Soilborne problems affecting strawberries Tom Gordonceventura.ucanr.edu/files/197692.pdfSoilborne...
Transcript of Soilborne problems affecting strawberries Tom Gordonceventura.ucanr.edu/files/197692.pdfSoilborne...
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Soilborne problems affecting strawberries
Tom Gordon
Department of Plant Pathology
Collaborators:
Oleg DaugovishSteve KoikeFrank MartinDoug Shaw
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Macrophomina phaseolina
Fusarium oxysporum
Verticillium dahliae
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Where do they come from?
Resident in soil
Colonizer of a previous crop
Pathogen = cause of disease
Growth on another crop but not a cause of disease
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Where do they come from?
Resident in soil
Moved with soil from another location
Introduced with infected plants
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Verticillium wilt
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Macrophomina
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Macrophomina
2005
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Macrophomina
2013
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Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium wilt
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Management
Avoid introduction
Soil on equipment
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Management
Reduce inoculum levels in soil
Pre-plant fumigation
Flat fumigation to treat the entire field is best
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Efficacy of fumigants
Methyl Bromide:Chloropicrin 2:1 @ 350 pounds/acre
Chloropicrin @ 400 pounds/acre
Telone (1,3-Dichloropropene)
Metam sodium
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More than one cycle of fumigation may be required
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Bed fumigation
Drip lines
The soil is not uniformly exposed to the fumigant
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0
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Center Shoulder Under tape
Effect of location on fumigant efficacyS
pore
s pe
r gra
m o
f soi
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Location in bed
6” depth
12” depth
Beds fumigated with Pic-60
Survival of the Fusarium wilt pathogen
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Effect of inoculum depth on onset of disease
Top 4 inches
4 – 6 inches
6 – 8 inches
12 – 14 inches
Effect of inoculum depth on onset of disease
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Plants show symptoms of disease when inoculum is in the top 4 inches of soil
No symptomsif inoculumis below “4
Six weeks after planting
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Nine weeks after planting
Top 4” 4 - 6” 6 - 8” 12 - 14”
Rating scale: 1 - 5
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Dis
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rat
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Effect of inoculum depth on disease severity
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0-4" 4 - 6" 6 - 8" 12 - 14"
Weeks after planting
Disease severity rating scale: 1 – 5; 1 = healthy and 5 = dead
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14 weeks after planting
Inoculum below 12”
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Plants are infected
Inoculum below 12”
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Management
Reduce inoculum levels in soil
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Crop rotation
Fusarium wilt
Specific to strawberry
Macrophomina
Wide host range
Inoculum levels decline when other crops are grown
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Known hosts to Macrophomina
Sunflower
Bean
Corn
Pepper
Cantaloupe
Tomato
These crops were inoculatedwith isolates from strawberry
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Crown inoculation with infested toothpicks
Toothpicks are colonizedby Macrophomina
Toothpick inserted incrown of the plant
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Inoculated strawberry crown
infested toothpick
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Inoculated strawberries
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Plants inoculated with Macrophomina from strawberry
Sunflower
Bean
Corn
Pepper
Cantaloupe
Tomato
Symptoms developed only on cantaloupe
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Strawberry
91 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina
Frank Martin, USDA-ARS
ThymeMelonAppleCherry
Alfalfa
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Macrophomina
Strawberry pathogen mayhave a limited host range
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Verticillium wilt
The pathogen has a wide host range
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Lettuce
Crops to avoid because they aresusceptible to Verticillium
Potatoes
Legumes
Both can tolerate high levelsof inoculum
Infected plants are symptomless
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Effect of soil pH on Fusarium wilt
Elevating pH to 7.0 reducedseverity of Fusarium wilt of tomato
Suppressing pathogen activity in soil
Management
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Fusarium oxysporum
In soil fungi compete with bacteria
Acidic soil tends to favor fungi over bacteria
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Soil was taken from a field naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum
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Soil was adjusted to pH to 6.0 or 7.0
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Frequency of root infection was determined
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Most infections remain within the root cortex
Frequency of root infection
Disease requires entry into water
conducting tissue
Less than one in a thousandroot infections extends intothe water conducting tissue
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Number of root infections per unit root length
Fewer root infections means a lower risk of disease
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0
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pH 6.0 pH 7.0
Infe
cti
on
s p
er
me
ter
of
roo
t
Effect of pH on infection of strawberry roots
Very high inoculum levels may minimize the effect of soil pH on infection frequency
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Management of soilborne pathogens
Avoid introductions
Reduce inoculum levels
Reduce infection rates
Disease resistance
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Differences in susceptibility to Fusarium wilt
Camarosa Ventana
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Albion Mojave Monterey Camarosa Benicia Palomar CaminoReal
Portola SanAndreas
Ventana
Re
sist
an
ce
sc
ore
Currently grown UC cultivars
1 – 5 Scale; 1 = Susceptible, 5 = Resistant
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San Andreas Albion
Soil naturally infested with Fusarium wilt pathogen
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Screening for resistance to Macrophomina
Detect differences among genotypes
Differences are heritable
Results correlate with field susceptibility
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Differential susceptibility to Macrophomina
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Modest gains accumulate over time
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Management of soilborne pathogens
Avoid introductions
Reduce inoculum levels
Disease resistance
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Thanks
Hansen Trust