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![Page 1: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Application of Solar Power in
Jamaica
Anthony Chen
Climate & Energy Technology Group
Department of Physics
UWI, Mona
![Page 2: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/climate_carbon_energy/ene
rgy_solutions/renewable_energy/sustainable_energy_report/
![Page 3: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Energy Independence Using Renewable Energy
• Energy Independence – having own source of energy, no depencence on others
• Once Renewable Energy exceeds 20 -30% of energy mix, fluctuatuons in renewable energy sources become a problem
– Winds die down, clouds block solar radiation
– Electricity supply fluctuates
• Cannot meet demand
• A way of firming energy to back up fluctuating supply necessary
![Page 5: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Firming Energy – Pumped Storage• Pump water to elevated
storage reservoir in times of excess renewable energy and recover by gravity in down-time or continuous basis
• Drawback
– additional cost of building a reservoir and generator.
• Cost offset:
– Use reservoir to aid water management
![Page 6: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Iberdrola's 635-megawatt La Muela
pumped storage facility
Japan's Sea Water Pumped
Storage
Pumped storage facilities
![Page 7: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Firming Energy - Combined cycle
gas turbine• Run at low power (50%)
• Easily brought up to full power
• Spinning reserve
• inefficient
![Page 8: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Firming Energy - Hydrogen
• Renewable-sourced electricity from diverse sources, can be converted to hydrogen and oxygen
– high-pressure-output electrolyzers
• Hydrogen pipelined to load centers (cities, refineries, chemical plants)
– used as vehicle fuel, combined-heat-and-power generation on the retail side of the customers’ meters, ammonia production, and petroleum refinery feedstock.
![Page 9: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In addition Prediction of Wind and
Radiation
• Avoid surprizes
• Know hours before when wind or radiation
will go down
• Bring spinning resreve up in time
![Page 10: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Enough land for Solar?
• Daily energy consupmption by Jamaicans
– 13700 MegaWatt-hours
• Assume daily amount provided by other RE (mainly wind)
– 3200 MegaWatt-hours
• Assume daily amount to be provided by solar
– 10500 MegaWatt-hours
![Page 11: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1994
Sponsored by
PCJ
Dept of Physics
UWI
How much solar radiation in Jamaica?
Soalr Radiation Map
![Page 12: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Based on radiation measurement
at 12 stations
![Page 13: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Extrapolated to grid points over
Jamaica
![Page 14: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Average radiation in Jamaica
– 0.005 MegaWatt-hour/sq.meter (from UWI map)
• Assume efficiency of solar energy device ~ 20%
• Average energy produced by solar device
– 0.001 MegaWatt-hour/sq.meter
• Land area required = 10500/0.001 sq meter
– 10,500,000 sq meter
• Total land area of Jamaica – 1,100,000,000 sq meters
• Fraction of land needed ~ 1/1000
![Page 15: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solar Applications
• Domestic– Water heating (costing)
– Photovoltaic (PV) (costing)
– Solar cooling
• Large scale– PV farms
– Solar tower
– Parabolic Trought
– Fresnel Mirror
– Stirling Dish engine
![Page 16: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Domestic Solar
• Water heating and crop drying (non-
electric)
• Photovoltaic
– Grid tied
– Stand alone
![Page 17: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solar Thermo-syphon Cycle
![Page 18: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ENERGY AUDIT of
MARY SEACOLE HALL
UWI, MONA
A P33M PRESENTATION BY:
NNYEKA PRESCOD
04-091923
SUPERVISOR: PROF A. ANTHONY CHEN
![Page 19: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
a) HEAT ENERGY ON MSH
For each student
11.8kg x 250 students= 2950kg of hot water
Twice a day
2950kg x 2 = 5900kg of hot water
Heat Energy Required for Heating showers:
Q = mcΔT … (1)
Q = 5900kg x 4190J/K/kg x (339-291)K
Q = 1187 MJ … (2)
WATER HEATING
![Page 20: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Electric Heating vs. Solar Water Heating
Total cost: installation and maintenance of a solar water heating system over 20 years:
$10 500 000.00JMD
Total cost: Installation and maintenance of electric water heating:
$32 269 484.44JMD
Over a 7 year period, the initial payment for the Solar Water Heating system will be amortized.
Energy consumption is reduced by 39%.
Savings = $144 866.86 per month and $896 361.24 in O and M costs over a 20 year period
![Page 21: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells/Solar Cells
Basic unit is a PV cell
Modules: a set of cells arranged in series
Array: a collection of modules
![Page 22: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
An array of 4 PV modules
![Page 23: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
On a roof top
![Page 24: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stand Alone 24 Volt system, not connect to grid
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Grid-tie 48 Volt system without battery backup
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Grid-tie 72 volt system with battery backup
![Page 27: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rated Energy
from PV at 25 C
Energy reduced over lifetime
due to aging
Energy reduced due to operation at
50 C
Energy remaining after conversion
into AC by inverter
Overall loss of
energy in PV for Grid
tied system without
backup batteries:
![Page 28: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Compare JPS with Grid Tied PV
over 30 year lifetime (no loan involved)
JPS
• US 40¢/KWH
Grid Tied
• US 17¢/KWH
If JPS rate inflated at 3% annually, then
system would payback for itself in 11 years
with approximately 19 years of free
electricity
![Page 29: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Energy from PV
at 25 C
Energy reduced over lifetime
due to aging
Energy reduced due to operation at
50 C
Energy remaining after conversion
into AC by inverter
Overall loss of energy in PV for
Stand alone system
Energy reduced due storage in battery
![Page 30: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Compare JPS with Stand Alone PV (No
loan involved)JPS
• US 40¢/kWh
Stand alone
• US 55¢/kWh
Stand alone does not offer economic advantage
Assumes that JPS rates will not increase
Very unlikely
Advantages include
Insurance against total blackout – enough for lighting
No fuel cost
Except for battery replacement, little maintenance
required.
![Page 31: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Some conclusion re PV
• Photovoltaic grid-tied systems betters JPS supplied electricity if net metering is allowed.
• A stand alone PV system can also be promoted as back up system and would compare favourable with a gasoline or gas generator.
• A more urgent and compelling case and national programme of action is required for renewable energy– Net metering, Net metering, Net metering ......
![Page 32: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Large Scale Solar systems
• PV Solar Farms
• Solar Thermal
– Power tower
– Parabolic Trough
– Stirling Dish Engine
Also Fresnel Mirror
System
![Page 33: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PV Solar Farm
![Page 34: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Monday, June 06, 2011
• Fotowatio Renewable Ventures to build a 20 megawatt solar photovoltaic farm near Las Vegas, Nevada.
• More than 90,000 solar panels with single-axis horizontal tracker technology that will allow it to follow the sun
• 55,000 megawatt hours annually, enough to power over 4,700 homes.
![Page 35: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Satcon™ Equinox™ 625 kW PV
inverter
![Page 36: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Specification
![Page 37: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Inverter Specs (cont.)
![Page 38: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Efficiency of PV Plant
• Efficiency in term of ratio of electrical
energy output to solar energy input limited
mainly by efficiency of PV panels
• Less than < 20%
![Page 39: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Argument Against Multi-MW PV
Farms
• For a multi-Mega Watt plant located at one place, it necessary to transport power at great cost to places where it is required.
• On the other hand Solar energy can be collected anywhere so we have a potential to generate power where it can be used
• Solar energy is therefore ideal for distributed power generation, thus saving line losses in transporting power at hazardously high voltages.
![Page 40: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Argument (cont.)
• Biggest problem with the multi-MW solar PV plant is that it loses 12-15 percent of expensive power as it passes through a series of power transformers.
• In MW plants PV solar inverters generate power at ~ 400V three-phase, then stepped up to 66kV, then stepped down to 400V with another string of transformers to suit consumer requirements.
• Also likely transmission loss of 5-7 percent in the power grid.
• Why suffer an avoidable 20 percent loss of expensive solar power when smaller solar plants with close proximity to their users incur no energy loss during transmission
![Page 41: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Parabolic Trough
![Page 42: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Principle of operation
• Parabolic trough power plants use concentrated sunlight focused on a receiver tube located at the focus of the parabolic shaped mirrors
• A heat transfer fluid (e.g., oil) passes through the receiver and is heated by the concentrated rays to temperatures (400ºC)
• The hot fluid transfers heat at a heat exchanger to produce high pressure steam used drive a conventional Rankine cycle steam power plant
• These plants use a large field of parabolic trough collectors which track the sun during the day
![Page 43: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Parabolic Trough Power Plant
![Page 44: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Efficiency of parabolic trough plant
• Limited mainly by efficiency of steam
turbine
• Less than 40%
![Page 45: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Solar Tower
![Page 46: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Principle of Solar Tower• Power towers capture and focus the sun's thermal
energy with thousands of tracking mirrors (called heliostats) in roughly a two square mile field.
• A tower resides in the center of the heliostat field.
• The heliostats focus concentrated sunlight on a receiver which sits on top of the tower.
• Within the receiver the concentrated sunlight heats molten salt to over 1,000 F (538 C).
• The heated molten salt then flows into a thermal storage tank where it is stored, maintaining 98% thermal efficiency, and eventually pumped to a steam generator.
• The steam drives a standard turbine to generate electricity.
• Uses the Rankine cycle similar to a standard fossil fuel power plant
![Page 47: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Solar tower thermal power plant
![Page 48: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Efficiency of Solar tower power
plant
• Limited mainly by efficiency of steam
turbine
• Less than 40%
![Page 49: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Advantages/Disadvantages
• The advantage of this design above the parabolic trough design is the higher temperature.
• Thermal energy at higher temperatures can be converted to electricity more efficiently
• Thermal energy can be more cheaply stored (in salt solution) for later use.
• Furthermore, there is less need to flatten the ground area. In principle a power tower can be built on a hillside.
• Mirrors can be flat and plumbing is concentrated in the tower.
• The disadvantage is that each mirror must have its own dual-axis control, while in the parabolic trough design one axis can be shared for a large array of mirrors.
![Page 50: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fresnel Mirror System
![Page 51: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Principle of Fresnel Mirror System
• Fresnel mirror systems are similar to parabolic trough but use long flat mirrors at different angles to concentrate sunlight on to a tube containing heat-collecting fluid.
• A linear Fresnel reflector power plant uses a series of long, narrow, shallow-curvature (or even flat) mirrors to focus light onto one or more linear receivers positioned above the mirrors. On top of the receiver a small parabolic mirror can be attached for further focusing the light.
• These systems aim to offer lower overall costs by sharing a receiver between several mirrors (as compared with trough and dish concepts), while still using the simple line-focus geometry with one axis for tracking.
![Page 52: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Schematic
![Page 53: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Stirling Dish Engine
![Page 54: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Principle of Operation
• A dish stirling system uses a large, reflective, parabolic dish (similar in shape to satellite television dish).
• The dish tracks the sun and focuses all the sunlight that strikes it onto to a single point above the dish
• A receiver (the heating element of a Stirling engine) captures the heat at that point
• The heat is converted into mechanical work by a Stirling engine
• Used to drive a generator to produce electricity
• The entire unit acts as a solar tracker
![Page 55: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Schematic
![Page 56: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
thermodynamic cycle for stirling
engine1: isothermal (constant temp TH)
expansion, Heat added to working fluid
2 : gas cooled at constant volume from
temp TH to TC, (Heat rejected)
3: isothrmal (constant temp TC)
compression, Heat rejected
4: gas heated at constant volume from
temp TC to TH (Heat added)
Ideal Efficiency = TH -TC
TH
The higher the value of TH, the more
efficient the engine, controlled by the
amount of radiation on the heating
element
TH
TC
![Page 57: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Ideal Stirling cycle
http://wiki.protospace.nl/index.php/Stirling_Cycle
![Page 58: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Alpha type Stirling Engine 2
http://dekkeraero.com/Reseaarch_Projects_Page_2.html
![Page 59: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Efficiency
• Efficiency limited by the efficiency of the
Stirling Engine
• E ≤ 40%
![Page 60: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Advantage
• Does not require a steam turbine, like
parabolic trough and solar tower
• Can come in smaller units
![Page 61: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Disadvantages
• Heat to electricity conversion requires
moving parts and that results in
maintenance.
• The (heavy) engine is part of the moving
structure, which requires a rigid frame and
strong tracking system.
• Parabolic mirrors are used instead of flat
mirrors and tracking must be dual-axis.
![Page 62: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Clean Hydrogen Water Cracker
(High Temp) H2O → O + H2 → H Fuel Cell
![Page 64: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
List of solar thermal plants
*List of Solar Thermal Power Stations.doc
![Page 65: solar jamaica](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042516/568c2c391a28abd8328ccc44/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Some conclusion
• Energy system dominated by solar energy
is possible
• Long term planning necessary
– A roadmap needed
• Can lead to energy security and even
energy independence