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Transcript of Solar Probes
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1
Solar probes
While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar
observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of
the Earth –Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth-orbiting
and are not included in this list:
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Pioneer 5
NASA/
DOD
March –April
1960orbiter success
measured magnetic
field phenomena,
solar flare particles,
and ionization in the
interplanetary region
Pioneer 6 NASA
December
1965 – still
contactable in2000
orbiter success
network of solar-
orbiting "space
weather" monitors,
observing solar wind,
cosmic rays, and
magnetic fields
Pioneer 7 NASA
August 1966 –
still
contactable in
1995
orbiter success
Pioneer 8 NASA
December
1967 – still
contactable in
2001
orbiter success
Pioneer 9 NASA
November
1968 – May
1983
orbiter success
Pioneer-E NASA
27 August
1969orbiter failure
intended as part of
the Pioneer 6 –9
network; failed to
reach orbit
Helios A
NASA/
BWF
November
1974 – 1982
orbiter successobservations of solar
wind, magnetic andelectric fields, cosmic
rays and cosmic dust
between Earth and
Sun
Helios B
NASA/
BWF
January 1976
– 1985?orbiter success
ISEE-3 NASA 1978 –1982 orbiter success
observed solar
phenomena in
conjunction with
earth-orbiting ISEE-1
and ISEE-2; later
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renamed
International
Cometary Explorer
(ICE) and directed to
Comet Giacobini-
Zinner
Ulysses
(first pass)
ESA/
NASA
1994
orbiter success
south polarobservations
1995north polar
observations
WIND NASA
November
1994 — still
returning data
(as of
December
2013)[12]
orbiter successsolar wind
measurements
SOHO
ESA/
NASA
May 1996 –
mission
extended until
31 December
2016[14]
orbiter success
investigation of Sun's
core, corona, and
solar wind; comet
discoveries
ACE NASA
August 1997 –
still returning
data (as of
December2013)
[16]
orbiter successsolar wind
observations
Ulysses
(second
pass)
ESA/
NASA
2000
orbiter success
south polar
observations
2001north polar
observations
Genesis NASA 2001 –2004
orbiter/
sample
return
success
solar wind sample
return; crash landed
on return to Earth,
much data salvaged
STEREO A NASA
December
2006 – still
returning data
(as of
December
2013)[19][20]
orbiter successstereoscopic imaging
of coronal mass
ejections and other
solar phenomena
STEREO B NASA
December
2006 – stillorbiter success
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returning data
(as of
December
2013)[19][20]
Ulysses
(third pass)
ESA/
NASA
2007
orbiter
successsouth polar
observations
2008partial
success
north polarobservations; some
data returned
despite failing power
and reduced
transmission capacity
Solar
Sentinels
NASA 2015
multi-
probe
orbiter
plannedsix probes watching
the sun
Solar ProbePlus
NASA 2015 orbiter understudy
close-range coronalobservations
Intergelio-
Zond
RKA
2019 orbiter plannedclose-range solar
observations
Aditya ISRO
2017-2018 orbiter planned to study Solar Corona
Mercury probes
Main article: Exploration of Mercury
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Mariner 10 NASA
29 March
1974
flyby success
minimum
distance 704 km
21
September
1974
48,069 km
16 March
1975327 km
MESSENGER NASA
14 January2008
flyby success
minimumdistance 200 km
6 October
2008
minimum
distance 200 km
29
September
2009
minimum
distance 200 km
18 March
2011 – orbiter success
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March 2013
BepiColombo
ESA/
JAXA2015
Mercury
Planetary
Orbiter
ESA
orbiterunder
construction
Mercury
Magnetospheric
Orbiter
JAXA
orbiterunder
construction
Venus probes
Main article: Exploration of Venus
1961 –1965
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Sputnik 7 (USSR) 4 February
1961lander failure
failed to escape from
Earth orbit
Venera 1 (USSR) 19 May 1961 –
20 May 1961flyby failure
contact lost 7 days
after launch; first
spacecraft to fly by
another planet
Mariner 1 NASA 22 July 1962 flyby failure guidance failureshortly after launch
Sputnik 19 (USSR) 25 August
1962lander failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit
Sputnik 20 (USSR) 1 September
1962lander failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit
Sputnik 21 (USSR) 12 September
1962flyby failure third stage exploded
Mariner 2 NASA 14 December1962
flyby success
first successful Venus
flyby; minimum
distance 34,773 km
Cosmos 21† (USSR)
11 November
1963flyby? failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit
Venera
1964A†
(USSR)19 February
1964flyby failure
failed to reach Earth
orbit
Venera
1964B†
(USSR) 1 March 1964 flyby failurefailed to reach Earth
orbit
Cosmos 27
(USSR) 27 March flyby failure failed to escape
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1964 Earth orbit
Zond 1 (USSR) 1964
flyby
and
possible
lander
failure contact lost en route
Cosmos 96 (USSR)23 November
1965
lander failure exploded?
Venera
1965A†
(USSR)26 November
1965flyby failure
launch vehicle
failure?
1966 –1970
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Venera 2 (USSR)27 February
1966flyby failure
ceased to operate
en route
Venera 3 (USSR) 1 March 1966 lander failure
contact lost before
arrival; first
spacecraft to impact
on the surface of
another planet
Kosmos 167 (USSR) 17 June 1967 lander failurefailed to escape
Earth orbit
Venera 4
(USSR)
18 October
1967
atmospheric
probe success
continued to
transmit to analtitude of 25 km
Mariner 5 NASA
19 October
1967flyby success
minimum distance
5,000 km
Venera 5 (USSR) 16 May 1969atmospheric
probesuccess
transmitted
atmospheric data
for 53 minutes, to
an altitude of about
26 km
Venera 6 (USSR) 17 May 1969atmospheric
probesuccess
transmittedatmospheric data
for 51 minutes, to
an altitude of
perhaps 10 –12 km
Cosmos
359
(USSR)22 August
1970lander? failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit
Venera 7 (USSR)15 December
1970lander success
first successful
landing on another
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planet; signals
returned from
surface for 23
minutes
1971 –1975
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Cosmos 482 (USSR)31 March
1972lander? failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit
Venera 8 (USSR) 22 July 1972 lander success
signals returned from
surface for 50
minutes
Mariner 10 NASA
5 February
1974flyby success
minimum distance
5768 km, en route toMercury; first use of
gravity assist by an
interplanetary
spacecraft
Venera 9 (USSR)
1975 orbiter success
first spacecraft to
orbit Venus;
communications
relay for lander;
atmospheric and
magnetic studies
22 October
1975lander success
first images from the
surface; operated on
surface for 53
minutes
Venera 10
(USSR)
1975 orbiter success
communications
relay for lander;
atmospheric and
magnetic studies
23 October
1975lander success
transmitted from
surface for 65
minutes
1978
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
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Pioneer
Venus
Orbiter
NASA
4 December
1978 –
1992
orbiter successatmospheric and
magnetic studies
Pioneer
Venus
Multiprobe
NASA
9 December
1978
busprobe
transportersuccess
deployed four
atmospheric
probes, then burnt
up in Venusian
atmosphere,
continuing to
transmit to 110 km
altitude
large
probe
atmospheric
probesuccess
north
probe
atmospheric
probesuccess
day probeatmospheric
probesuccess
survived impact and
continued to
transmit from
surface for over an
hour
night
probe
atmospheric
probesuccess
Venera 12 SAS
flight
platform
21 December
1978flyby success
minimum distance
34,000 km;
deployed lander
and then acted as
communicationsrelay
descent
craft
21 December
1978lander
partial
success
soft landing;
transmissions
returned for 110
minutes; failure of
some instruments
Venera 11 SAS
identical to Venera
12
flight 25 December flyby success minimum distance
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platform 1978 34,000 km;
deployed lander
and then acted as
communications
relay
descentcraft
25 December1978
lander partialsuccess
soft landing;
transmissionsreturned for 95
minutes; failure of
some instruments
1982 –1994
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Venera 13 SAS
bus 1 March 1982 flyby success
deployed lander
and then acted as
communications
relay
descent
craft1 March 1982 lander success
survived on surface
for 127 minutes
Venera 14 SAS
identical to Venera
13
bus 5 March 1982 flyby success
deployed lander
and then acted as
communications
relay
descent
craft5 March 1982 lander success
survived on surface
for 57 minutes
Venera 15 SAS 1983 –1984 orbiter success radar mapping
Venera 16 SAS 1983 –1984 orbiter success
radar mapping;
identical to Venera
15
Vega 1 SAS 11 June 1985flyby success
went on to fly by
Halley's comet
lander failure instruments
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deployed
prematurely
atmospheric
balloonsuccess
floated at an
altitude of about
54 km and
transmitted for
around 46 hours
Vega 2 SAS 15 June 1985
flyby successwent on to fly by
Halley's comet
lander success
transmitted from
surface for 56
minutes
atmospheric
balloonsuccess
floated at an
altitude of about
54 km and
transmitted foraround 46 hours
Galileo NASA
10 February
1990flyby success
gravity assist en
route to Jupiter;
minimum distance
16,000 km
Magellan NASA
10 August
1990 –
12 October
1994
orbiter successglobal radar
mapping
1998 –present
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Cassini
NASA/
ESA/
ASI
26 April 1998
flyby successgravity assist en
route to Saturn24 June 1999
Venus
Express
ESA
11 April 2006
– mission
extended until
at least
December
2014[82]
orbiter success
atmospheric studies;
planetary imaging;
magnetic
observations
MESSENGER NASA
24 October
2006flyby success
gravity assist only;
minimum distance
2990 km
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Main articles: Exploration of Mars and List of missions to Mars
1960s
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Mars 1960A USSR10 October
1960flyby failure
failed to reach Earth
orbit
Mars 1960B USSR14 October
1960flyby failure
failed to reach Earth
orbit
Mars 1962A USSR24 October
1962flyby failure
exploded in or en
route to Earth orbit
Mars 1962B USSR11 November
1962 (launch)lander failure
broke up during
transfer to Mars
trajectory
Mars 1 USSR 19 June 1963 flyby failure
contact lost en route;
flew within
approximately
193,000 km of Mars
Mariner 3 NASA
5 November
1964flyby failure
protective shield
failed to eject,
preventing craft from
attaining correct
trajectory
Zond 2 USSR 6 August 1965 flyby failure
contact lost en route;
flew within 1,500 km
of Mars
Mariner 4 NASA 15 July 1965 flyby successfirst close-up images
of Mars
Mariner 6 NASA 31 July 1969 flyby success
Mariner 7 NASA 5 August 1969 flyby success
Mars 1969A USSR27 March
1969orbiter failure launch failure
Mars 1969B USSR 2 April 1969 orbiter failure launch failure
1970s and 1980s
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
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Mariner 8 NASA 9 May 1971 orbiter failure launch vehicle failure
Mariner 9 NASA
14 November
1971orbiter success
first spacecraft to
orbit another planet
Mars 2 USSR
November
1971 –
August 1972
orbiter success
first Russian
spacecraft to orbit
another planet
Mars 2
Lander
USSR27 November
1971
lander
and
short
range
rover
failure
crashed; first
manmade object to
reach surface of
Mars
Mars 3 USSR
December
1971 –
August 1972
orbiterpartial
success
attained a different
orbit than intended
due to insufficient
fuel
Mars 3
Lander
USSR2 December
1971
lander
and
short
range
rover
failurecontact lost 110 sec
after soft landing
Cosmos 419 USSR 10 May 1971 orbiter failurefailed to escape
Earth orbit
Mars 4 USSR 10 February1974 orbiter failure orbit insertion failed,became flyby
Mars 5 USSR February 1974 orbiter success
Mars 6 USSR12 March
1974flyby success
Mars 6
Lander
USSR12 March
1974lander failure
contact lost 148 sec
after parachute
deployment
(returned 224
seconds ofatmospheric data)
Mars 7 USSR 9 March 1974 flyby success
Mars 7
Lander
USSR 9 March 1974 lander failure missed Mars
Viking 1
Orbiter
NASA
June 1976 –
August 1980orbiter success
Viking 1
Lander
NASA
20 July 1976 –
13 Novemberlander success
first images from
surface
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1982
Viking 2
Orbiter
NASA
August 1976 –
July 1978orbiter success
Viking 2
Lander
NASA
3 September
1976 –
11 April 1980
lander success
Phobos 1 USSR7 July 1988
(launch)orbiter failure
contact lost en route
to Mars
Phobos 2 USSR
29 January
1989 –
27 March
1989
orbiterpartial
success
Mars orbit acquired,
but contact lost
shortly before
Phobos approach
phase and
deployment of
Phobos landers
1990s
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Mars Observer NASA
25
September
1992
(launch)
orbiter failure
contact lost shortly
before Mars orbit
insertion
Mars 96 RKA
16
November
1996
(launch)
orbiter
failurefailed to escape
Earth orbit
lander
lander
penetrator
penetrator
Mars
Pathfinder
NASA
4 July 1997
– 27
September
1997
lander success
Sojourner NASA
6 July 1997
–
27
September
1997
rover success first Mars rover
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MER-B
"Opportunity" NASA
25 January
2004 – rover success
Mars
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
NASA
10 March
2006 – orbiter success
surface imaging and
surveying
Rosetta ESA
25 February
2007flyby success
gravity assist en
route to asteroid
and comet
encounters
Phoenix NASA
25 May 2008
–
10 November
2008
lander success
collection of soil
samples near the
northern pole to
search for water
and investigate
Mars' geological
history andbiological potential
Dawn NASA
17 February
2009flyby success
gravity assist en
route to Vesta and
Ceres
Yinghuo-1 CNSA
8 November
2011
(launch)
orbiter failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit;
launched with
Fobos-Grunt
Phobos lander
MSL Curiosity NASA
6 August
2012 – rover
in
operation
investigation of past
and present
habitability, climate
and geology
Mars Orbiter
Mission
ISRO
24
September
2014 –
orbiterin
operation
technology
development; will
study atmosphere
& conduct
mineralogicalmapping.
MAVEN NASA
22
September
2014 –
orbiterin
operation
will study Martian
atmosphere
Future
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
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InSight NASA 2016 lander planned
ExoMars
Trace Gas
Orbiter
ESA/
RKA2016
orbiter,
landerplanned
ExoMars
rover
ESA/
RKA2018 rover planned
Mars
Sample
Return
Mission
NASA/
ESA2024?
orbiter,
lander,
rover,
and
sample
return
under
study
Phobos probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Phobos 1 USSR7 July 1988
(launch)flyby failure
contact lost en route
to Mars
DAS USSR2 September
1988
fixed
landerfailure never deployed
Phobos 2 USSR
27 March
1989 (contact
lost)
flyby failure
attained Mars orbit;contact lost prior to
deployment of
lander
DAS USSR27 March
1989
fixed
landerfailure never deployed
"Frog" USSR27 March
1989
mobile
landerfailure never deployed
Fobos-Grunt
RKA
8 November2011 (launch)
samplereturn
failure
failed to escape
Earth orbit; launchedwith Yinghuo-1 Mars
orbiter
Ceres probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Dawn NASA 2015 orbiteren
route
previously visited
Vesta
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Asteroid probes
Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
951 Gaspra Galileo NASA
29
October
1991
flyby success
en route to
Jupiter;
minimum
distance1900 km
243 Ida Galileo NASA
28 August
1993flyby success
en route to
Jupiter;
minimum
distance
2400 km;
discovery of the
first asteroid
satellite Dactyl
1620
Geographos
Clementine
BMDO/
NASA1994 flyby failure
flyby cancelled
due to
equipment
malfunction
253
Mathilde
NEAR
Shoemaker
NASA
27 June
1997flyby success
flew within
1200 km of 253
Mathilde en
route to 433
Eros
433 Eros
NEAR
Shoemaker
NASA
January
1999orbiter failure
became flyby
due to software
and
communications
problems (later
attempt at orbit
insertion
succeeded; see
below)
9969 Braille
Deep Space
1NASA
29 July
1999flyby
partial
success
no close-up
images due to
camera pointing
error; went on
to visit comet
19P/Borrelly
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2685
Masursky
Cassini
NASA/
ESA/
ASI
23 January
2000
distant
flybysuccess
en route to
Saturn
433 Eros
NEAR
Shoemaker NASA
February
2000 –
February
2001
orbiter,
becamelander
success
improvised
landing by
orbiter at end of
mission
5535
Annefrank
Stardust NASA
November
2, 2002
distant
flybysuccess
went on to visit
comet 81P/Wild
25143
Itokawa
Hayabusa ISAS
2005 –07sample
returnsuccess
landed on
Itokawa in 2005
and returned to
Earth in 2010
MINERVA ISAS
12
November
2005
hopper failure missed target
132524 APL
New
HorizonsNASA June 2006
distant
flybysuccess
en route to
Pluto
2867 Šteins Rosetta ESA
5
September
2008
flyby success
en route to
comet
67P/Churyumov-
Gerasimenko
21 Lutetia Rosetta ESA11 July
2010flyby success
en route tocomet
67P/Churyumov-
Gerasimenko
4 Vesta Dawn NASA
16 July
2011 – 5
September
2012
orbiter success now en route to
Ceres
4179
Toutatis Chang'e 2
CNSA
13
December2012 flyby success
Jupiter probes
Main article: Exploration of Jupiter
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Pioneer 10 NASA
3 December
1973flyby success
first probe to cross
the asteroid belt;
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first Jupiter probe;
first man-made
object on an
interstellar
trajectory; now in
the outer regions
of the Solar System
but no longer
contactable
Pioneer 11 NASA
4 December
1974flyby success
went on to visit
Saturn
Voyager 1 NASA 5 March 1979 flyby successwent on to visit
Saturn
Voyager 2 NASA 9 July 1979 flyby success
went on to visit
Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune
Ulysses
(first pass)
ESA/
NASA
February
1992flyby success
gravity assist en
route to inclined
heliocentric orbit
for solar polar
observations
Galileo
Orbiter
NASA/
DLR
7 December
1995 –
21
September
2003
orbiter success
also flew by
various of Jupiter's
moons;
intentionally flowninto Jupiter at end
of mission; first
spacecraft to orbit
Jupiter; first
spacecraft to flyby
an asteroid
Galileo
Probe
NASA/
DLR
7 December
1995
atmospheric
probe
success
first probe to enter
Jupiter's
atmosphere
Cassini
NASA/
ESA/
ASI
December
2000flyby success
gravity assist en
route to Saturn
Ulysses
(second
pass)
ESA/
NASA2003 –04 distant flyby success
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New
Horizons
NASA
28 February
2007flyby success
gravity assist en
route to Pluto
Juno NASA
5 August
2011 (launch)orbiter
en
route
JUICE ESA 2022 (launch) orbiter planned
planned to
eventually enter
orbit around
Ganymede to
become the first
probe to orbit a
natural satellite of
another planet
Europa
Clipper
NASA 2020s orbiterunder
study
planned to orbit
Jupiter and fly by
Europa multiple
times
Saturn probes
Main article: Exploration of Saturn
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
Pioneer 11 NASA
1 September
1979flyby success
previously visited
Jupiter
Voyager 1 NASA
12 November1980
flyby success previously visitedJupiter
Voyager 2 NASA 5 August 1981 flyby success
previously visited
Jupiter, went on to
visit Uranus and
Neptune
Cassini
NASA/
ESA/
ASI
1 July 2004 – orbiter success
also performed
flybys of a number of
Saturn's moons, and
deployed theHuygens Titan
lander; first
spacecraft to orbit
Saturn
Titan probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image
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Huygens ESA14 January
2005
atmospheric
probe, landersuccess
deployed by Cassini;
first probe to land on
a satellite of another
planet
Titan Saturn
System
Mission
ESA/
NASAOctober 2029
orbiter,
montgolfière,
lander
under
study
Uranus probes
Main article: Exploration of Uranus
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2 NASA
24 January
1986flyby success
previously visited
Jupiter and Saturn;
went on to visit
Neptune
[167]
Neptune probes
Main article: Exploration of Neptune
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2 NASA
25 August
1989flyby success
previously visited
Jupiter, Saturn and
Uranus
[167]
Pluto probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
New
Horizons
NASA 2015 flyby en route
flybys of other Kuiper
Belt objects may
follow (targets yet to
be decided)
[162]
Comet probes
Target SpacecraftOrganizatio
nDate Type Status Notes Image
21P/Giacobini-
Zinner
ICE (formerly
ISEE3)NASA
11
Septembe
r 1985
flybysucces
s
previously
solar monitor
ISEE3; went
on to observe
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Halley's
Comet
1P/Halley Vega 1 SAS
6 March
1986flyby
succes
s
minimum
distance
8,890 km;
previously
visited Venus
1P/Halley Suisei ISAS
8 March
1986flyby
succes
s151,000 km
1P/Halley Vega 2 SAS
9 March
1986flyby
succes
s
minimum
distance
8,890 km;
previously
visited Venus
1P/Halley Sakigake ISAS
March
1986
distant
flyby
partial
success
minimum
distance 6.99million km
1P/Halley Giotto ESA14 March
1986flyby
succes
s
minimum
distance
596 km; went
on to visit
comet
26P/Grigg-
Skjellerup
1P/Halley
ICE (formerly
ISEE3)NASA
28 March
1986
distant
obser-
vations
succes
s
minimumdistance 32
million km;
previously
visited comet
21P/Giacobini
-Zinner
26P/Grigg-
Skjellerup
Giotto ESA10 July
1992
flybysucces
s
previously
visited
Halley'sComet
45P/
Honda-Mrkos-
Pajdusakova
Sakigake ISAS
1996 flyby failurecontact lost;
previously
visited
Halley's
Comet21P/Giacobini-
Zinner
Sakigake ISAS
1998 flyby failure
55P/Tempel-
Tuttle
Suisei ISAS 1998 flyby failure
abandoned
due to lack of
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23
21P/Giacobini-
Zinner
Suisei ISAS
1998 flyby failure
fuel;
previously
visited
Halley's
Comet
19P/Borrelly Deep Space1 NASA
22
September 2001
flyby success
previously
visitedasteroid 9969
Braille
2P/Encke CONTOUR NASA 2003 flyby failure
contact lost
shortly after
launch
81P/Wild Stardust NASA
2 January
2004
flyby,
sample
return
succes
s
sample
returned
January 2006;
also visited
asteroid 5535
Annefrank
9P/Tempel
Deep Impact NASA July 2005 flybysucces
s
Impactor NASA
4 July
2005
impacto
r
succes
s
73P/
Schwassmann-
Wachmann
CONTOUR NASA 2006 flyby failure
contact lost
shortly after
launch
6P/d'Arrest CONTOUR NASA 2008 flyby failure
contact lost
shortly after
launch
103P/Hartley
Deep Impact
(redesignate
d EPOXI)
NASA
4
November
2010
flybysucces
s
mission
extension
(target
changed from
comet
Boethin)
9P/Tempel
Stardust
(redesignate
d NExT)
NASA
14
February
2011
flybysucces
s
mission
extension
67P/Churyumov
-
Gerasimenko
Rosetta ESA 2014 –15 orbiteren
route
flybys of
asteroids
2867 Šteins
and 21
Lutetia also
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24
scheduled
Philae ESA 2014 landeren
route
Probes leaving the Solar System
See also: List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System
Spacecraft Organization Notes Image
Pioneer 10 NASA
Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended
March 1997. Last contact January 23, 2003. Craft
now presumed dead; no further contact attempts
planned.
Pioneer 11 NASA
Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact
September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be
manoeuvred to point to Earth, and it is not known
if it is still transmitting. No further contactattempts are planned.
Voyager 1 NASA
Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular
contact and transmitting scientific data (as of
September 2012). Contact hoped to be maintained
until at least 2020.
Voyager 2 NASA
Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular
contact and transmitting scientific data (as of
September 2012). Contact hoped to be maintained
until at least 2020.
New
Horizons
NASA
Currently en route to outer Solar System. Expected
to reach Pluto in July 2015.
Other probes to leave Earth orbit
For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not
targeted at any of the above bodies.
Spacecraft Organization Date Location Status Notes Image
WMAP NASA
30 June 2001
(launch) – to
October
2010
(end)[185]
Sun-Earth
L2 pointsuccess
cosmic
background
radiation
observations;
sent to
graveyard
orbit after 9
years of
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26
(launch) Earth L2
point
position and
motion of 1
billion stars
LISA
Pathfinder
ESA2014
(launch)
[194]
Halo orbit
around Sun-
Earth L1point
planned
test mission
for proposed
LISA
gravitationalwave
observatory
James
Webb
Space
Telescope
NASA
ESA
CSA
2018
(launch)
Sun-Earth
L2 pointplanned
infrared
astronomy
Euclid ESA2019
(launch)
Halo orbit
around Sun-
Earth L2
point
planned
measure the
rate of
expansion of
the Universe
through time
to better
understand
dark energy
and dark
matter
Cancelled probes and missions
Target SpacecraftOrganizati
on
Dat
eType Status Notes Image
Mercury
BepiColombo
Mercury Surface
Element
ESA
landercancelle
d
Moon LUNAR-A
JAXA
orbiter,
penetrato
rs
cancelle
d
originally
scheduled for
2004,
cancelled
2007
MarsMars Surveyor
2001 Lander
NASA
200
1lander
cancelle
d
MarsBeagle 2:
Evolution
200
4lander
cancelle
d
Mars NetLander
CNES/
ESAlander
cancelle
d
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Mars
Mars
Telecommunicati
ons Orbiter
NASA
201
0orbiter
cancelle
d
Phobos Aladdin NASA
sample
return
not
selecte
d
Europa Europa Orbiter NASA orbiter cancelled
EuropaJupiter Icy Moons
Orbiter
NASA orbitercancelle
d
GanymedeJupiter Icy Moons
OrbiterNASA orbiter
cancelle
d
CallistoJupiter Icy Moons
OrbiterNASA orbiter
cancelle
d
Pluto Pluto Fast Flyby NASA
201
0flyby
cancelle
d
Now known as
New Horizons
PlutoPluto Kuiper
Express
NASA
201
2flyby
cancelle
d
Now known as
New Horizons
4660 Nereus Hayabusa ISAS
sample
return
cancelle
d
rerouted to
25143 Itokawa
3840 Mimistrob
ell
Rosetta ESA200
6flyby
cancelle
drerouted
4979 Otawara Rosetta ESA200
6flyby
cancelle
drerouted
4660 Nereus
Near Earth
AsteroidProspector
SpaceDev
sample
return
cancelle
d
46P/Wirtanen Rosetta ESA201
1orbiter
cancelle
d
rerouted to
67P/Churyum
ov-
Gerasimenko