Solar Radiation and PV - Surabaya 2015-Final

Solar Radiation and Solar Electricity

Marco Hernandez Velasco

Dalarna University

[email protected]

Surabaya, March 2015

Marco Hernndez Velasco

[email protected] BSc. Industrial Engineering (Mxico)

MSc. Solar Energy Engineering (Sweden)

currently doing PhD. at Dalarna University

PhD as part of Zephyr Project

Zero-impact innovative technology in forest plant production 14 European institutions

Very good potential with 4.8 [kWh/m2/day]

12.1 MW of solar power, which is mostly from roof-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) cells in urban areas.17

Many people without electricity in the rural areas

Additional development is stopped by the lack of personnel trained at installing solar cells.

Source: The "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018

Market potential

6

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY

Source: Brunner, ISTS Graz

The Solar Resource

Solar Radiation

The sun is a fusion reactor emitting 70-80 MW/m2 at 6000C from its corona.

The solar radiation intensity is almost constant outside earths atmosphere.

Currently used solar constant: 1367 W/m2 ( 3.3%)

Figure: Duffie&Beckman

Source: Hankins, Mark (2009). Stand-Alone Solar Electric Systems.

1367 W/m2

The energy that reaches us depends on

the atmosphere

~1000 W/m2 on the surface on a clear day

Solar Energy Potential

Blue squares could provide ALL the worlds energy demands if covered with PV assuming 8% efficiency

http://www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/

The solar energy in one year for 1 m2

Germany (~1100 kWh)

Indonesia (~2000 kWh)

SUN 15

SUN 17

The best is to position

the surface normal (90)

to the irradiance

SUN

EARTH

?

SUN

EARTH

SUN

EARTH

Latitude

Horizontal Radiation

Radiation at optimal tilt Important!

Apparent motion of the Sun:

152 000 000 km 147 000 000 km

Daily Earths rotation Seasonal Earths Orbit

Seasonal variations of solar height over horizon

is 23.45 at summer solstice

is 0 at spring and autumn

equinox

is -23.45 at winter solstice

is the declination angle

Berlin St. Petesburg

Rome Cairo

Sydney Singapore

Daylength will change due to declination

Sunpath diagram helps to find shadding

problems

Source: Haberlin, Heinrich (2012). Photovoltaics System Design and Practice

n = day number

Source: Hankins, Mark (2009). Stand-Alone Solar Electric Systems.

Geometric angles in Solar radiation

Latitude

Declination

Solar altitude Surface azimuth

(south 0; west positive,

east negative)

Angle of incidence z Zenith angle of the Sun Slope of surface Hour angle (15/hour) z + = 90

Source: Duffie & Beckman (2006)

Wind and Water currents converge in the equatorial

regions, bringing more humidity and clouds

Atmospheric effects on solar radiation

reduction of power due to absorption, scattering and reflection

change in the spectral content due to greater absorption or scattering of some wavelengths

introduction of a diffuse component into solar radiation

local variations; water vapor, clouds and pollution, whic have additional effects on power,

spectrum and directionality

Source: Pveducation.org

Atmospheric effects

The Air Mass is the relative distance that the beam solar radiation has to travel from entering the atmosphere until reaching the ground.

Air Mass (AM)

=1

cos

Zenith Angle (z): 0 Air Mass: 1

Air Mass Effect on the Solar Spectrum

Zenith Angle (z): 48,2 Air Mass: 1,5


Zenith Angle (z): 70 Air Mass: 2,9





=1

cos

Source: Lynn, Paul A. (2010). Electricity From Sunlight: An Introduction to Photovoltaics

Total irradiance on a tilted plane

Beam (direct) + Diffuse + Reflected Total =

albedo

Pow

er

Energ

y

Using Solar Energy

Source: Antony, PV for Professionals, 2007

Electricity Heat (Thermal)

Solar Electricity Photovoltaics

Cells, Modules/ Panels, Arrays and

Systems

Photovoltaic Effect

Solar cell

The input from the Sun has

to be strong enough to start the game. If it is too

soft it will not work, if it is

too much, the ball will

bounce a lot and generate

heat with the impacts

before it finally comes out.

I-V curve basic parameters


1.Generation Silicon based (mono- and multi-crystalline)

Efficiency ~12-20% Thickness 140-300 m

PV technologies

Production of Si cells

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr

Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and

Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A

Guide for Installers, Architects and

Engineers (Planning and Installing

Series)

2.Generation - Thinfilm (Several different technologies) Efficiency ~5-14%

Thickness ~1 m

Thinfilmmodul ngstrm laboratories

PV technologies

PV technologies

Spectral Response

Different PV-tecnologies respond differently to diverse wavelengths and different wavelenghts have different energy.

Source: Fraunhofer ISE (2008), Spectrum modeled according to IEC 60904-3 (2008)

using SMARTS v.2.9.5

Irradiance Effect on Power Output

0

50

100

150

200

250

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

0 10 20 30 40

Po

we

r [W

]

Cu

rre

nt

[A]

Voltage [V]

Current vs. Voltage Power vs. Voltage

1000 [W/m2]; 25C

800 [W/m2]; 25C

600 [W/m2]; 25C

400 [W/m2]; 25C

200 [W/m2]; 25C

Optical Loses

Air

Glass

EVA ARC

Si cell

r

The amount of light that is reflected depends mainly on: the angle in which the light

approaches it () and

the texture of the surface and materials.

PV-modules are prone to optical loses when the light is reflected instead of being transmitted.

Capturing the light


Temperatures Influence

Current increases slightly with temperature

Voltage decreases with temperature (~10x)

I-V characteristics for different temperatures of mc-Si 1 module

Efficiency


= ()

()=

V

Lower Efficiency needs more area for

producing the same energy

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr

Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and

Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide

for Installers, Architects and Engineers

(Planning and Installing Series)

Standard Test Conditions (STC)

25C

1,5 AM

1000 W

http://www.pveducation.org

250 Wp

7 peak

hours

1750 Wh/day

638.75 kWh/year

For planning a PV-system in a specific location

you need to know at least one to start:

How much area?

How much money?

How much electricity?

Exercise:

Make a preliminary

sizing for a PV-system

for this person.

Irradiation:

1800 kW/m2year 1800 peak sun hours from map

1800/ 365 = 4,9 peak sun hours per day

4,9 * 30 = 147 peak sun hours per month

Monthly consumption

385 kWh from electric bill

PV size=

=

385

147 = 2,62

Area

Cost

(European) Price 2014 1700 / kWp installed everything included

1700

2,62 = 4.454 aprox. Rp. 63.000.000

Payback (for European price!) Rp. 63.000.000 / Rp. 327.440 = 192 months = 16 years EU price, no

subside or financing!!

Polycrystalline (10m2 / kWp)

CIGS (11m2 / kWp)

CdTe (17m2 / kWp)

Amorphous Si (20m2 / kWp)

26,2 m2 28,82 m2 44,54 m2 52,4 m2

Types of PV systems

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and

Engineers (Planning and Installing Series)

Types of systems: Stand-alone (storage)

PV-generator Charge controller Loads

Batteries

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing

Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers (Planning

and Installing Series)

Rural Electrification

Individual Solar home systems

A PV-operated mini-grid supplies a village

community with

electricity.

Systems for Cooling

Vaccine refrigerators

Cooling for food production

Vaccine refrigerators

are available as DC

or AC versions

Other applications

Solar street lights

Kerosene lamp vs solar lanterns

A night-time women's literacy course in rural Mali [Source: World Education Organization]

Kerosene lamps: Low illumination, costly kerosene, harmful fumes

Estimated 50 Mio lamps are in use in Africa

Marine navigation - Solar powered buoys

Frisian Solar Challenge 2008

Solbtstvling 2008

Results

Types of systems: Stand-alone (no storage)

Types of systems: Grid connected




Source: juwi Group AG (2012)

Types of systems: Grid connected with storage




Thank you for your attention!

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Solar Radiation and PV - Surabaya 2015-Final

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