SOL LS.2 – Cell Theory grade Study...living things *b. Cells are the smallest unit that can carry...

7th Grade Life Science Review Sheet KEY

SOL LS.2 – Cell Theory

1. Complete each statement about the cell theory. *a. All _____ are made of cells. living things *b. Cells are the smallest unit that can carry out all of _____________. life’s functions *c. All living cells come from_____________. other living cells

2. What scientific instrument led to the development of the cell theory? The microscope 3. List the contribution of each scientist to the development of cell theory: *a. Robert Hooke – first to observe/coin the term “cell”

*b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek – first to observe living cells with microscope *c. Matthias Schleiden – proposed that all plant tissues are made of cells *d. Theodor Schwann – proposed that all animal tissues are made of cells, and that cells are the basic unit of life *c. Rudolf Virchow – proposed that all cells come from other cells, completing cell theory

4. Cells are made up of ____________, each of which carries out a different function within the cell. Organelles 5. Name each organelle in the picture and describe its function within the cell:

*a. cell membrane – provides outer structure, controls transport of materials in/out of cell *b. cell wall – provides structure and protection for plant cell

*c. cytoplasm – “filler” material, distribution of nutrients *d. vacuole – storage of food, water, or wastes *e. nucleus – contains DNA (instructions for replication), controls all cell functions *f. chloroplast – contains chlorophyll, performs photosynthesis, creating food for plant cells *g. centriole – produces spindle fibers for replication * h. mitochondria – performs respiration, creating energy for the cell *i. endoplasmic reticulum - contains ribosomes, regulates protein production and transport

*j. golgi apparatus –

packaging/completion of proteins for transport 6. How are plant cells different from animal cells? Contain chloroplasts, cell wall, and large central vacuole 7. What process can plant cells perform that animal cells can’t? Photosynthesis (making their own food)

7th Grade Life Science Study Guide KEY

8. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis 9. Label the steps of mitosis.

10. What acronym can you use to remember the phases of mitosis in order? PMAT 11. What is the purpose of mitosis? To produce new cells identical to the parent for growth and repair of the organism 12. What cell division process creates four new cells that each contain half the genetic material of the parent cell? Meiosis 13. Which type of cells perform this special type of cell division? Gametes (reproductive cells) 14. What is the purpose of meiosis? To produce reproductive cells (sperm/eggs, pollen/ovules)

15. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of the type of cell they are performed by and the number and type of cells produced: *a. mitosis: occurs in - somatic (body) cells

produces – two diploid cells with 2 complete sets of chromosomes (identical to the parent cell)

*b. meiosis: occurs in – reproductive cells (gametes)

produces – two haploid cells with 1 complete set of chromosomes (half that of the parent cell)

SOL LS.3 – Cellular Organization

1. Groups of cells with a similar function create? Tissues 2. Groups of tissues work together to form? Organs 3. Groups of organs with similar functions working together create an? Organ systems 4. Organ systems work together to sustain life for? Organisms 5. An organism made of only one cell is called? Unicellular 6. An organism made of more than one cell is called? Multicellular 7. All cells perform which four functions? Respiration (energy production), waste breakdown & removal, growth & division, and cellular transport 8. What is the passive transport of water molecules across a cell membrane called? Osmosis

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase


9. What is the passive transport of substances other than water molecules across a cell membrane called? Diffusion 10. What characteristic allows the cell membrane to block some substances, but allow others to pass into the cell? Semi-permeability 11. What seven functions are performed by all living organisms? Ingestion (eating/absorbing nutrients), digestion (breaking down food/nutrients), excretion (removing waste), stimulus response, growth/repair, respiration (gas exchange), and reproduction.

SOL LS.4 – Classification of Life

1. What is the hierarchy of classification of living things, from the broadest category to the most specific? Domain è Kingdom è Phylum è Class è Order è Family è Genus è Species 2. What phrases can you use to remember the orders of classification? Don’t Kids Prefer Candy Over Fancy Green Salads? Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup 3. What is the scientific system of identifying organisms using their genus and species names (example: Canis familiaris)? Binomial nomenclature 4. What 4 characteristics allow us to classify organisms into domains and kingdoms? Presence or absence of cell structures (nucleus), whether an organism is unicellular or multicellular, how an organism obtains food, and how an organism reproduces 5. What characteristic is used to group organisms into the same species? The ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 6. Organisms whose cells do not contain a nucleus are called? Prokaryotes 7. Organisms whose cells DO contain a nucleus are called? Eukaryotes

8. Organisms that can make their own food are called? Autotrophs 9. Organisms that CAN’T make their own food are called? Heterotrophs 10. Organisms that can reproduce on their own through cell division (binary fission) are called? Asexual 11. Organisms that reproduce by exchanging genetic information with a partner are called? Sexual 12. Identify the 3 Domains, based on their characteristics:

*a. Unicellular prokaryotes can survive in extreme environments (ocean vents, glaciers, volcanoes). Archaea *b. Unicellular prokaryotes that recycle nutrients and whose cell walls contain additional chemical structures. Bacteria *c. Unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells contain nuclei and other complex structures? Eukarya

13. Identify the four kingdoms of Eukarya, based on their characteristics and examples:

*a. Mostly unicellular organisms that can be autotrophs or heterotrophs and reproduce sexually or asexually (Amoeba, Algae, Paramecium, Euglena) Protista *b. Mostly multicellular heterotrophs with cell walls made of chitin that can reproduce sexually or asexually and are decomposers (mushrooms, molds, yeasts) Fungi *c. Multicellular autotrophs with cell walls made of cellulose and whose cells contain chloroplasts (ferns, mosses, trees, flowers). Plants *d. Multicellular heterotrophs whose cells lack a cell wall (insects, mammals, birds, fish)


Animals

14. Identify the animal phyla based on their characteristics and examples.

* a. Soft-bodied animals with a bell or umbrella shape who capture prey with stinging cells, include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals Cnidarians *b. Soft-bodied animals who usually produce a shell or mantle; include clams, oysters, scallops, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid Mollusks *c. Segmented worms, like earthworms and leeches Annelids

*d. Flat worms, like tapeworms Platyhelminthes

*e. Round worms, like heart worms Nematodes

*f. Animals with three main body segments, jointed legs, and an exoskeleton; including insects, spiders, & crustaceans

Arthropods

*g. Marine animals with spiny bodies; including sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers Echinoderms

*h. Animals with a spinal chord or backbone and a central nervous system; including fish, frogs and other amphibians, snakes and other reptiles, birds, and mammals such as humans.

Chordates 15. Identify the plant phyla based on their characteristics and examples.

*a. Grows close to the ground, no true root system (non-vascular) no flowers.

Mosses

*b. Grows close to the ground, true root system (vascular), reproduce by spores

Ferns

*c. Tall growing vascular plans who produce needles and grow seeds inside of cones (pines, spruces)

Conifers (gymnosperms)

*d. Vascular plants who vary in size who produce leaves, fruit or nuts, and flowers

Flowering plants (angiosperms)

SOL LS.5 – Life Processes

1. What is the process by which plants transform light energy from into chemical energy in food? Photosynthesis 2. What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? 6H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight è C6H12O6 + 6O2

3. What is the source of the light energy is needed for photosynthesis? The Sun 6. What chemical, found in chloroplasts, is used to absorb or trap sunlight to perform photosynthesis? Chlorophyll 4. In addition to light energy, what are the reactants, or starting materials, of photosynthesis? Water and carbon dioxide 5. What are the products, or ending materials, of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen 6. The glucose produced from photosynthesis can be converted into _________ to fuel other cell processes, like growth and repair. Energy 7. What cellular process breaks down food molecules and releases energy? Cellular respiration 8. What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2 è 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

9. All organisms perform ____a____, only plants perform ____b_____.


*a. cellular respiration *b. photosynthesis 10. Organisms who can perform photosynthesis are also often called _______, and form the foundation of virtually all food webs. Producers

SOL LS.6 – Life Cycles

1. Identify the stage of the water cycle below -

*a. transpiration (water released from plants) *b. infiltration (groundwater flow/subsurface runoff) *c. accumulation/collection *d. evaporation *e. condensation *f. precipitation *g. surface runoff 2. Identify the cycle below- Carbon Cycle

3. In this cycle, animals release ____a______, while plants carry out ___b______ to absorb it.

*a. carbon dioxide *b. photosynthesis

4. Identify the cycle below- Nitrogen cycle

5. In this cycle, animals eat ____a____ to obtain nutrients, then animals and plants die and produce ____b____, which decomposers break down to ____c____ nutrients back into soil. Nitrogen in the air is also absorbed into the soil by ____d_____.

*a. plants & other animals *b. waste


*c. recycle *d. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

6. Identify the roles of the organisms in the following food chain; Grass è Mouse è Snake è Hawk *a. What is the Producer above?

Grass

*b. What is the 1st Order (primary) Consumer? Mouse *c. What is the 2nd Order (secondary) Consumer? Snake *d. What is the 3rd Order (tertiary) Consumer? Hawk 7. What happens to the amount of energy as you move through a food pyramid from producers to consumers?

It decreases (as energy is used, there is less available for each successive level of the pyramid) 8. The levels of a food pyramid (producer, 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order consumer) are called – Trophic levels 9. As the trophic level increases, the size of the population- Decreases 10. Answer the questions about the following food web-

*a. What are the producers? Carrots, Grasses, Grains *b. What are the 3rd order consumers? Foxes

*c. What will most likely happen to the bird population if the grasshopper population declines? They will decline (decrease) *d. How might the fox population respond to an abundant carrot crop? It might increase (with the rabbit population)

SOL LS.7 – Population Dynamics

1. What are the five needs of all animals? Food, Water, Air, Shelter, and Space 2. Members of the same species living in the same area are called a – Population 4. What term describes members of a population that are fighting for the same need? Competition 5. What term describes members of a population working together to meet the same need? Cooperation 6. What term describes the establishment of specific roles within a population to ensure basic needs are met? Social Hierarchy

Flow of energy


7. What term describes a population’s need to establish and protect an area of habitat in order to meet basic needs and obtain resources? Territorial Imperative 8. The maximum population size that can be supported by a particular territory is called – Carrying capacity 9. True or False: Too much of any of resource (excess nutrients) can be as harmful as too little. True 10. Identify the examples of each type of population interaction: *a. Male white-tailed deer fighting over a mate Competition *b. Meerkats serving as lookouts for the group Cooperation

*c. A hive of bees containing members with different roles (i.e. workers, foragers, drones) Social Hierarchy *d. A male cougar marks the boundaries of his habitat with his scent. Territorial imperative

SOL LS.8 – Species Interactions

1. The different populations of species living in an area are called a - Community 2. What is the term for an organism’s role or “job” in a community? Niche 3. Identify each organism’s niche (producer, consumer, or decomposer) and explain why. *a. A grasshopper

consumer, because it has to eat to live *b. Wheat is a

producer, because it makes its own food *c. A mushroom is a

decomposer, it breaks down dead plants/animals

4. Give an example of a producer – consumer relationship.

Ex. rabbit eats grass 5. What is the relationship between predator and prey? Predator eats prey 6. Give an example of a predator – prey relationship. Snake eats mouse 7. True or False, members of different species populations can cooperate and/or compete with each other. True 8. When organisms of different species live and work together it is called – Symbiosis 9. Identify each symbiotic relationship.

*a. One organism benefits while the other is harmed. (Ex: Tick on a dog) Parasitism *b. One organism benefits while the other is not affected. (Ex: Vultures feed on the scraps left by a lion) Commensalism *c. Both organisms benefit. (Ex: a remora fish eats parasites and dead skin off of a shark’s body) Mutualism

SOL LS.9 - Ecosystems

1. The living organisms within a specific area along with their physical environment define an - Ecosystem 2. What are abiotic factors in an ecosystem? Nonliving components 3. Give some examples of abiotic factors. Rocks, water, climate, temperature, sunlight 4. What are biotic factors in an ecosystem? Living components 5. Give some examples of biotic factors. Plants, animals


6. What are the three main types of ecosystems? Terrestrial (land), Marine (ocean), & freshwater 7. Ecosystems are divided into large regions characterized by unique climate conditions and ecological communities adapted to those conditions. These regions are called - Biomes 8. What are the five main terrestrial biomes? Desert, Deciduous Forest, Rainforest, Grassland, Tundra, Coniferous Forest (Taiga) 9. What is the driest biome? Desert 10. What is the coldest biome? Tundra 11. Which biome gets the most rain? Rainforest 12. In which biome would you find trees with needles and cones? Coniferous forest (Taiga) 13. In which biome would you find oak and maple trees? Deciduous forest 14. Are there more plants or animals in the grassland or rainforest? Why? Rainforest; more rain and stable climate 15. In which biome would you find corn and wheat growing? Grassland 16. The specific structures, functions, and behaviors that enable an organism to survive in its environment are called? Adaptations 17. In which biome would white fur and large feet be useful adaptations? Tundra 18. In which biome would the ability to climb or fly be useful adaptations? Rainforest

19. In which biome would the ability to store water be a useful adaptation? Desert 20. In which biome would the ability to run fast over long distances be an advantage? Grassland

SOL LS.10 – Ecosystem Dynamics

1. What terms describes a plant either growing towards or away from light? Phototropism 2. What term describes an animal that lowers its metabolism in order to deal with cold conditions? Hibernation 3. What term describes a plants ability to slow or suspend its metabolism in order to deal with adverse conditions? Dormancy 4. Imagine you’re a raccoon. What will happen to your population in each case below?

* a. If the size of the habitat increases? Population increases

*b. If the size of the habitat decreases? Population decreases *c. If the number of wolves (predators) decrease? Population increases *d. If the number of wolves (predators) increase? Population decreases *e. If the food supply decreases? Population decreases *f. If the food supply increase? Population increases *g. If the number of squirrels (competition) increase? Population decreases *h. If the number of squirrels (competition) decrease?


Population increases

5. What is the addition of excess nutrients to an ecosystem called? Eutrophication 6. What types of changes can permanently alter a community and ecosystem? Major Climate Changes and Catastrophic Disasters (fire, flood, drought, earthquakes)

SOL LS.11 – Human Impacts

1. (True or false) Humans are a natural part of the ecosystem. True 2. (True or false) Human interaction can directly alter habitat size, the quality of available resources, and the structure of the habitat components. True 3. (True or False) Actions by humans can have both a positive and negative effect on the health of an ecosystem and the population of a community. True 4. Imagine you are a white-tailed deer. How might the following human activities affect your environment? *a. Cutting down forest to build a shopping mall. Decrease in habitat size *b. Building a uranium mine Decrease in water quality due to runoff *c. Planting a field of corn Increasing food supply

SOL LS.12 – Genetics

1. The individual physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism are called - Traits 2. Traits that are acquired at birth from one’s parents are called – Inherited traits

3. What are some examples of inherited traits? Eye color, hair color, bone structure 4. Traits that are acquired over time through the influence of social and environmental factors are called – Learned traits 5. Identify some traits determined by your environment. Personality, intelligence, language 6. The instructions that your cells use for replication, growth, and repair are called the - Genetic code 7. The molecule that contains your genetic code is called? DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 8. What is the shape of DNA? Double helix (spiral staircase) 9. What cellular structures contains DNA? Chromosomes 10. A section of a chromosome that codes for a particular trait is called a – Gene 11. An alternate form of a gene is called an – Allele 12. How many alleles of each trait do diploid cells, like human body cells, have? Two 13. How many alleles of each trait do haploid cells, like human gamete cells, have? One 14. What is the name for the physical expression of a trait? Phenotype 15. What is the name for the genetic code for a trait? Genotype


16. What word describes the allele that controls the phenotype (is expressed even if only one copy is inherited)? Dominant 17. What word describes the allele that is hidden (is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are inherited)? Recessive 18. What is the name of the chart that shows possible phenotypes and genotypes? Punnett square 19. In a Punnett square, the dominant allele is represented by a – capital letter 20. In a Punnet square, the recessive trait is represented by a – lowercase letter 19. An organism with two identical copies of the same allele (dominant or recessive) is called – homozygous 20. An organism with two difference alleles for a particular trait (one dominant, one recessive) is called- heterozygous 21. Complete a Punnett Square for the cross between a tall pea plant and a short pea plant, assuming that both are homozygous and that tall (T) is dominant to short (t). t t

T

Tt

Tt

T

Tt

Tt

*a. What is the percentage chance of having offspring with the genotype Tt? 100% *b. What is the chance of having tall offspring? 100%

22. Complete a Punnett Square for the cross between a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) and a short pea plant (tt). t t

T

Tt

Tt

t

tt

tt

*a. What is the percentage chance of having offspring with the genotype Tt? 50% *b. What is the chance of having tall offspring? 50%

23. Complete a Punnett Square for the cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt). T t

T

TT

Tt

t

Tt

tt

*a. What is the percentage chance of having offspring with the genotype Tt? 50% *b. What is the chance of having offspring with the genotype TT? 25% *c. What is the chance of having tall offspring? 75% *d. What is the chance of having offspring with the genotype tt? 25% *e. What is the chance of having short offspring? 25%

24. Who is considered the “Father of Genetics” (he bred pea plants to examine heredity)? Gregor Mendel


25. Who was the first to photograph the DNA molecule? Rosalind Franklin 26. Who created and published the double helix model of DNA? Watson and Crick 27. What is it called when the genetic code is manipulated to obtain a desired product? Genetic Engineering 28. Give an example of genetic engineering in biology. Cloning, Bioluminescent fish (GloFish) 29. Give an example of genetic engineering in medicine. Insulin-producing bacteria, organ-donor pigs, banana vaccines, medicinal eggs. 30. Give an example of genetic engineering in agriculture. B-t (insect resistant) corn, “round-up ready” crops, anti-freeze tomatoes, fast-growing salmon.

SOL LS.13 – Evolution

1. The process of gradual changes in the traits and characteristics of a population over many generations in response to environmental pressures is called – Evolution 2. By which four processes does evolution occur? Mutation, adaptation, natural selection, and extinction. 3. An inheritable change in an organism’s genetic code is a – Mutation 4. Structures, functions, or behaviors (traits) that better enable an organism to survive in its environment are called- Adaptations 5. The survival and reproduction of individuals possessing helpful adaptations is called - Natural selection 6. The inability of populations to survive and reproduce, resulting in eventual dying-off of the species is called - Extinction 7. What are the four sources of evidence for evaluation?

The fossil record, genetic information, geographic distribution of organisms, and similarities among species 8. Who is credited with developing evolutionary theory (hint-he studied finches in the Galapagos). Charles Darwin

SOL LS.2 – Cell Theory grade Study...living things *b. Cells are the smallest unit that can carry...

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