SOL 6.2 – Energy Resources 10. Examples of secondary ... › cms › lib › VA01000023... · 6th...

6th Grade Science Review Sheet KEY

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SOL 6.2 – Energy Resources

1. Solar energy from the ancient past is stored in? Fossil Fuels 2. The three types of fossil fuel are – Coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gas 3. Fossil fuels are mainly composed of the elements – Carbon and hydrogen 4. Sources of energy that take a very long time to form, and once depleted, cannot easily be replenished are called – Non-renewable resources 5. Energy resources that are perpetually (always) available or can easily be replenished are called – Renewable resources 6. Examples of non-renewable energy resources include - Fossil fuels, Nuclear power (uranium, plutonium, & other radioactive minerals) 7. Examples of renewable energy resources include – solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and biomass fuels 8. Renewable and non-renewable energy resources are generally used to – Generate electricity and provide fuel for transportation (vehicles) 9. Forms of energy used to store, move, and deliver energy in usable forms (thermal, radiant, and mechanical energy) are called – Secondary energy sources (energy carriers)

10. Examples of secondary energy sources (energy carriers) include? Electricity, hydrogen

6.3 – Solar Energy

1. What source of energy is responsible for the motion of the atmosphere, the oceans, and many processes at the Earth’s surface, like photosynthesis? The sun (solar energy) 2. What three main types of light waves (electromagnetic radiation) make up solar energy? Infrared, visible light, & ultraviolet light (UV) 3. What processes greatly reduce the amount of the Sun’s energy that reaches the Earth? Reflection, absorption, and scattering of light

4. About ____30_____%, or 1/3 of the sun’s incoming energy is reflected back out to space. About _____19____%, or ½ of the energy that strikes the earth is absorbed by the earth’s surface. The remaining ___51____% is absorbed in the atmosphere.


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5. What occurs when gases in our atmosphere cause the Earth to absorb more energy than it reflects? The Greenhouse Effect

6. Trapped energy due to the greenhouse effect can result in –

Global warming/climate change

7. Which two gases are the primary contributors to the greenhouse effect?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)

8. What process transfers energy through space from the Sun to the Earth’s atmosphere called? Radiation 9. What process distributes thermal energy in the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans? Convection currents

10. Convection currents are caused by –

The cyclic rising and falling pattern of warm and cool air (warm air is less dense and rises, cool is more dense and sinks).

11. What atmospheric object is formed from condensed water particles? Clouds 12. What are the steps of cloud formation? a. bodies of water absorb thermal energy

b. warm water evaporates c. water vapor rises into the atmosphere d. water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses to form clouds

13. What type of extreme weather event can form when land is strongly heated? Thunderstorm


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14. What type of extreme weather event can form when warm, tropical water near the equator is strongly heated? A hurricane 15. What type of extreme weather event is formed by a strong rotating column of air usually during a severe (super-cell) thunderstorm? Tornado

6.5- Water Resources

1. Which unique properties of water allow it to sustain life? It can be found in all three states (solid, liquid, and gas) on Earth and liquid water can exist at a wide range of temperatures (0-100 oC) 2. Water is a “polar” molecule. What does this mean? One side of the molecule is positively charged and the other side is negatively charged, like the opposite poles of a magnet. 3. Because water is polar, its molecules tend to “stick together,” to form droplets. What is this property called? Cohesion 4. The attraction between water molecules causes the layer of water molecules in contact with the air to behave like stretched elastic. This property is called _________________, and allows insects, such as water striders to “walk” on top of water. Surface tension 5. Water molecules also tend to stick to solid surfaces, like dew on a blade of grass. This property is called – Adhesion

6. The combination of cohesion and adhesion allows plants to draw water up through their roots. This process is called: Capillary action 7. Due to water’s polar nature, a large number of molecules can dissolve in water. Because water can dissolve so many things it is often called the- Universal solvent 8. The climate near large bodies of water is often milder compared to other areas. Why? They absorb heat during the summer and release it slowly during the winter 9. Water is able to absorb a lot of thermal energy without a significant change in temperature due to its- High specific heat (the amount of energy required to raise 1kg by 1oC) 10. What happens to water when it freezes? It forms crystals and expands 11. Why does ice float in liquid water? Unlike most substances, solid water is less dense than liquid water 12. What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit scales? 0 oC, 273 K, 32oF

13. What is the boiling point of water on the Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit scales scale? 100 oC, 373 K, 212 oF


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14. The breaking up of rock is called weathering (or erosion).

*a. What are three examples of physical weathering by water? Rain, ice, and snow wear down rocks *b. What is an example of chemical weathering by water? Acid rain causing the minerals within the rock to be changed into carbon dioxide gas

15. What percentage of the water on the Earth is salt water? About 97% 16. What percentage of the water on the Earth is usable liquid freshwater? Less than 1% 17. Rock layers beneath the Earth’s surface that contain water are called? Aquifers 18. Where else do we find a large amount of water stored besides oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, and aquifers? Inside the bodies of organisms, or frozen in glaciers and ice caps 19. Why were the first human settlements established near bodies of water? Because water is essential for agriculture and human health (hydration) 20. What type of system is designed to transport and provide water to crops? Irrigation 21. What caused many of the disease outbreaks before the 1800’s?

Contamination of drinking water by human waste 22. What systems were designed to remove contaminants from water so that it is safe to drink? Sanitary sewers, water treatment facilities 23. Water is also important in the generation of electricity.

*a. What type of power plant makes use of the kinetic energy of water as it flows through turbines, like in the Hoover Dam or Philpott Dam? Hydroelectric power plant *b. What type of power plant makes use of burning fuel (usually coal, oil, or natural gas) to turn water into steam, which is used to turn the turbines? Thermal power plant

24. Hydroelectric power has advantages and disadvantages.

*a. What are two disadvantages? Must have a large water supply, can disrupt the habitat/ecosystem for wildlife *b. What are two advantages? It is a renewable resource and does not pollute the environment/air

6.6 – The Atmosphere

1. Air is a mixture of gases.

*a. Which gases are the main components of this mixture? Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, argon, and water vapor


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*b. Which gas makes up the largest portion of the air? Nitrogen

2. Label/describe the layers of the atmosphere.

3. How can you remember the layers of the atmosphere in order? That Snail Missed The Exit! 4. The force of the atmosphere pushing down toward the earth is called- Air pressure 5. Throughout the atmosphere, as altitude increases, what happens to air pressure? It decreases 6. What is the relative percentage of moisture (water vapor) in the air called? Humidity 7. Temperature ______________ as altitude increases in the lowest layer of the

atmosphere (troposphere). Decreases

8. Which measurement tool is used for each of the following? *a. air pressure:

barometer

*b. humidity: hygrometer *c. air temperature

thermometer

*d. wind speed & direction anemometer

9. What three things have the greatest effect on the weather conditions? thermal energy, air pressure, and humidity 10. What type of weather is associated with the following systems?

* a. low pressure: precipitation

*b. high pressure: fair weather

*c. cold front: storms followed by cool, fair weather

*d. warm front: gentle precipitation followed by mild conditions *e. stationary front: Can bring many days of clouds, fog and precipitation.

a. Troposphere (0-12km/0-7mi)- the air we breathe; most of the air in the atmosphere is found here, weather occurs here

c. Mesosphere (50-80km/31-50mi)- protects against meteors

e. Exosphere (700-10,000 km/440-6,200 mi)- Connects to outer space; satellites are here

b. Stratosphere (12-50km/7-31mi) – contains the ozone layer, which protects against UV radiation.

d. Thermosphere (80-700 km/50-440 mi) – contains ionosphere; Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) are here


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*f. occluded front: decreasing temperatures, strong winds, heavy precipitation

11. Label each symbol for weather systems:

12. Describe the three basic patterns of cloud formation, and the type of weather they indicate.

*a. cirrus- meaning curly or fibrous, look wispy, usually indicate a change in weather

*b. stratus – sheets or layers, think “flat”, indicate sustained rain or snow is coming

*c. cumulus- meaning “heaped or piled”, “puffy” clouds, usually mean fair weather

13. What prefix/suffix added to a cloud name means “shower” (as in rain showers)? “Nimbo”; as in cumulonimbus (thunderheads) or nimbostratus (rain clouds) 14. List the source(s) and effects of each type of air pollution:

*a. Carbon compounds (CO2, CO, CH4) – vehicle emissions & smokestacks (burning fossil fuels); contribute to the greenhouse effect. *b. Nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO) – vehicle and factory exhaust; contribute to acid rain and the greenhouse effect. *c. Sulfur oxides (SO2, SO3) – burning coal; cause acid rain *d. Particulates (dust, ash, pollen, feces) – burning fossil fuels, disturbing soil for agriculture, natural events such as wind storms and volcanic eruptions; can cause asthma, heart and lung problems, and cancer. *e. Ozone – byproduct of the reaction of nitrogen compounds with sunlight; causes smog, breathing problems, and contributes to the greenhouse effect.

6.7- Watersheds

1. What is the name for a living community and the nonliving factors that affect it? ecosystem 2. *a. The living parts of an ecosystem are

called?

a. low pressure b. high pressure

c. warm front d. cold front e. occluded front f. stationary front

c. warm front d. cold front e. occluded front f. stationary front


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Biotic factors *b. Some examples include:

Plants, animals, fungi, etc. 3. *a. The non-living parts of an ecosystem

are called? Abiotic factors

*b. Some examples include: water supply, topography, landforms,

geology, soils, sunlight, and air quality

*c. These factors determine: The type and distribution of plants and animals and the use of the land by humans

4. The health of an ecosystem is related to? Water quality 5. What are some ways water quality is measured? Temperature, salinity, pH, % dissolved oxygen, ≈ turbidity (cloudiness), & presence of macro-invertebrates (small insects) 6. Human activities can alter abiotic factors and affect water quality.

*a. what are some negative effects of human activity? Construction & agriculture increase erosion, the use of fertilizers can cause eutrophication (excess nutrients), industry and agriculture can cause contamination with chemical and biological waste, expansion of human settlement results in the destruction of wetlands/habitat. *b. What are some positive effects of human activity?

Planting trees/shrubs reduces erosion, restoring wetlands reduces flooding, fencing livestock out of streams reduces biological waste, conserving wetlands reduces habitat loss.

7. What is the name for the area of land that water flows across is it moves toward a stream, lake, or other body of water? Watershed 8. What are the three major watersheds in Virginia, and what are some major rivers that feed them?

*a. Mississippi River (Gulf of Mexico) – Clinch, Holston, New River *b. North Carolina Sound – Roanoke, Nottoway *c. Chesapeake Bay – James, Potomac, Shenandoah, Appomattox, Rappahannock

9. Smaller streams that join along the course of a river system are called? Tributaries 10. The wide, flat, border areas alongside a river, onto which water spills out at times of high flow, are called?


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Flood plains 11. Transition zones between dry land and bodies of water are called? Wetlands 12. Important functions of wetlands include: flood and erosion control, sediment filtration, capturing & breaking down nutrients & pollution, recharging ground water; providing food, habitat, and shelter for wildlife, especially fish and birds. 13. Areas called where fresh and salt water meet and are mixed by the tides are called? Estuaries 14. What are some important functions of estuaries? Wildlife habitat, nurseries for many marine species, and all of the above functions of wetlands. 15. Where is the United States’ largest estuary? Chesapeake Bay 16. What is the relationship between the flow rate (speed of water) and the size of sediment particles it can carry? The faster the water flows, the bigger the sediment it can carry

SOL 6.8 – Earth & Space

1. The solar system consists of which objects? The sun, planets and their moons, meteors, asteroids, and comets 2. All objects in the solar system orbit the - Sun 3. Name the planets in order from the sun,

outward, and give one characteristic of each. *a. Mercury – smallest planet, extreme temps *b. Venus – Earth’s “twin,” greenhouse effect *c. Earth – water/life/oxygen atmosphere *d. Mars – red planet, life in ancient ice? *e. Jupiter – largest planet, red spot *f. Saturn – beautiful rings *g. Uranus – tilted axis *h. Neptune – blue planet 4. What phrase can you use to remember the order of the planets? My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos. 5. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets and what are their nicknames? *a. Inner planets – “terrestrial,” small and rocky, few moons *b. Outer planets – “gas giants,” large and gaseous, multiple moons, rings 6. What feature divides the inner and outer planets? The asteroid belt 7. Why is Pluto considered a dwarf planet? It is very small and has not cleared its orbit of debris and asteroids. (https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1


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375) 8. What are 3 major features that make Earth different than all of the other planets and able to sustain life? Protective atmosphere made mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, magnetic field which helps shield surface from solar radiation, large amounts of liquid water 9. The _______ is the only object in our solar system that emits its own light. Sun 10. What word describes the curved path the planets follow around the sun? Elliptical orbit 11. Moons orbit __a__ and planets orbit ___b. *a. Planets *b. Stars 12. What two forces hold objects in orbit? Gravity and inertia 13. What determines the strength of an object’s gravitational field? The greater an object’s mass, the larger/stronger its gravitational field 14. What is the term that describes the motion of an object in orbit around another object? Revolution 15. How long is the Earth’s revolution (orbit)? 365 ¼ days (about one year) 16. What is the term for the motion of an object that spins on its axis?

Rotation 17. How long is the Earth’s rotation? 1 day or 24 hours 18. What causes the seasons on Earth? The tilt of earth’s axis as it orbits the sun 19. If a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun what season is it? Summer 20. If a hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun what season is it? Winter 21. What causes the length of night and day to change during the year? It changes with the seasons; tilt of earth’s axis and the angle of the sun 22. Does the distance that the Earth is away from the Sun affect the seasons? No 23. What causes night and day on Earth? Earth’s rotation on its axis (which side is facing toward or away from the sun). 24. What causes the phases of the moon? Which part of the sunlit side of the moon we see as it orbits the Earth. 25. How long does it take for the moon to complete its phases? About 1 month 26. What are the phases of the moon? New moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing


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gibbous, Full moon, waning gibbous, 3rd (last) quarter, waning crescent. 27. Describe the phase of the moon you would expect to see in each situation: *a. If the sun is shining only on the side of the moon facing toward Earth: Full moon *b. If the sun is shining only on the side facing away from Earth: New moon *c. If the moon appears to have a thin sliver of light on the right hand side: Waxing crescent *d. If the moon appears to be almost full with the light on the left hand side: waning gibbous

28. What causes the tides on Earth? The moon’s gravity

29. If an area of the ocean is directly aligned with the moon what type of tide will occur? High 30. How often do the tides change each day? Every 6 hours 31. How many high and low tides do we have each day? Two of each 32. The position of the sun can also affect tides.

*a. During the new and full moon phases, when the sun is pulling in the same direction as the moon, creating higher high tides and lower low tides, it is called a - Spring Tide *b. During the quarter phases, when the sun and moon are pulling on the Earth from opposite directions, creating a smaller difference between high and low tide, it is called a – Neap tide

33. What is it called when the moon blocks sunlight from striking the Earth? Solar eclipse 34. During which phase of the moon would this occur? New Moon 35. What is it called when the Earth blocks the sunlight from striking the moon? Lunar eclipse 36. During which phase would this occur? Full moon


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37. The invention of what instrument allowed scientists to learn more about our solar system? Telescope 38. Name the contributions of the following ancient astronomers:

*a. Ptolemy – popularized the geocentric theory of the universe (thought Earth was the center) *b. Aristotle – first to attempt to scientifically observe and model planets and stars, thought that the orbits of the planets were perfectly circular, believed in geocentric theory *c. Copernicus – popularized the heliocentric model of the universe and the idea that the Earth rotated on its axis *d. Galileo - used a telescope to confirm that the sun was the center of the solar system. Was considered a heretic. *e. Kepler – developed laws of planetary motion, discovered that planets’ orbits were elliptical, not circular.

39. What technologies allowed us to greatly expand our knowledge of the solar system during the 20th century? Rockets, satellites, orbiters, the lunar module, the space shuttle, and the lunar and Mars rovers 40. Identify each of the following famous space explorers/missions.

a. Yuri Gagarin 1st person in space (from Russia)

b. Sputnik

1st satellite mission to space (from Russia)

c. Alan Shepherd 1st American in space

d. John Glenn 1st American to orbit Earth e. Neil Armstrong 1st person to walk on the moon f. Apollo 11 1st manned mission to land on the moon g. Voyager 1 1st deep space satellite mission

6.9 – Earth Resources

1. What are three things that all living organisms depend on? A healthy environment, clean air, and clean water 2. Who establishes regulations and programs to improve the quality of the air, water, and soil? Government agencies (EPA, DNR, DGIF, etc.) 3. Describe the role of each of the following state government agencies:

*a. Department of Environmental Quality administers state & federal laws protecting air, water, and land quality *b. Department of Conservation & Recreation protection and management of natural resources (plants, animals, soil, water) *c. Department of Forestry management of forest resources


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*d. Department of Game & Inland Fisheries management of freshwater fisheries and wildlife resources and habitat *e. Marine Resources Commission management of saltwater fisheries resources and habitat *f. Department of Mines, Minerals, & Energy development and regulation of energy & mineral resources

3. Describe the role of each of the following federal government agencies: *a. Department of Energy

management and regulation of energy resources

*b. Department of the Interior management of cultural and natural resources, includes National Fish and Wildlife Service (species conservation), National Park Service (land conservation), Bureau of Land Management (land use), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (marine resources), US Geological Survey (mineral resources). *c. Department of Agriculture management of agricultural resources *d. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration monitors climate changes in the ocean and atmosphere, protection of marine ecosystems & resources

8. What is the main type of energy resource in the US and other industrialized countries? Fossil fuels

9. What is one of the biggest concerns with the use of fossil fuels? Air pollution and its effects (acid rain, ozone/smog, greenhouse effect), non-renewable 10. What is an additional non-renewable energy resource that is used in the US and other industrialized nations? Nuclear Energy 11. What is one of the biggest concerns with using nuclear power? Dangerous, hard to store the harmful wastes 12. What are some alternative/renewable forms of energy we can use? Solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, biomass, & hydrogen energy 13. What are some advantages of using alternative/renewable energy resources? Lower environmental impact, constantly available or replenish-able with proper management 14. What are some disadvantages of using alternative/renewable energy resources? High cost, technical complications, limitations based on location and environmental conditions 15. What is the wise and careful use of natural resources called? Conservation 16. What are some things individuals can do to help conserve resources and protect the environment? Reduce the use of natural resources, Reuse resources when possible, Recycle resources when possible. 17. What are some specific ways individuals can


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conserve energy resources and reduce the use of fossil fuels? Use more energy efficient lighting, turn off lights/electronics when not in use, carpool, walk/bike, or use public transportation, use alternative energy resources if/when possible 18. What are some specific ways individuals can reduce environmental pollution? Conserve natural wetlands and riparian buffers, properly dispose of waste in landfills, recycle metal, plastic, and glass when possible, avoid use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers near water sources, avoid burning fossil fuels when possible (see above) 19. Pollution prevention and waste management are much less costly than - Cleanup 20. The process of making decisions about the use of the land and natural resources for maximum community benefit for the longest time with the least environmental damage is called? Sustainable development

SOL 6.2 – Energy Resources 10. Examples of secondary ... › cms › lib › VA01000023... · 6th...

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