This flag is only enforced for user accounts defined in the# local passwd(4)/shadow(4) files.##HISTORY=0#

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# Password complexity tunables. The values listed are the defaults

# which are compatible with previous releases of passwd.# See passwd(1) and pam_authtok_check(5) for use warnings and# discussion of the use of these options.##MINDIFF=3#MINALPHA=2#MINNONALPHA=1#MINUPPER=0#MINLOWER=0#MAXREPEATS=0#MINSPECIAL=0#MINDIGIT=0#WHITESPACE=YES

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### passwd performs dictionary lookups if DICTIONLIST or DICTIONDBDIR

# is defined. If the password database does not yet exist, it is

# created by passwd. See passwd(1), pam_authtok_check(5) and

# mkdict(1) for more information.##DICTIONLIST=#DICTIONDBDIR=/var/passwd

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BSM

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BSM

Solaris Basic Security ModuleAlso known as Solaris auditingPart of Solaris for a while, but little usedVery detailed accounting of system / user activitiesCan be too much – want your disk spaceGood article at http://www.deer-run.com/~hal/sysadmin/SolarisBSMAuditing.html

Except for disk space, not very resource intensive

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BSM Setup

BSM not enabled by defaultbsmconv configures BSMCreates files in /etc/securityaudit_startup runs at startup, configuring auditing via auditconfig commands/usr/bin/echo "Starting BSM services."/usr/sbin/auditconfig -setpolicy +cnt/usr/sbin/auditconfig -conf/usr/sbin/auditconfig -aconf

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BSM Setup – contaudit_control is primary config filedir:/var/auditflags:minfree:20naflags:lo

flags defines audit events to pay attention tonaflags defines non-attributable events to pay attention to

audit_event can fine-tune auditing (defines events and divides them into classes)audit_class defines masks for accessing classes

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BSM Setup - contRun audit –n out of cron to cycle the (otherwise infinite) log file:

0 * * * * /usr/sbin/audit –nCompress and move the audit log to secure storageDo so rapidly on security-conscious machines (i.e. web servers)

auditreduce can extract specific info from and audit logpraudit can dump native audit binary data for readability

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BSM Tuning Recommended auditing settings for more security-conscious systems from http://www.cisecurity.com/bench_solaris.htmlGenerated via this awk script:awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":"; OFS = ":" }($4 ~ /fm/) && ! ($2 ~ /MCTL|FCNTL|FLOCK|UTIME/) \

{ $4 = $4 ",cc" }($4 ~ /p[cms]/) && \! ($2 ~ /FORK|CHDIR|KILL|VTRACE|SETGROUPS|SETPGRP/) \

{ $4 = $4 ",cc" }{ print }' audit_event >audit_event.new

And associated audit_control configuration:dir:/var/auditminfree:20flags:lo,ad,ccnaflags:lo,ad,ex

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Auditing Enhancements

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Auditing EnhancementsCan use the syslog utility to store audit records in text format

Enable and configure in/etc/security/audit_control

dir:/var/auditflags: lo,ad,-fmminfree:20naflags:lo,adplugin: name=audit_syslog.so;p_flags=lo,+ad;\qsize=512

Add audit.notice /var/adm/auditlog to /etc/syslog.conftouch /var/adm/auditlogUse logadm to manage the logs

The praudit –x creates output formatted in XML

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Auditing Enhancements - 2Audit metaclasses provide an umbrella for finer-grained audit classesThe bsmconv command no longer disables the use of the Stop-A key

The Stop-A event can be auditedThe timestamp in audit records now displays in ISO 8601 formatThree audit policy options have been added:

public – Public objects are no longer audited for read-only events, reducing the audit log sizeperzone – A separate audit daemon runs in each zonezonename – The name of the Solaris zone in which an audit event occurred can be included in audit records

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Auditing Enhancements - 3

Five audit tokens have been added:The cmd token records the list of arguments and the list of environment variables that are associated with a commandThe path_attr token records the sequence of attribute file objects that are below the path token objectThe privilege token records the use of privilege on a processThe uauth token records the use of authorization with a command or actionThe zonename token records the name of the non-global zone in which an audit event occurred

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Service Management Facility

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Solaris 10 Service Management Facility (SMF)

Part of larger predictive self-healing facility (Build 69 and beyond)Replacing inetd, changing use of /etc/rc files, etcMuch more sophisticated management of system startup and daemons

Builds reference tree of which processes need which, and order to start them inIf service fails, knows how to restart the service and all that depended on itStartup to login prompt much faster with multithreadingSnapshotting of service status, reversion to previous status

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SMF - 2Booting now much “quieter”Each service has its own log in /var/svc/log (/etc/svc/volatile)Services that would have hung boot now debuggablein maintenance modeNew boot –m verbose to display message per serviceProcesses will automatically restart by svc.startdor be placed in maintenance mode (watch out for kill -9)

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svcsDisplays services and stati

# svcsSTATE STIME FMRIlegacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rcS_d/S50sk98sollegacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S10lulegacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S20sysetuplegacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S40llc2. . .legacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rc3_d/S84appservlegacy_run Feb_28 lrc:/etc/rc3_d/S90sambaonline Feb_28 svc:/system/svc/restarter:defaultonline Feb_28 svc:/network/pfil:defaultonline Feb_28 svc:/system/filesystem/root:defaultonline Feb_28 svc:/network/loopback:defaultonline Feb_28 svc:/milestone/name-services:default. . .

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svcs (cont)

Displays details about services (i.e. what failed)

# svcs -xsvc:/application/print/server:default (LP print server)State: disabled since Mon Feb 28 11:01:34 2005

Reason: Disabled by an administrator.See: http://sun.com/msg/SMF-8000-05See: lpsched(1M)

Impact: 2 dependent services are not running. (Use -v for list.)

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svcs (cont)

Displays details about services (i.e. what depends on what)

# svcs –xv sshSTATE STIME FMRIonline Feb_28 svc:/network/ssh:default

Feb_28 366 sshd

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svcadm

Changes service states permanently (unless –t option used)

# svcs sendmailSTATE STIME FMRIonline Feb_28 svc:/network/smtp:sendmail

# svcadm disable sendmail# svcs sendmail

STATE STIME FMRIdisabled 17:46:01 svc:/network/smtp:sendmail

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SMF NotesChanges to inetd.conf are still effective, but only if inetconv is run after the changeUse SMF instead of RC script changes if at all possible“Manifests” contain service descriptions in /var/svc/manifest

Changes to services can be made hereWon’t be reflected until service restarted or refreshed

svcs –a shows all services, no matter the stateAlso of interest

svcadm restart – restart the servicesvcadm refresh – reread the service configurationsvcs –d FMRI – shows named service and parentssvcs –D FMRI – shows named service and dependentsboot –m milestone – boots to named milestonesvcadm milestone – transitions to named milestonesvccfg apply /var/svc/profile/generic_limited_net.xml –disables generic extraneous network daemons

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LabsWhat services are running?

How do you parse the output of svcs?Which are disabled? Failed?What does inetd.conf look like?What is in the rc directories?What do the service log files show?Kill of an unimportant service via kill

What happenedDisable it via SMFWhere is the SMF configuration information stored?How would you change the parameters of a service?What does an RPC service look like now?What run level are we at?

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Solaris Cryptographic Framework

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Crypto FrameworkProvides common store of crypto algorithms and PKCS #11 libraries optimized for SPARC and x86

PKCS #11 – public key crypto standard defining technology-independent API for crypto devices

Currently provides IPSec and Kerberos to kernel, libsasl and IKE to users via plugins:

User-level plugins – Shared objects that provide services by using PKCS #11 libraries, such as pkcs11_softtoken.so.1Kernel-level plugins – Kernel modules that provide implementations of cryptographic algorithms in software, such as AESHardware plugins – Device drivers and their associated hardware accelerators i.e. Sun Crypto Accelerator 1000 board

Framework implements a standard interface, the PKCS #11, v2.11 library, for user-level providers. Can be used by third-party applications to reach providers

Third parties can add signed libraries, signed kernel algorithmmodules, and signed device drivers to the framework

plugins are added when the pkgadd utility installs the third-party software

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Figure 8–1 Overview of the Solaris Cryptographic Framework

(From Solaris 10 Solaris Security for Developers Guide)

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Crypto Framework AdminAdministration via cryptoadm command:

$ cryptoadm list

user-level providers:/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pkcs11_kernel.so/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pkcs11_softtoken.so

kernel software providers:desaesarcfourblowfishsha1md5rsaswrand

kernel hardware providers:

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Crypto Framework User Commandsdigest– Computes a message digest for one or more files or for stdin. A digest is useful for verifying the integrity of a file. SHA1 and MD5 are examples of digest functions.mac – Computes a message authentication code (MAC) for one or more files or for stdin. A MAC associates data with an authenticated message. A MAC enables a receiver to verify that the message came from the sender and that the message has not been tampered with.The sha1_mac and md5_hmac mechanisms can compute a MAC.encrypt – Encrypts files or stdin with a symmetric cipher. The encrypt -l command lists the algorithms that are available. Mechanisms that are listed under a user-level library are available to the encrypt command. The framework provides AES, DES, 3DES (Triple-DES), and ARCFOUR mechanisms for user encryption.decrypt – Decrypts files or stdin that were encrypted with the encrypt command. The decrypt command uses the identical key and mechanism that were used to encrypt the original file.

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Key GenerationFor MAC and encryption, need symmetric key

Determine algorithm to use and length of key needed$ encrypt -lAlgorithm Keysize: Min Max (bits)------------------------------------------aes 128 128arcfour 8 128des 64 643des 192 192$ mac -lAlgorithm Keysize: Min Max (bits)------------------------------------------des_mac 64 64sha1_hmac 8 512md5_hmac 8 512

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Key Generation - 2Use a random number generator, or dd

Note that bs is in bytes, so device bits by 8$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=keyfile bs=n count=1

Protect the key in the keyfile$ chmod 400 keyfile

Example for AES:$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=$HOME/keyf/05.07.aes16 bs=16 count=1$ chmod 400 ~/keyf/05.07.aes16

Now use the key to create an MD5 MAC:$ mac -v -a md5_hmac -k $HOME/keyf/05.07.mack64 email.attachmd5_hmac (email.attach) = 02df6eb6c123ff25d78877eb1d55710c % echo "md5_hmac (email.attach) =

02df6eb6c123ff25d78877eb1d55710c" \ >> ~/mac.daily.05.07Use AES for encryption using a keyphrase

$ encrypt -a aes \ -i ticket.to.ride -o ~/enc/e.ticket.to.ride

Enter key: <Type passphrase>

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Kerberos Enhancements

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Kerberos EnhancementsThe KDC software, the user commands and applications now support TCPSupport for IPv6 was added to kinit, klist and kprop commands. Support for IPv6 addresses is provided by default. There are no configuration parameters to change to enable IPv6 support. No IPv6 support is available for the kadmin and kadmindcommands.A new PAM module called pam_krb5_migrate has been introduced. Helps in the automatic migration of users to the local Kerberos realm, if they do not already have Kerberos accounts. The ~/.k5login file can now be used with the GSS applications ftp and sshThe kproplog utility has been updated to output all attribute names per log entry

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Kerberos Enhancements - 2

Kerberos protocol support is provided in remote applications, such as ftp, rcp, rdist, rlogin, rsh, ssh, and telnetThe Kerberos principal database can now be transferred by incremental update instead of by transferring the entire database each time

Increased database consistencies across serversThe need for fewer resources (network, CPU, and so forth)Much more timely propagation of updatesAn automated method of propagation

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Kerberos Enhancements - 3A new script to help automatically configure a Kerberos clientSeveral new encryption types have been added to the Kerberos service

The AES encryption type can be used for high speed, high security encryption of Kerberos sessions. The use of AES is enabled through the Cryptographic Framework. ARCFOUR-HMAC provides better compatibility with other Kerberos versions.Triple DES (3DES) with SHA1 increases security. This encryption type also enhances interoperability with other Kerberos implementations that support this encryption type.

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Kerberos Enhancements - 4A new -e option has been included to several subcommands of the kadmin command. This new option allows for the selection of the encryption type during the creation of principals.Additions to the pam_krb5 module manage the Kerberos credentials cache by using the PAM framework. Support is provided for auto-discovery of the Kerberos KDC, admin server, kpasswd server, and host or domain name-to-realm mappings by using DNS lookupsA new configuration file option makes the strict TGT verification feature optionally configurable on a per-realm basis

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Kerberos Enhancements - 5Extensions to the password-changing utilities enable the Solaris Kerberos V5 administration server to accept password change requests from clients that do not run Solaris software.The default location of the replay cache has been moved from RAM-based file systems to persistent storage in /var/krb5/rcacheThe GSS credential table is no longer necessary for the Kerberos GSS mechanismThe Kerberos utilities, kinit and ktutil, are now based on MIT Kerberos version 1.2.1The Solaris Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) is now based on MIT Kerberos version 1.2.1

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Packet Filtering

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Packet Filtering Overview

Solaris used to have nothing, then SunScreen was commercial, then SunScreen was included, now ipfilter is standardSolaris IP Filter is a host-based firewall that is derived from the open source IP Filter code, developed and maintained by Darren Reed

Based on version 4.0.33 of the open source IP FilterUses the STREAMS module, pfil, to intercept packetsBy default, pfil is not autopushed onto network interface cards (NICs). Autopush of pfil is disabled for all drivers

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Packet Filtering Overview - 2Provides packet filtering and network address translation (NAT), based upon a user-configurable policy

Rules are configurable to filter either statefully or statelesslyCommand line interface only

ipf for loading or clearing packet filter rulesipnat for loading or clearing NAT rulesippool for managing address pools associated with IP rulesipfstat for viewing per-interface statisticsipmon for viewing of logged packets

Good info at http://www.obfuscation.org/ipf/ Only works in the global zone (so far)

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ipfilter DetailsCan match on the following IP header fields

Source or destination IP address (including inverted matches) IP protocolTOS (Type of Service)IP options or IP security classesFragment

In addition it can:Distinguish between various interfacesReturn an ICMP error or TCP reset for denied packetsKeep packet state information for TCP, UDP, and ICMP packet flowsKeep fragment state information for any IP packet, applying the same rule to all fragments in that packetUse redirection to set up true transparent proxy connectionsProvide packet header details to a user program for authenticationProvide temporary storage of pre-authenticated rules for passing packets

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ipfilter Details - 2

Special provision is made for the three most common Internet protocols, TCP, UDP and ICMP. Can match based on:

TCP or UDP packets by port number or a port number rangeICMP packets by type or codeEstablished TCP packet sessionsAny arbitrary combination of TCP flags

Note IPMP only supports stateless packet filtering

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Enable ipfilter

Disabled by defaultAssume a role that includes the Network Management rights profile, or become superuserEdit /etc/ipf/pfil.ap

Uncomment the interface(s) to filter onPut filter rules in /etc/ipf/ipf.conf for automatic use at bootPut NAT rules in /etc/ipf/ipnat.conffor automatic use at bootPut config info in /etc/ipf/ippool.conf

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/etc/ipf/ipf.conf

Rules processed top to bottomEntire ruleset is run, not just until a match

Last matching rule always has precedence“quick” rule option says to stop processing if match

pass in quick on lo0 all pass out quick on lo0 all block in log all block out all pass in quick proto tcp from any to any port = 113

flags S keep state pass in quick proto tcp from any to any port = 22

flags S keep state pass in quick proto tcp from any port = 20 to any port

39999 >< 45000 flags S keep state pass out quick proto icmp from any to any keep statepass out quick proto tcp/udp from any to any keep

state keep frags

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/etc/ipf/ipnat.conf

Very feature rich translation of address and portsSome examples:

map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 20.20.20.1/32 map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 0/32 portmaptcp/udp auto

map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 20.20.20.1/32 proxy port ftp ftp/tcp

rdr eri1 20.20.20.5/32 port 80 -> 192.168.0.5, 192.168.0.6, port 8000

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/etc/ipf/ippool.conf

Pool of addresses used by ipfilterUsed for defining a single object that contains multiple IP address / netmask pairs

Then rule can be applied to a poolipf rule: pass in from pool/100 to any

table role = ipf type = tree number = 100

{ 1.1.1.1/32, 2.2.0.0/16, !2.2.2.0/24 };

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ipfilter status

ipfstat –io shows current filter rulesipfstat shows the current state tableipfstat –s shows state statisticsipfstat –t shows top-like status informationippool –s shows pool statisticsipnat –s shows NAT statisticsndd -get /dev/pfil qif_status shows pfilstatistics in the kernelipmon –a shows the ipfilter log

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BART

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BARTBasic Auditing and Reporting ToolQuick and easy way to collect info on filesystemobject and attributes

Then use to look for changesMuch like tripwire, but integral to Solaris 10

Create and compare modesCreate

Entire system, specific dirs, subset of files, or specific rules basedCreates manifest

CompareTake two manifests and optional rules and output comparison information

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BART

Good info on centralizing, securing, and automating use of BART from http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/gbrunett/20041001#automating_solaris_10_file_integrity

Information on tying BART together with the Solaris Fingerprint Database (available for free from SunSolve -http://www.sun.com/blueprints/0501/Fingerprint.

pdf ) to find changed to files shipped by Sun available fromhttp://www.securitydocs.com/library/2693

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Conclusions

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Conclusions

Lots of new security features in Solaris 10Zones possibly most powerful for adminsPrivileges most powerful for system softwareMoves to become more industry-compatible

ipfilterKerberosNIS to LDAP

Powerful new APIsSolaris Crypto Framework

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Conclusions - 2

SMF allows finegrain service control, debuggingStill use security best practices (host lockdown, good passwords, etc)Not new, but be sure sendmail is preventing relaying

http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/features/articles/config_sendmail.html

Other interesting features not covered hereSmart Card APISASL

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ReferencesSun Security Home Page

http://www.sun.com/securitySolaris Patches & Finger Print Database

http://sunsolve.sun.com/Sun Security Coordination Team

http://sunsolve.sun.com/securitySun BluePrints for Security

http://www.sun.com/blueprintsDeveloping a Security PolicyTrust Modelling for Security Arch. DevelopmentBuilding Secure n-Tier EnvironmentsHow Hackers Do It: Tricks, Tips and Techniques

Solaris OE Securityhttp://www.sun.com/solarishttp://www.sun.com/security/jass

Trusted Solaris OEhttp://www.sun.com/solaris/trustedsolaris

Java Securityhttp://java.sun.com/security

Network and Security Productshttp://www.sun.com/servers/entry/checkpointhttp://www.sun.com/networking

http://docs.sun.com Solaris 10 collection

Some slides copyright Sun Microsystems, all rights reserved

Solaris 10 Security-Sun.v1.3

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