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11

Solar PV Solar PV

Panel Uplift Panel Uplift

StudyStudy

Wind Engineering Fluids LaboratoryWind Engineering Fluids Laboratory

Robert N. Meroney & David E. NeffRobert N. Meroney & David E. NeffMay 2010May 2010

CWE2010CWE2010

Durham, NCDurham, NC

22

Scope of StudyScope of Study

�� Goals of study were:Goals of study were:�� Investigate the wind performance of clientInvestigate the wind performance of client’’s s

photovoltaic (PV) array systems,photovoltaic (PV) array systems,

�� Formulate new wind resistant design criteria,Formulate new wind resistant design criteria,

�� Evaluate CFD as a design tool for PV Evaluate CFD as a design tool for PV collectors.collectors.

�� Fluid modeling used visualization, Fluid modeling used visualization, pressure and force balance systems.pressure and force balance systems.

�� CFD used the FLUENT 6.0 code.CFD used the FLUENT 6.0 code.

33

Wind Tunnel BalanceWind Tunnel Balance

�� Balance calibrated to measure CBalance calibrated to measure CDD, C, CLL and Cand CMM

44

½½ & Full Scale Model Tiles& Full Scale Model Tiles

Full Scale Tile in MWT ½ Scale Load Test Control Tile

Load Test Control Tile & Model Curb3 x 3 array with Control & Dummy Tiles

55

Fluid Modeling MeasurementsFluid Modeling Measurements

66

CFD 2CFD 2--D Boundary D Boundary CondtionsCondtions

�� Domain x=40 feet, y=10 feetDomain x=40 feet, y=10 feet�� Grid: Grid: dx_mindx_min=0.05 feet, =0.05 feet, dx_maxdx_max=0.7 feet=0.7 feet

�� BL on panels: BL on panels: dy_mindy_min=0.005 feet=0.005 feet

�� Grid shape: triangle pavedGrid shape: triangle paved

�� Three panelsThree panels

�� Orientations at 0 and 180 degreesOrientations at 0 and 180 degrees

�� Inlet Velocity, U=10 m/s uniformInlet Velocity, U=10 m/s uniform

�� Inlet Turbulence, I= 15%, L= 1 mInlet Turbulence, I= 15%, L= 1 m

�� Turbulence model: kTurbulence model: k--omega, standard wall omega, standard wall functionsfunctions

77

Inlet Profiles for WT & CFDInlet Profiles for WT & CFD

88

0o Orientation

CFD 2CFD 2--D Grid LayoutD Grid Layout

99

180o Orientation

1010

Static Pressure Static Pressure

Contours for CFD 2Contours for CFD 2--

D ModelD Model

0o Orientation

180o Orientation

1111

Velocity Magnitude Velocity Magnitude

Contours for CFD Contours for CFD

22--D ModelD Model

0o Orientation

180o Orientation

1212

Turbulent Intensity Turbulent Intensity


22--D ModelD Model

0o Orientation

180o Orientation

1313

Velocity Profiles for CFD 2Velocity Profiles for CFD 2--D ModelD Model

0o Orientation 180o Orientation


1414

Velocity Vector Plots for CFD 2Velocity Vector Plots for CFD 2--D ModelD Model



1515

180o Orientation

180o Orientation180o Orientation

180o Orientation

1616



Particle Particle PathlinePathline Plots for CFD 2Plots for CFD 2--D ModelD Model

1717

22--D Forces, CD Forces, CDD & C& CLL

--0.430.43--0.420.42--0.350.350.200.20--0.090.090.370.37C lift yC lift y

--26.926.9--26.326.3--21.821.87.887.88--3.383.3814.4414.44Force YForce Y

((newtonsnewtons))

0.1050.1050.1060.1060.0930.0930.200.200.230.230.250.25C drag xC drag x

6.466.466.496.495.685.687.687.689.059.059.729.72Force XForce X

((newtonsnewtons))

180 180

degdeg

P3D3P3D3

180 180

degdeg

P2D2P2D2

180 180

degdeg

P1D1P1D1

0 deg0 deg

P3D3P3D3

0 deg0 deg

P2D2P2D2

0 deg0 deg

P1D1P1D1

1818

Overall Load Comparisons Between Overall Load Comparisons Between

CFD 2CFD 2--D and WT ModelsD and WT Models

00oo OrientationOrientation 180180oo OrientationOrientation

1919

33--D Boundary D Boundary CondtionsCondtions

�� Domain x=40 feet, y=10 feet, z = 2 feet Domain x=40 feet, y=10 feet, z = 2 feet (symmetry along plate center and one side)(symmetry along plate center and one side)�� Grid: Grid: dx_mindx_min=0.1 feet, =0.1 feet, dx_maxdx_max=0.7 feet=0.7 feet

�� Grid shape: tetrahedral pavedGrid shape: tetrahedral paved

�� Three panelsThree panels

�� Orientations at 0 and 180 degreesOrientations at 0 and 180 degrees

�� Inlet Velocity, U=10 m/s uniformInlet Velocity, U=10 m/s uniform

�� Inlet Turbulence, I= 15%, L= 1 mInlet Turbulence, I= 15%, L= 1 m

�� Turbulence model: kTurbulence model: k--omega, standard wall omega, standard wall functionsfunctions

2020

40 ft

10 ft

2 ft

CFD 3CFD 3--D Grid LayoutD Grid Layout

2121

Static Pressure Contours for CFD 3Static Pressure Contours for CFD 3--D ModelD Model



2222

Velocity Magnitude Velocity Magnitude


33--D ModelD Model

0o Orientation

180o Orientation

2323

0o Orientation

180o Orientation

Turbulent Intensity Turbulent Intensity


33--D ModelD Model

2424

Velocity Profiles for CFD 3Velocity Profiles for CFD 3--D ModelD Model



2525

Velocity Vector Plots for CFD 3Velocity Vector Plots for CFD 3--D ModelD Model



2626


0o Orientation

2828

Line at x=1.4, z=0.02



Particle Particle PathlinePathline Plots for CFD 3Plots for CFD 3--D ModelD Model

2929

Line x = 3.6 z=0.1

Line x = 3.6 z=1.0 Line x = 3.6 z=1.9

Line x = 3.6 z=0.02



3030

33--D CFD with Alternative Turbulence ModelsD CFD with Alternative Turbulence Models

WD = 180

-0.50

-0.30

-0.10

0.10

0.30

0.50

1st Tile 2nd Tile 3rd Tile

PV Position

Fo

rce

Co

eff

icie

nt

Cd meas Cd k-w Cd RNG Cd k-e

Cl meas Cl k-w Cl RNG Cl k-e

WD = 180

-1.40

-1.20

-1.00

-0.80

-0.60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

1st Tile 2nd Tile 3rd Tile

PV Position

Mo

me

nt

Co

eff

icie

nt

measured k-omega RNG k-epsilon

CD meas CL meas

CM meas

K-e

K-ω

RNG K-e

KappaKappa--omega turbulence model chosen for subsequent calculationsomega turbulence model chosen for subsequent calculations

180180oo OrientationOrientation

3131

Forces, Forces, CdCd & & ClCl

--0.080.08--0.060.06--0.080.080.140.140.020.020.040.04

C lift yC lift y

Wind Wind

TunnelTunnel

--0.090.09--0.070.07--0.140.140.010.01--0.050.050.030.03C lift y C lift y

CFDCFD

0.240.240.120.120.180.180.330.33--0.040.040.410.41

C drag x C drag x

Wind Wind

TunnelTunnel

0.220.220.160.160.260.260.170.17--0.050.050.470.47C drag x C drag x

CFDCFD

180 180

degdeg

P3D3P3D3

180 180

degdeg

P2D2P2D2

180 180

degdeg

P1D1P1D1

0 deg0 deg

P3D3P3D3

0 deg0 deg

P2D2P2D2

0 deg0 deg

P1D1P1D1

3232

Overall Load Comparisons Between Overall Load Comparisons Between

CFD 3CFD 3--D and WT ModelsD and WT Models

00oo OrientationOrientation 180180oo OrientationOrientation

3333

SummarySummary

�� A hybrid numerical and physical model study A hybrid numerical and physical model study

of wind loading on PV arrays revealed:of wind loading on PV arrays revealed:

�� 22--D CFD simulation provide qualitative guidance,D CFD simulation provide qualitative guidance,

�� 33--D CFD simulation replicated windD CFD simulation replicated wind--tunnel tunnel

CCDD, C, CLL & C& CMM measurementsmeasurements

�� Agreement was sufficient to justify sensitivity Agreement was sufficient to justify sensitivity

study using CFD of alternative PV array study using CFD of alternative PV array

designs.designs.

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The EndThe End

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