Solar Energy History All Beganppt Real

7/31/2019 Solar Energy History All Beganppt Real

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SOLAR CELL

GROUP MEMBERS:

SITI MARDIAH BT MOHD BAHARISALMIZA BT ZAINAL ABIDIN

NORHARYAN ERDAYU BT SAHARNOOR HAJAH SANITA BT MOHD SATAR


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SOLAR CELL

SOLAR CALCULATOR


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A semiconductor device that converts theenergy of sunlight into electric energy.

Also calledphotovoltaic cell.

A solar cell is a solid state electrical devicethat converts the energy of light directlyinto electricity by the photovoltaic effect.


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The photovoltaic effect is the creationof voltage or electric current in a material

upon exposure to light.

Electrons are transferred between differentbands within the material, resulting in thebuildup of voltage between two electrodes.


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Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and areabsorbed by semiconducting materials, such as

silicon.

Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, causing anelectric potential difference. Current starts flowing through thematerial to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured.Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are

only allowed to move in a single direction.

An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usableamount of direct current (DC) electricity.


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SUNLIGHT


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P-type silicon N-type siliconPN-junction


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When N-doped and P-doped semi- conductorsare placed together to form a junction,electrons migrate into the P-side and holes

migrate into the N-side.


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The first of these three layers necessary for energyconversion in a solar cell is the of N type semiconductor.

The next layer in the structure is the core of the device;this is the absorber layer, the P-N junction.

The last of the energy-conversion layers is the backjunction layer P-type semiconductor.


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1860-1881

EDMUND BECQUEREL observed and published findingabout the nature of materials to turn light into energy.

AUGUSTE MOUCHOUT was the first ,am to patent a

design for a motor running on solar energy. He designed adevice(turned solar energy mechanical steam power )

1838

1873

WILLOUGHBY SMITH make the experimented with the

use of selenium solar cell after discovering its sensitivity

to light while testing material for underwater telegraphcables.


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18761878

1883

1885 - 1889

CHARLES FRITZ turned the sun's rays into electricity.

CHARLES TELLIER, a Frenchman who is seen as the father

of refrigeration, experimented with a non-concentrating/ non-

reflecting solar motor. He installed the first solar energy

system for heating household water on top of his very ownroof.

WILLIAM ADAMS, wrote the first book about Solar Energy

called A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries. He

experimented with the use of mirrors and was able to

power a 2.5 horsepower steam engine. His design, knowas the Power Tower concept, is still in use today.

JOHN ERICSSON, wrote these powerful words: "A couple of

thousand years dropped in the ocean of time will completely

exhaust the coal fields of Europe, unless, in the meantime, the

heat of the sun be employed." He dismissed Mouchout's work

and also developed a solar powered steam engine, very similar

in design to Mouchout's..

1868 - 1888


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1892-1905

1904

1954

AUBREY ENEAS formed the first Solar Energy They sold the

first Solar Energy .It was destroyed less than a week later by a

windstorm. They sold a second, but that one too, was destroyed

by a hailstorm shortly afterwards.

CALVIN FULLER, GERALD PEARSON AND DAPLIN

CHAPLIN discovered that silicon will use as the semi-conductor,

which led to the construction of solar panel with an efficiency rate

of 6%.

HENRY WILLSIE recognized the need to store generated power

and built 2 huge plants in California. He was the first to

successfully use power at night after generating it during the day.

Solar Energy historycontinues into the 20th

century


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1950s-1960s

1980-1991

1956

The first commercial solar cell was made available to the public

at a very expensive $300 per watt. It was now being used in

radios and toys.

1980 - 1991 -A Los Angeles based company called Luz Co.

produced 95% of the world's solar-based electricity. They were

forced to shut their doors after investors withdrew from the

project as the price of non-renewable fossil fuels declined and thefuture of state and federal incentives were not likely.

Space programs employed solar technologies. In 1958 the

Vanguard I was launched. The first satellite that used solar energy

to generate electricity.


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2000

First Solar begins production in Perrysburg, Ohio, at the worlds largestphotovoltaic manufacturing plant with an estimated capacity of producingenough solar panels each year to generate 100 megawatts of power.

2000

At the International Space Station, astronauts begin installing solar panels onwhat will be the largest solar power array deployed in space. Each wing of

the array consists of 32,800 solar cells.

2000

Sandia National Laboratories develops a new inverter for solar electric

systems that will increase the safety of the systems during a power outage.Inverters convert the direct current (DC) electrical output from solar systemsin alternating current (AC), which is the standard current for household wiringand for the power lines that supply electricity to homes.


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2001

NASAs solar-powered aircraft, Helios sets anew world record for non-rocketpowered

aircraft: 96,863 feet, more than 18 miles high.

The Helios Prototype flying wing is shown near the Hawaiian Islandsduring its first test flight on solar power.


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2001

Powerlight Corporation installs the largest rooftopsolar power system in the United States.A 1.18megawatt system at the Santa Rita Jail in

Dublin,California.

This solar installation, the UnitedStateslargest rooftop system, wascommissioned to help Alameda County reduce and stabilize futureenergy costs. This smart energy project reduces thejails use of utility-generated electricity by 30% through solar power generation and

energy conservation.


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Photovoltaics research and development willcontinue intense interest in new materials,

cell designs, and novel approaches to solarmaterial and product development.

The price of photovoltaic power will becompetitive with traditional sources ofelectricity within 10 years.


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Solar electricity will be used to electrolyzewater, producing hydrogen for fuel cells for

transportation and buildings.


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Solar cells are becoming increasingly cost-effective asmore distributors enter the market and newtechnologies continue to offer more choice and new

products. Cars might soon be powered by new fuel cells that

create electricity through chemical reaction. Pools are being heated with solar energy for a fraction

of the price of conventional heaters.


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a partial list of solar applications include spaceheating and cooling through solar architecture,

potable water via distillation and disinfection,daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and hihtemperature process heat for industrial purposes.

to harvest the solar energy , the mostcommon way is to use solar panels


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agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of

solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from

growing crops include pumping water , drying crops,brooding chicks and drying chicken manure.

greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-

round production and the growth (in enclosedenvironments) of specialty crops and other plants notnaturally suited to the local climate.


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Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish

water potable.solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to

sunlight for several hours.solar energy may be used in a waste stabilisation pond to

treat waste water without chemicals or electricity.


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Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying andpasteurization.

a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a

transparent lid. panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto

an insulated container and reach temperatures comparableto box cookers.

reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries tofocus light on a cooking container.


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Solar power is the conversion of sunlight intoelectricity , either directly using

photovoltaics(PV) , or indirectly usingconcentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and

tracking systems to focus a large area ofsunlight into a small beam.

PV converts light into electric current usingthe photoelectric effect.


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High initial capital outlay

Availability of sunlight -some houses will not be ideallysuited for conversion or for installing a solar energy

system. Polluting materials used in solar panels

- photovoltaic panels are made from silicon and othermetals that are potentially toxic like mercury, lead, andcadmium

Solar Energy History All Beganppt Real

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