Soil Survey of Pickens County, Alabama · Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee; and the...

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

NaturalResourcesConservationService

In cooperation withthe Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station and theAlabama Soil and WaterConservation Committee

Soil Survey ofPickens County,Alabama

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area dividedinto groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use andmanagement of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded maplegend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for ageneral description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow thegeneral soil map. These mapscan be useful in planning the useand management of small areas.

To find information about yourarea of interest, locate that areaon the Index to Map Sheets,which precedes the soil maps.Note the number of the mapsheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest onthe map sheet. Note the mapunits symbols that are in thatarea. Turn to the Contents, whichlists the map units by symbol andname and shows the page whereeach map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see theContents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

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How to Use This Soil Survey

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Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on theNatural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. Theaddress is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effortof the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, Stateagencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The NaturalResources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) hasleadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1997. Soil names anddescriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in thispublication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was madecooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the AlabamaAgricultural Experiment Station; the Alabama Cooperative Extension System; theAlabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee; and the Alabama Department ofAgriculture and Industries. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished tothe Pickens County Soil and Water Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of thesemaps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at alarger scale.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programsand activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited basesapply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means forcommunication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) shouldcontact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity providerand employer.

Cover: Contour buffer strips in an area of Okolona silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes.Conservation practices, such as these buffer strips, help to control erosion.

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov

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Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey ................................. 3Contents .................................................................. 5Foreword ................................................................. 7General Nature of the County ................................ 10

Climate ............................................................... 10Early History ...................................................... 11Agriculture ......................................................... 11Transportation Facilities ..................................... 11Water Resources ............................................... 11Mineral Resources ............................................. 12

How This Survey Was Made .................................. 12Survey Procedures ............................................ 13

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 151. Vaiden-Okolona-Sucarnoochee ................... 152. Sumter-Sucarnoochee-Faunsdale ............... 163. Vaiden-Sucarnoochee ................................. 174. Cahaba-Urbo-Una ....................................... 185. Myatt-Columbus-Ochlockonee.................... 196. Kinston-Mantachie-Cahaba ......................... 207. Savannah-Bama-Smithdale ......................... 218. Smithdale-Luverne-Sacul ............................ 229. Smithdale-Luverne-Savannah ..................... 22

Detailed Soil Map Units ....................................... 25Soil Descriptions .................................................... 26

AnA—Annemaine loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,occasionally flooded ..................................... 26

BaA—Bama loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............ 27BaB—Bama sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 28BgB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded ........................ 29CbA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded ........................ 30CoA—Columbus loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded ..................................... 31FaA—Faunsdale silty clay, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 33FaB—Faunsdale silty clay, 1 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 34FvA—Fluvaquents, ponded................................. 35KmA—Kinston-Mantachie complex, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded ................ 36LdA—Lucedale loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........ 38LnC—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 39

LsD—Luverne-Smithdale complex, 8 to 15percent slopes .............................................. 40

MaA—Myatt fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percentslopes, occasionally flooded ........................ 41

McA—Myatt-Columbus complex, 0 to 2percent slopes, occasionally flooded ............ 42

OcA—Ochlockonee-Kinston-Iuka complex,0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ...... 43

OkA—Okolona silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes .......................................................... 44

OkB—Okolona silty clay, 1 to 3 percentslopes .......................................................... 45

Pt—Pits .............................................................. 47RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded ......................................... 47SaC—Sacul sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 48ShA—Savannah loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 49ShB—Savannah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 50SmC—Smithdale sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 51SnF—Smithdale-Luverne-Sacul complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes ................................ 52SrA—Sucarnoochee silty clay, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded............................. 54SuC2—Sumter silty clay loam, 1 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 55SuE2—Sumter silty clay loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 56UdC—Udorthents, dredged ................................. 57UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently

undulating, frequently flooded ....................... 58VdA—Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 59VdB—Vaiden silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes ..... 61

Prime Farmland .................................................... 63Use and Management of the Soils ....................... 65

Crops and Pasture .............................................. 65Yields per Acre ............................................... 67Land Capability Classification ......................... 67

Landscaping and Gardening ................................ 68Woodland Management and Productivity ............ 70Recreation ......................................................... 71Wildlife Habitat ................................................... 72Aquaculture ........................................................ 74

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Engineering ........................................................ 75Building Site Development ............................. 75Sanitary Facilities .......................................... 76Construction Materials .................................. 77Water Management ....................................... 78

Soil Properties ...................................................... 81Engineering Index Properties ............................. 81Physical and Chemical Properties ..................... 82Soil and Water Features ..................................... 83Physical and Chemical Analyses of Selected

Soils ............................................................. 84Engineering Index Test Data ............................... 84

Classification of the Soils ..................................... 85Soil Series and Their Morphology ........................ 85

Annemaine Series .......................................... 85Bama Series .................................................. 86Bigbee Series ................................................. 87Cahaba Series ................................................ 87Columbus Series ............................................ 88Faunsdale Series ............................................ 89Iuka Series ..................................................... 90Kinston Series ................................................ 91Lucedale Series .............................................. 91Luverne Series ............................................... 92Mantachie Series............................................ 93Mooreville Series ............................................ 93Myatt Series ................................................... 94Ochlockonee Series ....................................... 95Okolona Series ............................................... 95Riverview Series ............................................. 96Sacul Series ................................................... 97Savannah Series ............................................ 98Smithdale Series ............................................ 99Sucarnoochee Series ..................................... 99Sumter Series .............................................. 100Una Series ................................................... 101Urbo Series .................................................. 102Vaiden Series ............................................... 102

Formation of the Soils ....................................... 105Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 105

Parent Material ............................................ 105Climate ........................................................ 105Relief ........................................................... 105Plants and Animals ...................................... 106Time ............................................................. 106

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ............... 106Surface Geology .............................................. 107

References .......................................................... 109Glossary .............................................................. 111Tables .................................................................. 123

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation .......... 124Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ........ 125Table 3.--Growing Season ............................... 125Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of

General Soil Map Units for SpecifiedUses .......................................................... 126

Table 5.--Acreage and Proportionate Extentof the Soils ................................................. 127

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yieldsper Acre of Crops ....................................... 128

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture andHay ............................................................ 130

Table 8.--Woodland Management andProductivity ................................................ 132

Table 9.--Recreational Development .................. 136Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat ................................. 139Table 11.--Building Site Development ................ 141Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities ............................. 144Table 13.--Construction Materials ...................... 148Table 14.--Water Management ........................... 151Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties ............ 154Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties

of the Soils ................................................. 159Table 17.--Soil and Water Features .................... 162Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 164Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 166Table 20.--Engineering Index Test Data ............. 168Table 21.--Classification of the Soils ................. 169

Issued 2002

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This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this surveyarea. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey alsohighlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and theimpact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the managementneeded for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure properperformance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlifemanagement, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help themunderstand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may imposespecial restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report isintended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or landtreatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land usersidentify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. Thelandowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws andregulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils areseasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are toounstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorlysuited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorlysuited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soilsurvey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soilis shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication andadditional information are available at the local office of the Natural ResourcesConservation Service or the Cooperative Extension System.

Robert N. JonesState ConservationistNatural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

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PICKENS COUNTY is in the west-central part ofAlabama (fig. 1). It is bordered on the north by Lamarand Fayette Counties, on the east by TuscaloosaCounty, and on the south by Greene and SumterCounties. It is bordered on the west by Lowndes andNoxubee Counties, Mississippi. Carrollton, the countyseat, is near the center of the county. It is about 140miles northwest of Montgomery. The total area of thecounty is 569,780 acres, or about 890 square miles.About 563,370 acres of this total consists of landareas and small areas of water. About 6,410 acresconsists of large areas of water in the form of lakesand rivers.

Pickens County is mostly rural, and it had apopulation of 20,958 in 1994 (20). The largestcommunities in the county are Carrollton, Aliceville,Gordo, Pickensville, and Reform.

Most of the acreage in the county is used aswoodland; however, a significant acreage is used forcultivated crops, pasture, and hay.

Pickens County is comprised of four distinctphysiographic regions—the Blackland Prairie, theCoastal Plain uplands, low terraces and flood plains,and high terraces. Elevation ranges from about 120feet above sea level in the southern part of the countyto about 580 feet in the northern part.

The Blackland Prairie makes up about 33,000 acresin the southwestern part of the county. It is usedmostly for pasture, hay, and cultivated crops. Thelandscape is mostly nearly level to moderately slopingand has little relief. The soils range from moderately

deep to very deep, formed in materials weathered fromsoft limestone (chalk) and clayey sediments, and aredominantly clayey. They range from very strongly acidto moderately alkaline and from well drained tosomewhat poorly drained.

The Coastal Plain uplands make up about 330,000acres in the county, mostly east and north of theTombigbee River. Most areas are used for woodland. Asmall acreage is used for pasture, hay, cultivatedcrops, and homesites. The landscape is dominantlyhilly and has deeply incised streams and narrow floodplains. The soils generally are very deep, formed inunconsolidated loamy and clayey sediments, andrange from loamy to clayey. They are acid andgenerally are well drained or moderately well drained.

The low terraces make up about 35,000 acres in thecounty, and the associated flood plains make up about115,000 acres. This physiographic region is mostlyalong the Tombigbee and Sipsey Rivers and the majortributaries to these rivers. Many areas on the terracesare used for cultivated crops, pasture, or hay, and asignificant acreage is used for woodland. Most areason the flood plains are hardwood forests. Thelandscape in this physiographic region consists of low,nearly level and gently undulating terraces and nearlylevel flood plains that have little relief. The soils arevery deep; formed in loamy, sandy, and clayeyalluvium; and range from sandy to clayey. They areacid and range from excessively drained to poorlydrained. Most areas are subject to flooding.

The high terraces make up about 50,000 acres in

Soil Survey of

Pickens County, AlabamaBy Milton Tuck, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Milton Tuck, Roland J. Perry, and Ralph M. Thornton, Natural ResourcesConservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,in cooperation withthe Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative ExtensionSystem, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, and the AlabamaDepartment of Agriculture and Industries

10 Soil Survey

the county, mostly along the Tombigbee River and itsmajor tributaries. Most areas are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, hay, or homesites. The landscapeconsists of broad, nearly level to gently slopingridgetops and plateaus and strongly sloping andmoderately steep side slopes. The soils are very deep,formed in stratified loamy to clayey sediments, and areloamy. They are acid and generally are well drained ormoderately well drained.

This soil survey updates an earlier survey ofPickens County published in 1917 (10). It providesadditional information and larger maps, which show thesoils in greater detail.

General Nature of the CountyThis section gives general information about the

county. It describes climate, early history, agriculture,transportation facilities, water resources, and mineralresources.

Climate

Pickens County has long, hot summers becausemoist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistentlycovers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. Arare cold wave lingers for 1 or 2 days. Precipitation isfairly heavy throughout the year, and prolongeddroughts are rare. Summer precipitation, mainly in theform of afternoon thunderstorms, is adequate for thegrowth of all locally grown crops in most years.

Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strikeoccasionally in or near the county. They are short induration and cause variable and spotty damage. Everyfew years in summer or fall, a tropical depression or aremnant of a hurricane that has moved inland causesextremely heavy rains for 1 to 3 days.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitationfor the survey area as recorded at Aliceville in theperiod 1961 to 1987. Table 2 shows probable dates ofthe first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table3 provides data on length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 44 degrees Fand the average daily minimum temperature is 32degrees. The lowest temperature on record, whichoccurred at Aliceville on January 1, 1964, is -2degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 79degrees and the average daily maximum temperatureis 91 degrees. The highest recorded temperature, whichoccurred on July 17, 1980, is 108 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They areequivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growingdegree days accumulate by the amount that theaverage temperature each day exceeds a basetemperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthlyaccumulation is used to schedule single or successiveplantings of a crop between the last freeze in springand the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 54 inches. Ofthis, 28 inches, or 51 percent, usually falls in Aprilthrough October. The growing season for most cropsfalls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the rainfallin April through October is less than 12 inches. Theheaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was8.6 inches on April 13, 1979. Thunderstorms occur onabout 60 days each year, and most occur in summer.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 0.9 inch.The greatest snow depth at any one time during theperiod of record was 10 inches. On the average, lessthan one day of the year has at least 1 inch of snow onthe ground. The number of such days varies greatlyfrom year to year.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon isabout 56 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and theaverage at dawn is about 86 percent. The sun shines

Figure 1.—Location of Pickens County in Alabama.

Pickens County, Alabama 11

71 percent of the time possible in summer and 55percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south.Average windspeed is highest, 8.1 miles per hour, inMarch.

Early History

Pickens County was created by an act of theAlabama legislature on December 19, 1820, fromparts of Tuscaloosa County. It was named in honorof Isreal Pickens, who later became Governor ofAlabama.

Archeological evidence indicates that the area wasoccupied by Native Americans in both prehistoric andhistoric periods and that the inhabitants of the earlyNative American towns had substantialcommunications with the first Europeans that came tothe area. The Chickasaw tribe was the principal NativeAmerican tribe in the county during historic times.Along with the Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw tribes,they held land in the county until 1838. The tribesceded their land to the United States in 1838 and wererelocated to western reservations (6).

By the end of the Creek Wars in 1814, Europeanimmigrants had begun to replace the Native Americansin communities along the Tombigbee River. Earlysettlers came mostly from South Carolina, NorthCarolina, Georgia, Virginia, and Tennessee. In 1817,they established their first settlement near the site thatis currently occupied by the town of Pickensville. Earlyoccupations included raising livestock, farming, andlogging (10).

Agriculture

Agriculture has always been an important part of theeconomy of Pickens County. Early agriculturalactivities included producing subsistence crops, mainlycorn, wheat, and oats; raising hogs and cattle; andgrowing vegetables, tobacco, and indigo. Cottonbecame the main cash crop and was grown on many ofthe well drained sites in the county. The production ofcotton increased until restricted by the appearance ofthe cotton boll weevil in about 1914. In 1900,approximately 65,700 acres was planted to cotton (10).This acreage had decreased to about 5,244 acres by1992 (1).

The arrival of the cotton boll weevil had an importanteffect on agriculture. The decrease in productionresulting from the insect was so severe that farmerswere forced to diversify their crops. The acreage ofother crops, such as corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts,hay, and pasture plants, greatly increased. The sale ofdairy products also greatly increased. Currently, the

main cultivated crops are cotton, corn, soybeans, andwheat.

In recent years, the acreage used for cultivatedcrops has gradually decreased and the acreage usedfor pasture and pine woodland has increased. About 83percent of the land in the county is used for woodland,4 percent is used for pasture and hayland, and 5percent is used for cultivated crops (1, 15).Economically important agricultural enterprises in thecounty include the production of poultry, mainlybroilers; the raising of hogs and beef and dairy cattle;and the production of timber and associated products.The number of poultry producers is increasing steadily.

Transportation Facilities

The major highways in the county include U.S.Highway 82, which runs east and west through Gordoand Reform in the northern part of the county; AlabamaHighway 14, which runs southeast and northwestthrough Aliceville and Pickensville in the southern part;Alabama Highway 17, which runs north and souththrough Reform, Carrollton, and Aliceville; and AlabamaHighway 86, which runs east and west throughCarrollton in the central part of the county. Numerousother hard- and gravel-surfaced county roads provideaccess throughout the county.

The county is served by two railroads, which providefreight service to Reform and Gordo in the northernpart of the county and to Aliceville and Pickensville inthe southern part. Daily passenger and parcel serviceis provided by major bus services. Municipal airportsnear Aliceville and Reform serve small, private andcommercial aircraft. The Tombigbee River is navigableits entire length through the county and providesaccess to the Gulf of Mexico and the Tennessee River.

Water Resources

Pickens County has a large amount of surface watersuitable for domestic and recreational uses. TheTombigbee River, which flows through the southwesternpart of the county, is the largest potential source ofsurface water. Other potential large surface-watersupplies are the Sipsey River, Bear Creek, Coal FireCreek, and Lubbub Creek. Aliceville Lake andGainesville Lake are large and are formed by dams onthe Tombigbee River. They provide water for irrigationand opportunities for boating, fishing, and hunting.Numerous small lakes and ponds provide water forlivestock and recreational uses.

Ground water is the source of most of the water fordomestic and industrial uses in Pickens County. Twoaquifers, the Gordo and McShan Formations, supply

12 Soil Survey

most of the ground water used in the county. A thirdaquifer, the Coker Formation, is potentially a largesource of ground water. It is not, however, extensivelydeveloped because of its depth and the availability ofwater from the shallower aquifers. Adequate water forlivestock and domestic uses generally can beproduced from the Eutaw Formation, terrace deposits,and alluvium. The ground water in the county generallyis of good quality, except for a high content of iron insome areas (21).

Mineral Resources

Economically important minerals in Pickens Countyinclude clay, sand, gravel, and soft limestone (chalk).Clay is abundant throughout the county. It can be usedin blends for ceramic products, as an absorbent forgrease, or as a carrier for fertilizer. It is generally notsuitable as the main ingredient for ceramic productsbecause of its plasticity. Terrace and alluvial depositsof sand and gravel are in the western and southernparts of the county in areas adjacent to the Tombigbeeand Sipsey Rivers and other major streams. Limestonethat has potential value for agricultural use is in thesouthwestern part of the county (22).

How This Survey Was MadeThis survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.The information includes a description of the soils andmiscellaneous areas and their location and adiscussion of their suitability, limitations, andmanagement for specified uses. Soil scientistsobserved the steepness, length, and shape of theslopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds ofcrops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. Theydug many holes to study the soil profile, which is thesequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. Theprofile extends from the surface down into theunconsolidated material in which the soil formed. Theunconsolidated material is devoid of roots and otherliving organisms and has not been changed by otherbiological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the surveyarea are in an orderly pattern that is related to thegeology, landforms, relief, climate, and naturalvegetation of the area. Each kind of soil andmiscellaneous area is associated with a particular kindof landform or with a segment of the landform. Byobserving the soils and miscellaneous areas in thesurvey area and relating their position to specificsegments of the landform, a soil scientist develops aconcept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist topredict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kindof soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location onthe landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape mergeinto one another as their characteristics graduallychange. To construct an accurate soil map, however,soil scientists must determine the boundaries betweenthe soils. They can observe only a limited number ofsoil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,supplemented by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient toverify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and todetermine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of thesoil profiles that they studied. They noted color,texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind andamount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,reaction, and other features that enable them toidentify soils. After describing the soils in the surveyarea and determining their properties, the soilscientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Eachtaxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics withprecisely defined limits. The classes are used as abasis for comparison to classify soils systematically.Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classificationused in the United States, is based mainly on the kindand character of soil properties and the arrangement ofhorizons within the profile. After the soil scientistsclassified and named the soils in the survey area, theycompared the individual soils with similar soils in thesame taxonomic class in other areas so that theycould confirm data and assemble additional data basedon experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of someof the soils in the area generally are collected forlaboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soilscientists interpret the data from these analyses andtests as well as the field-observed characteristics andthe soil properties to determine the expected behaviorof the soils under different uses. Interpretations for allof the soils are field tested through observation of thesoils in different uses and under different levels ofmanagement. Some interpretations are modified to fitlocal conditions, and some new interpretations aredeveloped to meet local needs. Data are assembledfrom other sources, such as research information,production records, and field experience of specialists.For example, data on crop yields under defined levelsof management are assembled from farm records andfrom field or plot experiments on the same kinds ofsoil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only


on soil properties but also on such variables as climateand biological activity. Soil conditions are predictableover long periods of time, but they are not predictablefrom year to year. For example, soil scientists canpredict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that agiven soil will have a high water table within certaindepths in most years, but they cannot predict that ahigh water table will always be at a specific level in thesoil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified thesignificant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerialphotographs and identified each as a specific map unit.Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads,and rivers, all of which help in locating boundariesaccurately.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of thesoils in this survey area do not fully agree with those ofthe soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are theresult of a better knowledge of soils, modifications inseries concepts, or variations in the intensity ofmapping or in the extent of the soils in the surveyareas.

Survey Procedures

The general procedures followed in making thissurvey are described in the National Soil SurveyHandbook of the Natural Resources ConservationService (19). The soil survey of Pickens County,published in 1917, and the “Geologic map of PickensCounty, Alabama, map 40” (10, 22) were among thereferences used.

Before the field work began, preliminary boundariesof landforms were plotted stereoscopically on highaltitude aerial photographs. United States GeologicalSurvey topographic maps and aerial photographs werestudied to relate land and image features.

Traverses were made on foot and by vehicle, atvariable intervals, depending on the complexity of thesoil landscape and geology. Soil examinations alongthe traverses were made at various intervals,depending on the landscape and soil pattern (9, 11).Observations of landforms, uprooted trees, vegetation,roadbanks, and animal burrows were madecontinuously without regard to spacing. Soil boundarieswere determined on the basis of soil examinations,observations, and photo interpretation. The soil materialwas examined with the aid of a spade, a hand auger, ora truck-mounted probe to a depth of 5 feet or more. Thepedons described as typical were observed andstudied in excavations.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses andengineering test data were taken from the site of thetypical pedon of some of the major soils in the surveyarea. The analyses were made by the Agronomy andSoils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama, and by the Alabama Department ofHighways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama.The results of some of the analyses are published inthis soil survey report. Unpublished analyses and thelaboratory procedures can be obtained from thelaboratories.

High-altitude aerial photography base maps at ascale of 1:20,000 were used for mapping of soil andsurface drainage in the field. Cultural features weretransferred from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minuteseries topographic maps and were recorded from visualobservations. Soil mapping, drainage patterns, andcultural features recorded on base maps were thentransferred to half-tone film positives by soil scientists.The film positives were reduced to a scale of 1:24,000and all line-work was transferred by cartographictechnicians to a 1:24,000 base map developed fromdigital orthophotography prior to the final map finishingprocess.

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The general soil map at the back of this publicationshows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern ofsoils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on thegeneral soil map is a unique natural landscape.Typically, it consists of one or more major soils ormiscellaneous areas and some minor soils ormiscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils ormiscellaneous areas. The components of one map unitcan occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare thesuitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas ofsuitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitablefor planning the management of a farm or field or forselecting a site for a road or building or other structure.The soils in any one map unit differ from place to placein slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics thataffect management.

Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pastureand hay, woodland, and urban uses. Cultivated cropsare those grown extensively in the survey area.Pasture and hay refer to improved, locally growngrasses and legumes. Woodland refers to areas ofnative or introduced trees. Urban uses includeresidential, commercial, and industrial developments.Table 4 summarizes the suitability and limitations ofthe general soil map units.

The boundaries of the general soil map units inPickens County were matched, where possible, withthose of the previously completed surveys of Fayette,Greene, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Counties, Alabama,and Lowndes and Noxubee Counties, Mississippi. In afew areas, however, the lines do not join and thenames of the map units differ. These differences resultmainly because of changes in soil series concepts,differences in map unit design, and changes in soilpatterns near survey area boundaries.

1. Vaiden-Okolona-Sucarnoochee

Dominantly level to very gently sloping, somewhatpoorly drained and moderately well drained soils that

have a clayey surface layer and subsoil; on uplandsand flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southwestern partLandscape: Blackland PrairieLandform: Vaiden and Okolona—uplands;

Sucarnoochee—flood plainsLandform position: Vaiden—broad, nearly level

ridgetops and smooth, gently sloping side slopes;Okolona—slightly higher, broad, slightly convexridgetops; Sucarnoochee—level to nearly level, flatto slightly concave slopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 2.5Vaiden soils: 45 percentOkolona soils: 30 percentSucarnoochee soils: 15 percentMinor soils: 10 percent, including Faunsdale and

Sumter

Soil Characteristics

Vaiden soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty claySubsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown clay that has

brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles; lowerpart—yellowish brown clay that has grayishmottles and grayish coatings on peds

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 3 percentParent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the

underlying alkaline clay or soft limestone(chalk)

Okolona soils

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown silty clayNext layer: Black clay that has brownish mottlesSubsoil: Upper part—olive gray clay that has brownish

General Soil Map Units

16 Soil Survey

mottles and soft masses of calcium carbonate;lower part—mottled olive, olive gray, olive brown,and dark yellowish brown clay that has softmasses of calcium carbonate

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Moderately well drainedSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 4.0

to 6.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 3 percentParent material: Alkaline, clayey residuum derived from

soft limestone (chalk)

Sucarnoochee soils

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown silty clayNext layer: Dark grayish brown clay that has olive

brown mottlesSubsoil: Dark gray clay that has brownish mottlesDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5

foot to 1.5 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 1 percentParent material: Alkaline, clayey alluvium

Minor soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Faunsdale soils on toeslopes• The moderately deep Sumter soils on side slopesand knolls• Poorly drained, clayey soils in depressions on floodplains

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland

Cropland

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness and poor tilth;Okolona—poor tilth; Sucarnoochee—flooding,wetness, and poor tilth

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness; Okolona—slight limitations; Sucarnoochee—flooding andwetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirableplants, restricted use of equipment, and seedlingmortality

Urban development

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness, restrictedpermeability, and shrink-swell potential; Okolona—restricted permeability and shrink-swell potential;

Sucarnoochee—flooding, wetness, restrictedpermeability, and shrink-swell potential

2. Sumter-Sucarnoochee-Faunsdale

Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, welldrained and somewhat poorly drained soils that have aloamy or clayey surface layer and a clayey subsoil; onuplands and flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southwestern partLandscape: Blackland PrairieLandform: Sumter and Faunsdale—uplands;

Sucarnoochee—flood plainsLandform position: Sumter—higher, convex parts of

ridgetops and on side slopes; Sucarnoochee—linear to slightly concave slopes; Faunsdale—lowerparts of side slopes and on toeslopes


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1.5Sumter soils: 70 percentSucarnoochee soils: 15 percentFaunsdale soils: 10 percentMinor soils: 5 percent, including Okolona and

Vaiden


Sumter soils

Surface layer: Olive gray silty clay loamSubsoil: Upper part—pale olive clay that has few soft

masses of calcium carbonate; next part—lightyellowish brown clay that has common finenodules and soft masses of calcium carbonate;lower part—light olive brown clay that has commonfine nodules and many soft masses of calciumcarbonate

Bedrock layer: Soft limestone (chalk)Depth class: Moderately deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 1 to 12 percentParent material: Alkaline, loamy and clayey residuum

derived from soft limestone (chalk)

Sucarnoochee soils


brown mottlesSubsoil: Dark gray clay that has brownish mottlesDepth class: Very deep


Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5


Faunsdale soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty claySubsoil: Upper part—olive gray clay; next part—olive

gray clay that has brownish and grayish mottles;lower part—light olive brown clay that hasyellowish and grayish mottles


to 2.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 3 percentParent material: Alkaline, clayey residuum derived from

soft limestone (chalk)

Minor soils

• The very deep, dark Okolona soils on flat ridgetops• The very deep, acid Vaiden soils on low ridges• Poorly drained soils in depressions on flood plains

Use and Management


Cropland

Management concerns: Sumter—poor tilth anderodibility; Sucarnoochee—wetness, poor tilth, andflooding; Faunsdale—wetness, poor tilth, anderodibility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Sumter—slight limitations;Sucarnoochee—wetness and flooding;Faunsdale—wetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Seedling mortality rate,restricted use of equipment, and competition fromundesirable plants

Urban development

Management concerns: Sumter—restrictedpermeability, shrink-swell potential, and depth torock; Sucarnoochee—flooding, wetness, restrictedpermeability, and shrink-swell potential;Faunsdale—restricted permeability, shrink-swellpotential, and wetness

3. Vaiden-Sucarnoochee

Dominantly level to very gently sloping, somewhatpoorly drained soils that have a clayey surface layerand subsoil; on uplands and flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southwestern partLandscape: Blackland PrairieLandform: Vaiden—uplands; Sucarnoochee—flood

plainsLandform position: Vaiden—broad, nearly level

ridgetops and smooth, gently sloping side slopes;Sucarnoochee—level to nearly level, linear toslightly concave slopes


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1Vaiden soils: 80 percentSucarnoochee soils: 15 percentMinor soils: 5 percent, including Faunsdale,

Okolona, and Sumter

Soil CharacteristicsVaiden soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty claySubsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown clay that has

brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles; lowerpart—yellowish brown clay that has grayishmottles and grayish coatings on peds


to 2.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 3 percentParent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the

underlying alkaline clay or soft limestone(chalk)

Sucarnoochee soils


brown mottlesSubsoil: Dark gray clay that has brownish mottlesDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5


18 Soil Survey

Minor soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Faunsdale soils ontoeslopes• The moderately well drained Okolona soils on highridgetops• The moderately deep Sumter soils on side slopesand knolls• Poorly drained, clayey soils in depressions on floodplains

Use and Management


Cropland

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness and poor tilth;Sucarnoochee—flooding, wetness, and poor tilth

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness;Sucarnoochee—flooding and wetness

Woodland


Urban development

Management concerns: Vaiden—wetness, restrictedpermeability, and shrink-swell potential;Sucarnoochee—flooding, wetness, restrictedpermeability, and shrink-swell potential

4. Cahaba-Urbo-Una

Dominantly level to gently undulating, well drained,somewhat poorly drained, and poorly drained soils thathave a loamy surface layer and subsoil or a clayeysurface layer and subsoil; on flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Parallel to the TombigbeeRiver

Landscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Cahaba—low terraces; Urbo and Una—flood

plainsLandform position: Cahaba—convex slopes on high

parts of low terraces; Urbo—intermediate positionson low ridges; Una—low positions between ridges,in swales and sloughs


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 8

Cahaba soils: 30 percentUrbo soils: 25 percentUna soils: 15 percentMinor soils: 30 percent, including Annemaine,

Bigbee, Columbus, Mooreville, and Riverviewsoils and Udorthents


Cahaba soils

Surface layer: Brown sandy loamSubsurface layer: Strong brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay loam; next

part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; lower part—yellowish red sandy loam

Substratum: Strong brown and yellowish brown loamysand

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 0 to 2 percentParent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Urbo soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loamSubsoil: Upper part—dark brown silty clay and grayish

brown clay; next part—grayish brown silty clay thathas brownish mottles; lower part—grayish brownclay that has brownish mottles


to 2.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 3 percentParent material: Clayey alluvium

Una soils

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown silty clay loamSubsoil: Upper part—grayish brown clay that has

brownish mottles; next part—light brownish grayclay that has brownish mottles; lower part—grayclay that has brownish and reddish mottles

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, from 2.0 feet

above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot fromJanuary to June

Slope range: 0 to 1 percentParent material: Clayey alluvium

Minor soils

• The moderately well drained Annemaine andColumbus soils on low terraces• The excessively drained Bigbee, moderately well


drained Mooreville, and well drained Riverview soils onhigh parts of natural levees• Udorthents in impoundments created by dikesadjacent to the Tombigbee River

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, cropland, andpasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Cahaba—flooding; Urbo andUna—flooding and wetness

Pasture and hayland


Woodland

Management concerns: Cahaba—no significantlimitations; Urbo and Una—competition fromundesirable plants, restricted use of equipment,and seedling mortality

Urban development


5. Myatt-Columbus-Ochlockonee

Dominantly level and nearly level, poorly drained,moderately well drained, and well drained soils thathave a loamy surface layer and subsoil; on lowterraces and flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Parallel to the SipseyRiver

Landscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Myatt and Columbus—low terraces;

Ochlockonee—flood plainsLandform position: Myatt—flat and slightly concave

slopes; Columbus—slightly convex slopes;Ochlockonee—convex slopes on the high parts ofnatural levees


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 2Myatt soils: 35 percentColumbus soils: 30 percentOchlockonee soils: 20 percentMinor soils: 15 percent, including Bigbee, Cahaba,

Iuka, and Kinston


Myatt soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown fine sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish mottles; next part—gray clay loamthat has brownish mottles; lower part—gray sandyclay loam that has brownish and reddish mottles

Substratum: Light brownish gray sandy loamDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 1 percentParent material: Stratified loamy alluvium

Columbus soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown and yellowish brownloam

Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown clay loam; next

part—mottled yellowish brown, light brownish gray,and yellowish red loam; lower part—light brownishgray loam

Substratum: Mottled light brownish gray, yellowishbrown, and strong brown sandy loam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Moderately well drainedSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 2 percentParent material: Loamy alluvium

Ochlockonee

Surface layer: Dark brown sandy loamSubsurface layer: Brown loamSubstratum: Upper part—yellowish brown sandy loam;

lower part—yellowish brown loamy sandDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedDepth to seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a

depth of 3 to 5 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 2 percentParent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Minor soils

• The well drained Cahaba soils, which have a reddishsubsoil, in the slightly higher, more convex positionson terraces• The excessively drained, sandy Bigbee soils on highparts of natural levees• The moderately well drained Iuka soils onintermediate parts of natural levees

20 Soil Survey

• The poorly drained Kinston soils on low parts of theflood plains

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Myatt—wetness and flooding;Columbus and Ochlockonee—flooding

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Myatt—wetness and flooding;Columbus and Ochlockonee—flooding

Woodland


Urban development

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

6. Kinston-Mantachie-Cahaba

Dominantly level and nearly level, poorly drained,somewhat poorly drained, and well drained soils thathave a loamy surface layer and subsoil or a loamysubstratum; on flood plains and low terraces

Setting

Location in the survey area: Throughout the countyLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Flood plains and low terracesLandform position: Kinston—low positions that have

flat to concave slopes; Mantachie—slightly convexslopes in intermediate positions on natural levees;Cahaba—convex slopes on high parts of lowterraces


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 6Kinston soils: 35 percentMantachie soils: 25 percentCahaba soils: 20 percentMinor soils: 20 percent, including Annemaine,

Columbus, Mooreville, and Myatt soils andFluvaquents

Soil CharacteristicsKinston soils

Surface layer: Dark brown clay loam

Next layer: Dark grayish brown silt loamSubstratum: Upper part—light brownish gray silt loam;

next part—gray silty clay loam and loam; lowerpart—grayish brown loamy sand

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from January to JuneSlope range: 0 to 1 percentParent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Mantachie soils

Surface layer: Dark brown and brown loamSubsoil: Upper part—mottled yellowish brown and light

brownish gray sandy clay loam; next part—lightbrownish gray sandy clay loam that has brownishmottles; lower part—gray and light brownish graysandy clay loam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 1.5 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 1 percentParent material: Stratified loamy alluvium

Cahaba soils

Surface layer: Brown sandy loamSubsurface layer: Strong brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay loam; next

part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; lower part—yellowish red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 0 to 2 percentParent material: Loamy and sandy alluvium

Minor soils

• The clayey Annemaine, moderately well drainedColumbus, and poorly drained Myatt soils on lowterraces• The very poorly drained Fluvaquents in depressions• The moderately well drained Mooreville soils on highparts of natural levees

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Kinston and Mantachie—flooding and wetness; Cahaba—flooding


Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Kinston and Mantachie—flooding and wetness; Cahaba—flooding

Woodland

Management concerns: Kinston and Mantachie—competition from undesirable plants, restricted useof equipment, and seedling mortality; Cahaba—nosignificant limitations

Urban development

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

7. Savannah-Bama-Smithdale

Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, moderatelywell drained and well drained soils that have a loamysurface layer and subsoil; on high terraces

Setting

Location in the survey area: West-central partLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: High terracesLandform position: Savannah—broad, nearly level

summits and gently sloping side slopes; Bama—broad, nearly level summits and gently slopingside slopes; Smithdale—gently sloping to stronglysloping side slopes


Composition

Percent of the survey area: 10Savannah soils: 40 percentBama soils: 25 percentSmithdale soils: 15 percentMinor soils: 20 percent, including Iuka, Kinston,

Lucedale, Luverne, Myatt, and Sacul


Savannah soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamSubsurface layer: Brown loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown loam; next part—

brittle, yellowish brown loam that has grayishmottles; lower part—yellowish brown clay loamthat has grayish mottles

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Moderately well drainedSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January to April

Slope range: 0 to 5 percentParent material: Loamy sediments

Bama soils

Surface layer: Dark brown loamSubsoil: Upper part—dark red clay loam; lower part—

dark red and red sandy clay loamDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 0 to 5 percentParent material: Loamy sediments

Smithdale soils

Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay loam and loam;

next part—red loam and sandy clay loam; lowerpart—red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 5 to 15 percentParent material: Loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The moderately well drained Iuka and poorly drainedKinston soils on narrow flood plains• Dark reddish brown Lucedale soils on broadridgetops at higher elevations• Scattered areas of the clayey Luverne and Saculsoils on side slopes• The poorly drained Myatt soils in shallowdepressions

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, andhomesites

Cropland

Management concerns: Erodibility and low fertility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Low fertility

Woodland

Management concerns: No significant limitations

Urban development

Management concerns: Savannah—restrictedpermeability and wetness; Bama—no significantlimitations; Smithdale—slope in the steeper areas

22 Soil Survey

8. Smithdale-Luverne-Sacul

Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained andmoderately well drained soils that have a loamysurface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; onuplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Eastern half of the countyLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: UplandsLandform position: Gently sloping, narrow ridgetops

and moderately sloping to steep side slopesSlope range: 2 to 35 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 52Smithdale soils: 33 percentLuverne soils: 27 percentSacul soils: 13 percentMinor soils: 27 percent, including Bama, Cahaba,

Columbus, Kinston, Mantachie, and Savannah


Smithdale soils

Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red and red sandy clay

loam; lower part—red sandy loamDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 5 to 35 percentParent material: Loamy and sandy sediments

Luverne soils

Surface layer: Brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; lower part—

dark red clay loam that has brownish mottlesSubstratum: Stratified red sandy loam, strong brown

loamy sand, and light brownish gray sandy clayloam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 2 to 35 percentParent material: Stratified clayey and loamy sediments

Sacul soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown sandy loamSubsurface layer: Brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—red clay that has grayish mottles;

next part—red clay loam that has grayish mottles;lower part—gray clay loam


to 4.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 2 to 35 percentParent material: Stratified clayey and loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The loamy Bama and Savannah soils on thesmoother parts of ridgetops• The well drained Cahaba and moderately well drainedColumbus soils on low terraces• The poorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorlydrained Mantachie soils on narrow flood plains

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland

Cropland

Management concerns: Erodibility, low fertility, andslope in the steeper areas

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Low fertility and slope in thesteeper areas

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirableplants, erodibility, and restricted use of equipment

Urban development

Management concerns: Smithdale—slope andseepage; Luverne and Sacul—restrictedpermeability, low strength, shrink-swell potential,and slope

9. Smithdale-Luverne-Savannah

Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained andmoderately well drained soils that have a loamysurface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; onuplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Western and central partsLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: UplandsLandform position: Gently sloping, narrow ridgetops

and moderately sloping to steep side slopesSlope range: 2 to 35 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 17


Smithdale soils: 35 percentLuverne soils: 20 percentSavannah soils: 20 percentMinor soils: 25 percent, including Bama, Cahaba,

Columbus, Kinston, Lucedale, Mantachie, andSacul


Smithdale soils

Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red and red sandy clay

loam; lower part—red sandy loamDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 5 to 35 percentParent material: Loamy and sandy sediments

Luverne soils

Surface layer: Brown sandy loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; lower part—

dark red clay loam that has brownish mottlesSubstratum: Stratified red sandy loam, strong brown

loamy sand, and light brownish gray sandy clayloam

Depth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepSlope range: 2 to 35 percentParent material: Stratified clayey and loamy sediments

Savannah soils

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamSubsurface layer: Brown loamSubsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown loam; next part—

yellowish brown loam that is firm and brittle; lowerpart—yellowish brown clay loam that is firm andbrittle


to 3.0 feet from January to AprilSlope range: 0 to 5 percentParent material: Loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The loamy Bama and Lucedale soils on thesmoother parts of ridgetops• The well drained Cahaba and moderately well drainedColumbus soils on low terraces• The poorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorlydrained Mantachie soils on narrow flood plains• Scattered areas of the clayey, moderately welldrained Sacul soils

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland

Cropland

Management concerns: Erodibility, low fertility, andslope in the steeper areas

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Low fertility and slope in thesteeper areas

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirableplants, erodibility, and restricted use of equipment

Urban development

Management concerns: Smithdale—slope andseepage; Luverne—restricted permeability, lowstrength, shrink-swell potential, and slope;Savannah—restricted permeability and wetness

25

The map units delineated on the detailed maps atthe back of this survey represent the soils ormiscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unitdescriptions in this section, along with the maps, canbe used to determine the suitability and potential of aunit for specific uses. They also can be used to planthe management needed for those uses. Moreinformation about each map unit is given under theheading “Use and Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an areadominated by one or more major kinds of soil ormiscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified andnamed according to the taxonomic classification of thedominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within ataxonomic class there are precisely defined limits forthe properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,the soils and miscellaneous areas are naturalphenomena, and they have the characteristic variabilityof all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of someobserved properties may extend beyond the limitsdefined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of asingle taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mappedwithout including areas of other taxonomic classes.Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soilsor miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some“included” areas that belong to other taxonomicclasses.

Most included soils have properties similar to thoseof the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thusthey do not affect use and management. These arecalled noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They mayor may not be mentioned in the map unit description.Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,however, have properties and behavioralcharacteristics divergent enough to affect use or torequire different management. These are calledcontrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally arein small areas and could not be mapped separatelybecause of the scale used. Some small areas ofstrongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas areidentified by a special symbol on the maps. Theincluded areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneousareas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Afew included areas may not have been observed, andconsequently they are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the pattern was socomplex that it was impractical to make enoughobservations to identify all the soils and miscellaneousareas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in noway diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.The objective of mapping is not to delineate puretaxonomic classes but rather to separate thelandscape into landforms or landform segments thathave similar use and management requirements. Thedelineation of such segments on the map providessufficient information for the development of resourceplans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned,onsite investigation is needed to define and locate thesoils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit namein the map unit descriptions. Each description includesgeneral facts about the unit and gives the principalhazards and limitations to be considered in planning forspecific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike makeup a soil series. Except for differences in texture of thesurface layer, all the soils of a series have majorhorizons that are similar in composition, thickness, andarrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of thesurface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree oferosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.On the basis of such differences, a soil series isdivided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown onthe detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. Thename of a soil phase commonly indicates a featurethat affects use or management. For example, Bamasandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, is a phase of theBama series.

Some map units are made up of two or more majorsoils or miscellaneous areas. These map units arecomplexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils ormiscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or insuch small areas that they cannot be shown separatelyon the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils ormiscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas.Smithdale-Luverne-Sacul complex, 15 to 35 percentslopes, is an example.

Detailed Soil Map Units

26 Soil Survey

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Suchareas have little or no soil material and support little orno vegetation. Pits is an example.

Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extentof each map unit. Other tables give properties of thesoils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials formany uses. The “Glossary” defines many of the termsused in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

Soil Descriptions

AnA—Annemaine loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onlow terraces that parallel the Tombigbee River and otherlarge streams throughout the county. Slopes generallyare long and smooth. Individual areas generally areoblong. They range from 10 to about 50 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam about3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brownloam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to adepth of 44 inches. It is yellowish red silty clay in theupper part, yellowish red silty clay that has brownishand grayish mottles in the next part, and clay loamthat is mottled in shades of brown, red, and gray in thelower part. The substratum extends to a depth of 65inches. It is mottled brownish and grayish sandy clayloam in the upper part and stratified strong brown sandand light brownish gray loamy sand in the lower part.

Important properties of the Annemaine soil—

Permeability: SlowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 2.5 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: Occasional, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofCahaba, Columbus, Myatt, and Una soils. Cahaba andColumbus soils are in slightly higher, more convexlandscape positions than the Annemaine soil. They areloamy throughout the profile. The poorly drained Myattand Una soils are in small depressions. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated crops,

pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for woodland.This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the occasionalflooding and the wetness. The planting of early seasoncrops is delayed in some years because of theflooding. The surface layer is friable and easy to keepin good tilth. Shallow ditches can help to removeexcess surface water. Using minimum tillage andreturning all crop residue to the soil or regularly addingother organic matter improve fertility and help tomaintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Mostcrops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay(fig. 2). Wetness and the occasional flooding are themain management concerns. Bermudagrass, tallfescue, and bahiagrass are suitable grasses. Shallowditches can help to remove excess surface water.Deferred or restricted grazing during very wet periodshelps to keep the pasture in good condition.Applications of lime and fertilizer improve the fertilityof the soil and promote the growth of forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude shortleaf pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, willowoak, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year sitecurve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90. The averageannual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanagedstands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cordsper acre per year. The understory vegetation consistsmainly of greenbrier, blackberry, Alabama supplejack,panicums, longleaf uniola, poison ivy, sweetgum,willow oak, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting activities should be planned forseasons when the soil is dry. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation. The competing vegetation can becontrolled by site preparation or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.The main management concerns are the flooding andwetness. Although it is generally not feasible to controlthe flooding, pilings or mounds can elevate buildingsabove the expected level of flooding. The moderateshrink-swell potential and low strength aremanagement concerns in areas used as sites for localroads and streets.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland


wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several tracts of land, can increase theamount of palatable browse for deer and the number ofseed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat forwetland wildlife can be improved by constructingshallow ponds that provide open water areas forwaterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 9W.

BaA—Bama loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broadsummits of high stream terraces. Slopes are long and

smooth. Individual areas generally are broad. Theyrange from 5 to more than 250 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam about5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65inches. It is red clay loam in the upper part and darkred and red sandy clay loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Bama soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: None

Figure 2.—Bahiagrass hay in an area of Annemaine loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. This soil is well suited topasture and hay.

28 Soil Survey

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofLucedale, Savannah, and Smithdale soils. Lucedalesoils are in slightly higher landscape positions than theBama soil. They are dark red throughout the subsoil.Savannah soils are in slightly lower positions than theBama soil. They have a brownish subsoil. Smithdalesoils are in landscape positions similar to those of theBama soil. They have a significant decrease in claycontent in the lower part of the subsoil. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used ashomesites, and a few areas are wooded.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Ithas few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility,however, is a management concern. The surface layeris friable and easy to keep in good tilth. It can be tilledover a wide range of moisture content withoutbecoming cloddy. Using conservation practices, suchas cover crops, minimum tillage, and returning allcrop residue to the soil or regularly adding otherorganic matter, improves fertility and helps to maintaintilth and the content of organic matter. Most cropsrespond well to systematic applications of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Ithas no significant limitations affecting these uses. Lowfertility, however, is a management concern. Coastalbermudagrass and bahiagrass are the most commonlygrown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,and restricting grazing during wet periods help to keepthe pasture in good condition. Applications of lime andfertilizer improve the fertility of the soil and increasethe production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly oflittle bluestem, yellow jessamine, longleaf uniola,huckleberry, flowering dogwood, and greenbrier.

This map unit has few limitations affecting timbermanagement. Plant competition is a minormanagement concern. Using proper site preparationand spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminateunwanted weeds, brush, and trees.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. Ithas no significant management concerns affectingthese uses.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for woodland wildlifecan be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting thenatural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribedburning every three years, rotated among several smalltracts of land, can increase the amount of palatablebrowse for deer and the number of seed-producingplants for quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordinationsymbol is 9A.

BaB—Bama sandy loam, 2 to 5 percentslopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrowsummits and on the upper parts of side slopes of highstream terraces. Slopes generally are long and smooth.Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from5 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loamabout 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65inches, is red sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Bama soil—


Included in mapping are a few small areas ofLuverne, Savannah, and Smithdale soils. Luverne andSmithdale soils are in slightly lower landscapepositions than the Bama soil. Luverne soils haveclayey subsoil layers. Smithdale soils have asignificant decease in clay content in the lower part ofthe subsoil. Savannah soils are in landscape positionssimilar to those of the Bama soil. They have abrownish subsoil. Also included are small areas thathave a slope of more than 5 percent. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland,pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as homesites orfor cultivated crops.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are the low fertility and a


moderate hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily inareas that have a concentrated flow of water on thesurface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contourfarming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate andhelp to control erosion. Using minimum tillage andreturning all crop residue to the soil or regularlyadding other organic matter improve fertility and helpto maintain tilth and the content of organic matter.Most crops respond well to additions of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Themain management concerns are low fertility and amoderate hazard of erosion. Coastal bermudagrass andbahiagrass are the most commonly grown grasses.Tillage should be on the contour or across the slope.Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restrictedgrazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help tokeep the pasture in good condition. Applications of limeand fertilizer improve the fertility of the soil andpromote the growth of forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanagedstands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2cords per acre per year. The understory vegetationconsists mainly of little bluestem, panicums,sumac, yellow jessamine, huckleberry, greenbrier,and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodlandmanagement. Competition from understory plants is aminor management concern. Carefully managedreforestation helps to control competition fromundesirable understory plants. Site preparationpractices, such as chopping, burning, and applyingherbicides, help to control the initial plant competitionand facilitate mechanical planting.


This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the naturalestablishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burningevery three years, rotated among several small tractsof land, can increase the amount of palatable browsefor deer and the number of seed-producing plants forquail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9A.

BgB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percentslopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, excessively drained soil is on lowstream terraces and natural levees adjacent to theTombigbee River, the Sipsey River, and other largestreams. Slopes generally are long and smooth.Individual areas are oblong. They range from 10 to 150acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayishbrown loamy sand about 6 inches thick. Thesubstratum extends to a depth of 88 inches. It is darkbrown loamy sand in the upper part, dark yellowishbrown loamy sand and brownish yellow sand in thenext part, and very pale brown sand in the lower part.

Important properties of the Bigbee soil—

Permeability: RapidAvailable water capacity: LowOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.5

to 6.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Occasional, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofAnnemaine, Cahaba, Riverview, and Kinston soils.Annemaine soils are in the slightly lower positions onthe low terraces. They are clayey in the upper part ofthe subsoil. Cahaba and Riverview soils are inpositions similar to those of the Bigbee soil. Cahabasoils have a reddish, loamy subsoil. Riverview soilshave a brownish, loamy subsoil. Kinston soils are indrainageways and are poorly drained. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture orwoodland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops orhay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The lowfertility, the low available water capacity, and theoccasional flooding are the main managementconcerns. The planting of early season crops isdelayed in some years because of the flooding. If thissoil is used for row crops, conservation tillage, croprotation, and cover crops help to conserve moistureand control runoff and erosion. Irrigation can preventcrop damage and increase productivity in most years.Using minimum tillage and returning all crop residue tothe soil or regularly adding other organic matter

30 Soil Survey

improve fertility and help to conserve moisture andmaintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Cropsrespond well to applications of lime and frequent, lightapplications of fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Droughtiness and the occasional flooding are the mainmanagement concerns. Bahiagrass and coastalbermudagrass are the most commonly grown grasses.The leaching of plant nutrients is a managementconcern. Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer help tomaintain the productivity of grasses. Proper stockingrates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing duringprolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in goodcondition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On thebasis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblollypine is 75. The average annual growth of well stocked,even aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25years of age is 1.6 cords per acre per year. Theunderstory vegetation consists mainly of huckleberry,greenbrier, pricklypear cactus, blackberry, commonpersimmon, blackjack oak, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and the seedlingmortality rate. The sandy texture restricts the use ofwheeled equipment, especially when the soil is verydry. Harvesting activities should be planned forseasons when the soil is moist. The moderate seedlingmortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can becompensated for by increasing the number of treesplanted.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urbanuses. It has severe limitations affecting buildingsites and most kinds of sanitary facilities and hasmoderate limitations affecting local roads andstreets. The main management concerns are thesandy texture, seepage, wetness, and the hazard offlooding. Pilings or well-compacted fill can elevatebuildings above the expected level of flooding.Septic tank absorption fields may not functionproperly during rainy periods because of theseasonal high water table. Increasing the size of theabsorption field or constructing the absorption fieldon a raised bed helps to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlifehabitat, poor potential for woodland wildlife habitat, andvery poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitatcan be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting theestablishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burningevery three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browsefor deer and the number of seed-producing plants forquail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodlandordination symbol is 7S.

CbA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on low terracesthat parallel the Tombigbee River, the Sipsey River, andother large streams throughout the county. Slopesgenerally are long and smooth. Individual areas areoblong. They range from 5 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loamabout 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer is strongbrown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoilextends to a depth of 38 inches. It is yellowish red clayloam in the upper part, yellowish red sandy clay loamin the next part, and yellowish red sandy loam in thelower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, isstrong brown and yellowish brown loamy sand.

Important properties of the Cahaba soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoiland moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Occasional, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofAnnemaine, Bigbee, Columbus, Kinston, and Urbosoils. The moderately well drained Annemaine soils arein slightly lower, more concave landscape positionsthan the Cahaba soil. They are clayey in the upper partof the subsoil. Bigbee soils are in landscape positionssimilar to those of the Cahaba soil. They are sandythroughout. The moderately well drained Columbussoils are in slightly lower, less convex positions thanthe Cahaba soil. They have a brownish subsoil. Thepoorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorly drainedUrbo soils are in small depressions and drainageways.Included soils make up about 10 percent of the mapunit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres insize.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used forwoodland.


This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Themain management concern is the occasional flooding.The planting of early season crops is delayed in someyears because of the flooding. Using minimum tillageand returning all crop residue to the soil or regularlyadding other organic matter improve fertility and helpto maintain tilth and the content of organic matter.Most crops respond well to applications of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Theoccasional flooding is the main management concern.Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the mostcommonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates,pasture rotation, and restricted grazing duringprolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasturein good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizerimprove the fertility of the soil and promote the growthof forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 95. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofgreenbrier, little bluestem, panicums, American holly,longleaf uniola, sweetgum, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodlandmanagement. Competition from understory plants is aminor management concern. Carefully managedreforestation helps to control competition fromundesirable understory plants. Site preparationpractices, such as chopping, burning, and applyingherbicides, help to control the initial plant competitionand facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.The hazard of flooding is severe and difficult toovercome. If this soil is used as a homesite, thebuilding should be constructed on elevated, well-compacted fill material to minimize damage fromfloodwater.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants (fig. 3). Prescribed burning every threeyears, rotated among several small tracts of land, canincrease the amount of palatable browse for deer andthe number of seed-producing plants for quail andturkey.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 10A.

CoA—Columbus loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onlow terraces that parallel the Tombigbee River, theSipsey River, and other large streams throughout thecounty. Slopes generally are long and smooth.Individual areas generally are oblong. They range from10 to about 350 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownand yellowish brown loam about 6 inches thick. Thesubsurface layer is yellowish brown loam about 5inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 44inches. It is yellowish brown clay loam in the upperpart; mottled yellowish brown, light brownish gray, andyellowish red loam in the next part; and light brownishgray loam in the lower part. The substratum, to a depthof 65 inches, is mottled light brownish gray, yellowishbrown, and strong brown sandy loam.

Important properties of the Columbus soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.0


through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofAnnemaine, Cahaba, Kinston, and Myatt soils.Annemaine soils are in slightly lower positions than theColumbus soil. They have reddish colors and clayeytextures in the upper part of the subsoil. Cahaba soilsare in slightly higher, more convex landscape positionsthan the Columbus soil. They have reddish colors inthe subsoil. The poorly drained Kinston and Myatt soilsare in narrow drainageways and shallow depressions.Included soils make up about 10 percent of the mapunit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres insize.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, orhay.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are wetness and theoccasional flooding. The planting of early season cropsis delayed in some years because of the flooding. Thesurface layer is friable and easy to keep in good tilth. Itcan be worked over a wide range of moisture content.

32 Soil Survey

Shallow ditches can help to remove excess surfacewater. Using minimum tillage and returning all cropresidue to the soil or regularly adding other organicmatter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth andthe content of organic matter. Most crops respond wellto applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Wetness and the occasional flooding are the mainmanagement concerns. Coastal bermudagrass andbahiagrass are the most commonly grown grasses.Shallow ditches can help to remove excess surfacewater. Deferred or restricted grazing during very wetperiods helps to keep the pasture in good condition.Applications of lime and fertilizer improve the fertilityof the soil and promote the growth of forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species other than loblolly pine thatcommonly grow in areas of this soil include longleafpine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, cherrybark oak, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 95. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofgreenbrier, Alabama supplejack, switchcane,blackberry, panicums, longleaf uniola, poison ivy,sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting activities should be planned forseasons when the soil is dry. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation. The competing vegetation can becontrolled by site preparation or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.The main management concerns are the flooding andwetness. Although it is generally not feasible to control

Figure 3.—Wheat and oats in an area of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Cool-season grassessuch as these provide supplemental grazing to deer and turkey during winter and spring.


the flooding, pilings or mounds can elevate buildingsabove the expected level of flooding. Septic tankabsorption fields may not function properly because ofthe seasonal high water table. Enlarging the size of theabsorption field or using an alternative method of wastedisposal helps to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several tracts of land, can increase theamount of palatable browse for deer and the number ofseed-producing plants for quail and turkey.


FaA—Faunsdale silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is ontoeslopes and at the heads of drainageways in theuplands of the Blackland Prairie. Slopes are long andsmooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Theyrange from 5 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownsilty clay about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is clay andextends to a depth of 62 inches. It is olive gray in theupper part, olive gray and has brownish and grayishmottles in the next part, and light olive brown and hasyellowish and grayish mottles in the lower part. Softmasses and concretions of calcium carbonate arethroughout the profile.

Important properties of the Faunsdale soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: HighFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofOkolona, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils.Okolona soils are in slightly higher positions than theFaunsdale soil. They have a thick, dark-colored surfacelayer. Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow flood plainsand are subject to frequent flooding. Sumter soils are inhigher positions than the Faunsdale soil. They are

moderately deep over bedrock. Vaiden soils are inslightly higher positions than the Faunsdale soil. Theyare acid in the upper part of the solum. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture andhay. A few areas are used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are poor tilth and wetness.This soil can be worked only within a narrow range ofmoisture content. It becomes cloddy if tilled when toowet or too dry. Returning all crop residue to the soilimproves tilth, reduces crusting, and increases theavailable water capacity. The wetness delays plantingof early season crops in most years. Proper rowarrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets canhelp to remove excess water.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Wetness is the main limitation. Shallow ditches canhelp to remove excess surface water. Tall fescue,dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the most commonlygrown grasses. The seedbed should be prepared on thecontour or across the slope. Proper stocking rates,pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wetperiods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

This map unit is suited to eastern redcedar andhardwoods. Species other than eastern redcedar thatcommonly grow in areas of this soil include sugarberry,green ash, and pecan. On the basis of a 50-year sitecurve, the site index for eastern redcedar is 40. Theaverage annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years ofage is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understoryvegetation consists mainly of panicums,Johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, blackberry,MaCartney rose, winged elm, sugarberry, osageorange,and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment, the seedlingmortality rate, and plant competition. Wetness and theclayey texture of the surface layer and the subsoilrestrict the use of equipment, especially during rainyperiods. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting and management activitiesshould be planned for seasons when the soil is dry.Planting rates can be increased to compensate for thehigh rate of seedling mortality. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation unless sites receive intensive preparationand maintenance. Site preparation can control the

34 Soil Survey

initial plant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the high shrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, wetness,and low strength on sites for roads and streets. Ifexcavations are made, the cutbanks cave easily.Support beams should be used to maintain the stabilityof the cutbanks. Properly designing foundations andfootings and diverting runoff away from the buildingshelp to prevent the structural damage that results fromshrinking and swelling. Special design is needed forroads and streets to compensate for the instability ofthe subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do notfunction properly because of the very slowpermeability. An alternate method is needed to disposeof sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, andsquirrel can be improved by planting appropriatevegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, orpromoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.Habitat for openland wildlife can be improved byplanting grasses and other seed-producing plantsaround cropland and pasture. Habitat for wetlandwildlife can be improved by constructing shallow pondsthat provide open water areas for waterfowl andfurbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 3C.

FaB—Faunsdale silty clay, 1 to 3 percentslopes

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is ontoeslopes and side slopes in the uplands of theBlackland Prairie. Slopes are long and smooth.Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from10 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clayabout 5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of66 inches. It is olive gray silty clay in the upper part,olive gray clay that has brownish and grayish mottlesin the next part, and olive brown clay that hasyellowish and grayish mottles in the lower part. Softmasses and concretions of calcium carbonate arethroughout the profile.

Important properties of the Faunsdale soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0


Included in mapping are a few small areas ofOkolona, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils.Okolona soils are in slightly higher positions thanthe Faunsdale soil. They have a thick, dark-coloredsurface layer. Sucarnoochee soils are on narrowflood plains and are subject to frequent flooding.Sumter soils are in higher positions than theFaunsdale soil. They are moderately deep overbedrock. Vaiden soils are in slightly higher positionsthan the Faunsdale soil. They are acid in the upperpart of the solum. Included soils make up about 10percent of the map unit. Individual areas generallyare less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture andhay. A few areas are used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are poor tilth, themoderate hazard of erosion, and wetness. This soil canbe worked only within a narrow range of moisturecontent. It becomes cloddy if tilled when too wet or toodry. Conservation tillage, contour farming, and covercrops help to reduce the runoff rate and control erosion.Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth,reduces crusting, and increases the available watercapacity. The wetness delays planting of early seasoncrops in most years. Proper row arrangement, shallowfield ditches, and vegetated outlets can help to removeexcess water.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Wetness is the main limitation. Shallow ditches canhelp to remove excess surface water. Tall fescue,dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the most commonlygrown grasses. The seedbed should be prepared onthe contour or across the slope. Proper stockingrates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing duringwet periods help to keep the pasture in goodcondition.

This map unit is suited to eastern redcedar andhardwoods. Species other than eastern redcedar thatcommonly grow in areas of this soil include sugarberry,green ash, and pecan. On the basis of a 50-year sitecurve, the site index for eastern redcedar is 40. Theaverage annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years ofage is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understoryvegetation consists mainly of panicums,


Johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, blackberry,MaCartney rose, winged elm, sugarberry, osageorange,and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment, the seedlingmortality rate, and plant competition. Wetness and theclayey texture of the surface layer and the subsoilrestrict the use of equipment, especially during rainyperiods. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting and management activitiesshould be planned for seasons when the soil is dry.Planting rates can be increased to compensate forthe high rate of seedling mortality. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can preventadequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition,and herbicides can be used to control thesubsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the high shrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, wetness,and low strength on sites for roads and streets. Ifexcavations are made, the cutbanks cave easily.Support beams should be used to maintain the stabilityof the cutbanks. Properly designing foundations andfootings and diverting runoff away from the buildingshelp to prevent the structural damage that results fromshrinking and swelling. Special design is needed forroads and streets to compensate for the instability ofthe subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do notfunction properly because of the very slowpermeability. An alternate method is needed to disposeof sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, andsquirrel can be improved by planting appropriatevegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, orpromoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.Habitat for openland wildlife can be improved byplanting grasses and other seed-producing plantsaround cropland and pasture. Habitat for wetlandwildlife can be improved by constructing shallow pondsthat provide open water areas for waterfowl andfurbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 3C.

FvA—Fluvaquents, ponded

This map unit consists of very deep, very poorlydrained soils in swales, sloughs, oxbows, beaverponds, and other shallow depressions on flood plainsalong streams that drain the Coastal Plain. Slopes aresmooth and concave. Most areas are subject toponding for several months in most years. Individualareas vary in shape from circular to long and narrow.They range from 5 to 200 acres in size.

Important properties of the Fluvaquents—

Permeability: SlowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, from 2.0 feet

above the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot fromJanuary through December

Shrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through December

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofMantachie and Iuka soils. The somewhat poorlydrained Mantachie and moderately well drainedIuka soils are in slightly higher positions than theFluvaquents. They are not subject to ponding.Included soils make up about 5 percent of the mapunit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres insize.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodlandand for wildlife habitat. This map unit is not suited tocultivated crops, pasture, or hay. Wetness, ponding, andthe flooding are severe limitations affecting these uses.

This map unit is suited to the production ofbaldcypress, water tupelo, and green ash. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this map unitinclude blackgum, sweetgum, overcup oak, red maple,and swamp tupelo. The understory vegetation consistsmainly of black alder, bulrush, sedges, greenbrier,ferns, switchcane, red maple, and black willow.

The main management concerns are the restricteduse of equipment, the seedling mortality rate, and plantcompetition. The seasonal high water table and theponding restrict the use of equipment to periods whenthe soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soils are wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soils and helps to maintainproductivity. The high seedling mortality rate is causedby excessive wetness. It can be compensated for by

36 Soil Survey

planting on beds or increasing the number of treesplanted. Plant competition can prevent adequatenatural or artificial reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, andherbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. Theponding, wetness, and the frequent flooding are severelimitations affecting most uses. Well-compacted fillcan elevate buildings and roads above the expectedlevel of flooding.

This map unit has poor potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and good potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for openland andwoodland wildlife can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existingplant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can beimproved by providing more open water areas forwaterfowl and furbearers and by planting mastproducing trees.

The capability subclass is VIIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 5W.

KmA—Kinston-Mantachie complex, 0 to 1percent slopes, frequently flooded

This map unit consists of the very deep, poorlydrained Kinston soil and the somewhat poorly drainedMantachie soil on flood plains along streams that drainthe Coastal Plain. These soils are subject to frequentflooding for brief periods several times each year. Thesoils occur as areas so intricately intermingled thatthey could not be mapped separately at the scaleselected for mapping. The Kinston soil makes up about45 percent of the map unit, and the Mantachie soilmakes up about 40 percent. Individual areas are longand narrow. They range from 10 to more than 400 acresin size.

The Kinston soil is in flat to concave positions,generally at the lowest elevations on the flood plain.Typically, the surface layer is dark brown clay loamabout 5 inches thick. The next layer is dark grayishbrown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The substratumextends to a depth of 65 inches. It is light brownishgray silt loam in the upper part, gray silty clay loamand loam in the next part, and grayish brown loamysand in the lower part. The substratum has mottles inshades of brown and yellow throughout.

Important properties of the Kinston soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: High

Organic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from January to JueShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

The Mantachie soil is on the higher, more convexparts of the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer isdark brown loam about 6 inches thick. The next layer isbrown loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is sandyclay loam and extends to a depth of 62 inches. In theupper part, it is mottled yellowish brown and lightbrownish gray. In the next part, it is light brownish grayand has brownish mottles. In the lower part, it is grayand light brownish gray.

Important properties of the Mantachie soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 1.5 feet from January through AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofCahaba, Iuka, Mooreville, and Ochlockonee soils. Thewell drained Cahaba soils are on low knolls orremnants of terraces at the slightly higher elevations.They are not subject to frequent flooding. Themoderately well drained Iuka and Mooreville soils andthe well drained Ochlockonee soils are on high parts ofnatural levees. Also included are small areas of verypoorly drained Fluvaquents in depressions that aresubject to ponding. Included soils make up about 15percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally areless than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are wooded and areused for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used forpasture, hay, or cultivated crops.

This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivatedcrops. The frequent flooding and the wetness are themain management concerns. If cultivated crops aregrown, a surface drainage system and protection fromthe flooding are needed.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture andhay because of the frequent flooding and the


wetness. If areas are used for pasture or hay,grasses that tolerate the wet soil conditions shouldbe selected. Common bermudagrass is suitable.Shallow ditches can help to remove excess waterfrom the surface.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwood that commonly growin areas of this map unit include sweetgum, Americansycamore, yellow-poplar, willow oak, water oak, swampchestnut oak, and green ash. On the basis of a 50-yearsite curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 100. Theaverage annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is2.7 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetationconsists mainly of sweetgum, blackgum, water oak,Alabama supplejack, panicums, sweetbay, green ash,and red maple.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are therestricted use of equipment, the seedling mortalityrate, and plant competition. The seasonal high watertable and the flooding restrict the use of equipment toperiods when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeledand tracked equipment when the soils are wet resultsin rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure groundequipment reduces damage to the soils and helps tomaintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rateis caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced byplanting on beds or compensated for by increasing thenumber of trees planted (fig. 4). Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation unless sites receive intensive preparationand maintenance. Site preparation can control theinitial plant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

Figure 4.—Loblolly pine planted on raised beds in an area of Kinston-Mantachie complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes,frequently flooded. This management practice is common in the county on poorly drained soils, such as thisKinston soil.

38 Soil Survey

flooding and wetness are severe limitations affectingmost uses. Although it is generally not feasible tocontrol the flooding, pilings or mounds can elevatebuildings above the expected level of flooding.

The Kinston soil has poor potential for openlandwildlife habitat, fair potential for woodland wildlifehabitat, and good potential for wetland wildlife habitat.The Mantachie soil has fair potential for openland andwetland wildlife habitat and good potential for woodlandwildlife habitat. Habitat for openland and woodlandwildlife can be improved by planting or encouraging thegrowth of oak trees and suitable understory plants.Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is Vw. The woodlandordination symbol is 11W.

LdA—Lucedale loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broadsummits of high stream terraces. Slopes are long andsmooth. Individual areas generally are broad or oblong.They range from 10 to 600 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brownloam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to adepth of 72 inches. It is dark red loam in the upperpart, dark red clay loam in the next part, and dark redsandy clay loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Lucedale soil—


Included in mapping are a few small areas ofBama and Smithdale soils. Bama soils are inlandscape positions similar to those of the Lucedalesoil. They do not have dark red colors throughout thesubsoil. Smithdale soils are on the lower parts ofslopes. They also do not have dark red colorsthroughout the subsoil. Also included are a fewsmall areas of poorly drained soils in shallowdepressions. Included soils make up about 10percent of the map unit. Individual areas generallyare less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used ashomesites, and a few other areas are wooded.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Ithas few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility,however, is a management concern. The surface layeris friable and easy to keep in good tilth. It can be tilledover a wide range of moisture content withoutbecoming cloddy. Using conservation practices, suchas cover crops, minimum tillage, and returning allcrop residue to the soil or regularly adding otherorganic matter, improves fertility and helps to maintaintilth and the content of organic matter. Most cropsrespond well to systematic applications of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Ithas no significant limitations affecting these uses. Lowfertility, however, is a management concern. Coastalbermudagrass and bahiagrass are the most commonlygrown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keepthe pasture in good condition. Applications of lime andfertilizer improve the fertility of the soil and increasethe production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords peracre per year. The understory vegetation consistsmainly of little bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums,poison ivy, greenbrier, flowering dogwood, andsweetgum.

This map unit has few limitations affecting timbermanagement. Plant competition is a minormanagement concern. Using proper site preparationand spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminateunwanted weeds, brush, and trees.


This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the naturalestablishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burningevery three years, rotated among several small tractsof land, can increase the amount of palatable browsefor deer and the number of seed-producing plants forquail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordinationsymbol is 9A.


LnC—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 8 percentslopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopesand narrow ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes generallyare short and complex. Most areas are irregular inshape. They range from 10 to 250 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandyloam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to adepth of 41 inches. It is yellowish red clay in the upperpart, yellowish red clay that has strong brown mottlesin the next part, and red sandy clay loam that hasstrong brown mottles in the lower part. The substratum,to a depth of 60 inches, is stratified red, gray, andyellowish brown sandy clay loam, sandy loam, andloamy sand.

Important properties of the Luverne soil—

Permeability: Moderately slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Iuka,Kinston, Sacul, and Smithdale soils. The moderatelywell drained Iuka and poorly drained Kinston soils areon narrow flood plains. Sacul and Smithdale soils are inlandscape positions similar to those of the Luvernesoil. Sacul soils have grayish mottles in the upper partof the subsoil. Smithdale soils are loamy throughout.Included soils make up about 15 percent of the mapunit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres insize.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodlandor pasture. A few areas are used for cultivated crops orhay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The mainmanagement concerns are the low fertility and asevere hazard of erosion. Terraces, contour farming,minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rateand help to control erosion. Installing drop-inletstructures in grassed waterways helps to preventgullying. Using a sod-based rotation system andincorporating crop residue into the soil increase thecontent of organic matter and improve tilth. Most cropsrespond well to systematic applications of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Erosion is a hazard if the surface is left bare during the

establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on thecontour or across the slope to minimize soil losses.Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restrictedgrazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help tokeep the pasture in good condition. Applications of limeand fertilizer improve the fertility of the soil andincrease the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly oflittle bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy,huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, andflowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. The low strength of the clayey subsoilrestricts the use of equipment, especially when the soilis wet. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipmentwhen the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction.Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damageto the soil and helps to maintain productivity. Plantcompetition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, andherbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It hasmoderate limitations affecting building sites and severelimitations affecting local roads and streets and mostkinds of sanitary facilities. The main managementconcerns are the moderate shrink-swell potential, themoderately slow permeability, and the low strength onsites for local roads and streets. The effects ofshrinking and swelling can be minimized by usingproper engineering designs and by backfilling withmaterial that has low shrink-swell potential. Roads andstreets should be designed to offset the limited abilityof the soil to support a load. Septic tank absorptionfields may not function properly because of therestricted permeability. Enlarging the size of theabsorption field or using an alternative method of wastedisposal helps to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, andsquirrel can be improved by planting or encouraging thegrowth of oak trees and suitable understory plants.

40 Soil Survey

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated amongseveral small tracts of land, can increase the amountof palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat forwetland wildlife can be improved by constructingshallow ponds that provide open water areas forwaterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9C.

LsD—Luverne-Smithdale complex, 8 to 15percent slopes

This map unit consists of the very deep, welldrained Luverne and Smithdale soils. It is on sideslopes of highly dissected uplands. The soils occur asareas so intricately intermingled that they could not bemapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.The Luverne soil makes up about 50 percent of themap unit, and the Smithdale soil makes up about 35percent. Slopes generally are short and complex.Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from25 to more than 1,000 acres in size.

The Luverne soil is generally on the middle andlower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer isdark brown sandy loam about 9 inches thick. Thesubsoil extends to a depth of 42 inches. It is red clayin the upper part and yellowish red sandy clay loam inthe lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 60inches, is stratified reddish and grayish sandy clayloam, sandy loam, and loamy sand.


Permeability: Moderately slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

The Smithdale soil generally is on the upper parts ofslopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically, the surfacelayer is brown sandy loam about 7 inches thick. Thesubsurface layer, to a depth of 12 inches, is pale brownsandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 60inches. It is yellowish red sandy clay loam in the upperpart and red sandy loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Smithdale soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil;moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Iuka,Kinston, Sacul, and Savannah soils. Also included areareas of soils that are similar to the Smithdale soil,except that they have thick, sandy surface andsubsurface layers. The moderately well drained Iukaand poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow floodplains. Sacul soils are in landscape positions similar tothose of the Luverne soil. They have grayish mottles inthe upper part of the subsoil. Savannah soils are onnarrow ridgetops. They have a fragipan. Included soilsmake up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodlandand for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used forpasture and hay.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,mainly because the slopes are too steep and thehazard of erosion is too severe. The irregular slope andthe low fertility are also management concerns.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.The main management concerns are the slope, the lowfertility, and a severe hazard of erosion. Properstocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazingduring wet periods help to keep the pasture in goodcondition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of these soilsinclude shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofgreenbrier, poison oak, little bluestem, honeysuckle,waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, American beautyberry,yellow jessamine, huckleberry, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, andplant competition. Exposing the surface by removingground cover increases the hazard of erosion, includingrill and gully erosion. Roads, landings, and skid trailscan be protected against erosion by constructingdiversions, mulching, and seeding. The slope restrictsthe use of equipment. Using standard wheeled andtracked equipment when the soils are wet results in


rutting and compaction. Plant competition reduces thegrowth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestationunless sites receive intensive preparation andmaintenance. Site preparation can control the initialplant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Itis generally not suitable as a site for buildings becauseof the slope. Other management concerns include themoderately slow permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential, and the low strength of the Luvernesoil.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the naturalestablishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burningevery three years, rotated among several tracts ofland, can increase the amount of palatable browse fordeer and the number of seed-producing plants for quailand turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improvedby constructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9C in areas of the Luverne soiland 9A in areas of the Smithdale soil.

MaA—Myatt fine sandy loam, 0 to 1percent slopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, poorly drained soil is on lowterraces adjacent to major streams throughout thecounty. It is subject to occasional flooding, usually inlate winter and early spring. Most mapped areas arelong and narrow, but some are broad. Individual areasrange from 10 to more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownfine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoilextends to a depth of 53 inches. It is light brownishgray clay loam that has brownish mottles in the upperpart, gray clay loam that has brownish mottles in thenext part, and gray sandy clay loam that has brownishand reddish mottles in the lower part. The substratum,to a depth of 72 inches, is light brownish gray sandyloam.

Important properties of the Myatt soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface toa depth of 1.0 foot from January to April

Shrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Occasional, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofCahaba and Columbus soils. These included soils arein slightly higher, more convex positions than the Myattsoil. Cahaba soils are well drained and have reddishcolors in the subsoil. Columbus soils are moderatelywell drained and have brownish colors in the subsoil.Included soils make up about 10 percent of the mapunit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres insize.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodlandand for wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used forcultivated crops or pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops,pasture, and hay. Wetness and the occasional floodingare the main management concerns. If cultivated cropsare grown, a surface drainage system and protectionfrom flooding are needed. If areas are used for pastureor hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions shouldbe selected. Common bermudagrass is suitable.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwoods that commonly growin areas of this map unit include sweetgum, water oak,willow oak, swamp chestnut oak, and green ash. Onthe basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index forloblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of wellstocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pineat 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. Theunderstory vegetation consists mainly of red maple,water oak, green ash, sweetgum, panicums, sweetbay,greenbrier, switchcane, blackberry, Alabamasupplejack, and ironwood.

This map unit has severe limitations affectingtimber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, theseedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Theseasonal high water table and the flooding restrictthe use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry.Using standard wheeled and tracked equipmentwhen the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. The high seedling mortality rate iscaused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced byplanting on beds, or it can be compensated for byincreasing the number of trees planted. Plantcompetition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, and

42 Soil Survey

herbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are wetness and theoccasional flooding. Although it is generally notfeasible to control the flooding, pilings or mounds canelevate buildings above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has fair potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and good potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can beimproved by constructing shallow ponds that provideopen water areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IVw. The woodlandordination symbol is 9W.

McA—Myatt-Columbus complex, 0 to 2percent slopes, occasionally flooded

These very deep, poorly drained and moderatelywell drained soils are on low terraces that parallel theTombigbee and Sipsey Rivers. They are subject tooccasional flooding, usually in late winter and earlyspring. The soils occur as areas so intricatelyintermingled that they could not be mapped separatelyat the scale selected for mapping. The Myatt soilmakes up about 50 percent of the map unit, and theColumbus soil makes up about 40 percent. Mostmapped areas are oblong, but some are broad.Individual areas range from 10 to more than 1,000acres in size.

The poorly drained Myatt soil is in flat or slightlyconcave positions between low ridges. Typically, thesurface layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loamabout 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depthof 9 inches, is light brownish gray fine sandy loam. Thesubsoil extends to a depth of 50 inches. It is lightbrownish gray sandy clay loam that has brownishmottles in the upper part and is gray sandy clay loamthat has brownish and reddish mottles in the lower part.The substratum, to a depth of 70 inches, is gray sandyloam.

Important properties of the Myatt soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Occasional, for brief periods from January

through April

The moderately well drained Columbus soil is onslightly convex, low ridges. Typically, the surface layeris dark grayish brown loam about 4 inches thick. Thesubsurface layer, to a depth of 8 inches, is lightyellowish brown sandy loam. The subsoil extends to adepth of 44 inches. It is yellowish brown clay loam inthe upper part and mottled yellowish brown, lightbrownish gray, and yellowish red loam in the lower part.The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is mottledlight brownish gray and yellowish brown sandy loam.

Important properties of the Columbus soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.0


through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofAnnemaine, Cahaba, and Kinston soils. Annemaineand Cahaba soils are in slightly higher, more convexpositions than the Columbus and Myatt soils.Annemaine soils have a reddish, clayey subsoil.Cahaba soils have a reddish, loamy subsoil. The poorlydrained Kinston soils are in narrow drainageways andare subject to frequent flooding. Included soils make upabout 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areasgenerally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.A few small areas are used for cultivated crops,pasture, or hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops,pasture, and hay. Wetness and the occasional floodingare the main management concerns. If cultivated cropsare grown, a surface drainage system and protectionfrom flooding are needed. If areas are used for pastureor hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions shouldbe selected. Common bermudagrass is suitable.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwoods that commonly growin areas of this map unit include sweetgum, yellow-poplar, water oak, willow oak, swamp chestnut oak,


cherrybark oak, and green ash. On the basis of a 50-yearsite curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90 in areas ofthe Myatt soil and 95 in areas of the Columbus soil. Theaverage annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is2.2 cords per acre per year in areas of the Myatt soil and2.5 cords per acre per year in areas of the Columbussoil. The understory vegetation consists mainly of redmaple, water oak, green ash, sweetgum, longleaf uniola,panicums, switchcane, waxmyrtle, greenbrier, poison ivy,and blackberry.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. The seasonal high water table and theflooding restrict the use of equipment to periods whenthe soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soils are wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soils and helps to maintainproductivity. Plant competition reduces the growth oftrees and can prevent adequate reforestation unlesssites receive intensive preparation and maintenance.Site preparation can control the initial plantcompetition, and herbicides can be used to control thesubsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas moderate and severe limitations affecting buildingsites, local roads and streets, and most kinds ofsanitary facilities. The main management concerns arewetness and the occasional flooding. Although it isgenerally not feasible to control the flooding, pilings ormounds can elevate buildings above the expectedlevel of flooding.

This map unit has fair potential for wetland wildlifehabitat and good potential for openland and woodlandwildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can beimproved by constructing or maintaining shallow pondsthat provide open water areas for waterfowl andfurbearers.

The capability subclass is IVw in areas of the Myattsoil and IIw in areas of the Columbus soil. Thewoodland ordination symbol is 9W in areas of theMyatt soil and 10W in areas of the Columbus soil.

OcA—Ochlockonee-Kinston-Iukacomplex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,frequently flooded

This map unit consists of the very deep, welldrained Ochlockonee soil, the poorly drained Kinston

soil, and the moderately well drained Iuka soil on theflood plains along the Sipsey River. These soils aresubject to frequent flooding of brief duration. The soilsoccur as areas so intricately intermingled that theycould not be mapped separately at the scale selectedfor mapping. The Ochlockonee soil makes up about 45percent of the map unit, the Kinston soil makes upabout 30 percent, and the Iuka soil makes up about 20percent. Individual areas are long and narrow. Theyrange from 10 to 1000 acres in size.

The Ochlockonee soil is on high parts of the naturallevee. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown andbrown sandy loam about 11 inches thick. Thesubstratum extends to a depth of 65 inches. It isyellowish brown sandy loam in the upper part andyellowish brown loamy sand in the lower part.

Important properties of the Ochlockonee soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

The Kinston soil is in flat to concave positions atthe lowest elevations on the flood plain. Typically, thesurface layer is dark brown loam about 4 inches thick.The substratum extends to a depth of 68 inches. It isgray silt loam that has brownish mottles in the upperpart, gray silty clay loam that has brownish mottles inthe next part, and stratified grayish brown loamy sand,sand, and sandy loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Kinston soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from January to JuneShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

The Iuka soil is on intermediate parts of the naturallevee. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown siltloam and loam about 10 inches thick. The substratum

44 Soil Survey

extends to a depth of 60 inches. It is pale brown sandyloam in the upper part, light brownish gray sandy loamin the next part, and light brownish gray loamy sand inthe lower part.

Important properties of the Iuka soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0


through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofBigbee, Cahaba, and Columbus soils. Bigbee soils areon the high parts of natural levees and are sandythroughout. Cahaba and Columbus soils are in slightlyhigher positions on low terraces adjacent to areas ofthe Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils. Cahabasoils have reddish colors in the subsoil. Columbussoils have brownish colors in the subsoil. Also includedare small areas of Fluvaquents in depressions that areponded for long periods. Included soils make up about5 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generallyare less than 5 acres in size.


This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.The frequent flooding is the main managementconcern. If cultivated crops are grown, protection fromflooding is needed.

These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Thefrequent flooding is the main management concern.Scouring and deposition by fast-flowing water maydamage crops and structures. Proper stocking rates,pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during very wetperiods help to keep the pasture in good condition.Applications of lime and fertilizer improve the fertilityof the soil and increase the growth of forage plants.

These soils are well suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwood that commonly growin areas of these soils include yellow-poplar, water oak,American sycamore, green ash, eastern cottonwood,and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,the site index for loblolly pine is 100. The averageannual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanagedstands of loblolly pine is 2.7 cords per acre per year.The understory vegetation consists mainly ofgreenbrier, blackberry, panicums, poison ivy, Alabama

supplejack, red maple, sweetgum, sweetbay, and wateroak.

These soils have moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, theseedling mortality rate, and plant competition andflooding and wetness in late winter and in spring.Harvesting activities should be planned for summerand fall to avoid the delays and damage caused by theflooding. The flooding and the accompanying scouringand deposition result in increased seedling mortality,which can be compensated for by increasing thenumber of trees planted. Plant competition reduces thegrowth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestationunless sites receive adequate preparation andmaintenance. Site preparation can control the initialplant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. Theflooding is the main hazard. Although it is generally notfeasible to control the flooding, pilings or mounds canelevate buildings above the expected level of flooding.

The Ochlockonee and Iuka soils have fair potentialfor openland wildlife habitat and good potential forwoodland wildlife habitat. The Kinston soil has poorpotential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat.The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is fair in areasof the Kinston soil and poor in areas of theOchlockonee and Iuka soils. Habitat can be improvedby planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the naturalestablishment of desirable plants. Habitat for wetlandwildlife can also be improved by constructing shallowponds that provide open water for waterfowl andfurbearers.

The capability subclass is Vw. The woodlandordination symbol is 11W.

OkA—Okolona silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onbroad ridgetops in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie.Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas areirregular in shape. They range from 10 to 350 acres insize.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayishbrown silty clay about 4 inches thick. The next layer, toa depth of 16 inches, is black clay. The subsoil is alsoclay and extends to a depth of 65 inches. It is olivegray in the upper part and mottled olive, olive gray,olive brown, and dark yellowish brown in the lower part.Soft masses and nodules of calcium carbonate arethroughout the profile.


Important properties of the Okolona soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4.0


Included in mapping are a few small areas ofSucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils. Thesomewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils are onnarrow flood plains. Sumter soils are in higher positionsthan the Okolona soil. They do not have thick, dark-colored surface and subsurface layers. Vaiden soils arein slightly lower positions than the Okolona soil. Theydo not have thick, dark-colored surface layers and areacid in the upper part of the solum. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops. A few areas are used for pasture and hay.

This map unit is well suited to most cultivatedcrops. The main limitation is poor tilth. This soil can beworked only within a narrow range of moisture content.It becomes cloddy if tilled when too wet or too dry.Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth,reduces crusting, and increases the available watercapacity.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tallfescue, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the mostcommonly grown grasses. The seedbed should beprepared on the contour or across the slope. Properstocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazingduring wet periods help to keep the pasture in goodcondition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improvethe fertility of the soil and increase the production offorage.

This map unit is suited to eastern redcedar andhardwoods. Species other than eastern redcedar thatcommonly grow in areas of this soil include sugarberryand pecan. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for eastern redcedar is 40. The averageannual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanagedstands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140board feet per acre per year. The understory vegetationconsists mainly of panicums, Johnsongrass,blackberry, MaCartney rose, winged elm, osageorange,broomsedge bluestem, and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concerns

are the restricted use of equipment, the seedlingmortality rate, and plant competition. The clayeytexture of the surface layer and subsoil restricts theuse of equipment, especially during rainy periods.Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment whenthe soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Usinglow-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to thesoil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting andmanagement activities should be planned for seasonswhen the soil is dry. Planting rates can be increased tocompensate for the high rate of seedling mortality.Plant competition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, andherbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.It has severe limitations affecting building sites,local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitaryfacilities. The main management concerns are the highshrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, andlow strength on sites for roads and streets. Ifexcavations are made, the cutbanks cave easily.Support beams should be used to maintain the stabilityof cutbanks. Properly designing foundations andfootings and diverting runoff away from the buildingshelp to prevent the structural damage that results fromshrinking and swelling. Special design is needed forroads and streets to compensate for the instability ofthe subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do notfunction properly because of the very slowpermeability. An alternate method is needed to disposeof sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel canbe improved by planting appropriate vegetation,maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting thenatural establishment of desirable plants. Habitat foropenland wildlife can be improved by planting grassesand other seed-producing plants around cropland andpasture. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIs. The woodlandordination symbol is 3C.

OkB—Okolona silty clay, 1 to 3 percentslopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onbroad ridgetops in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie.Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas are

46 Soil Survey

irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 300 acres insize.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayishbrown silty clay about 6 inches thick. The next layer, toa depth of 22 inches, is black clay. The subsoil is alsoclay and extends to a depth of 65 inches. It is olivegray in the upper part and mottled olive gray, olivebrown, and olive in the lower part. Soft masses andnodules of calcium carbonate are throughout theprofile.

Important properties of the Okolona soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4.0


Included in mapping are a few small areas ofSucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils. Thesomewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils are onnarrow flood plains. Sumter soils are in higher positionsthan the Okolona soil. They do not have thick, dark-colored surface and subsurface layers. Vaiden soils arein slightly lower positions than the Okolona soil. Theydo not have thick, dark-colored surface layers and areacid in the upper part of the solum. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used forcultivated crops. A few areas are used for pastureand hay.

This map unit is well suited to most cultivatedcrops. The main limitation is poor tilth. Erosion is amoderate hazard if this soil is cultivated. This soil canbe worked only within a narrow range of moisturecontent. It becomes cloddy if tilled when too wet or toodry. Conservation tillage, contour farming, and covercrops help to reduce the runoff rate and control erosion.Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth,reduces crusting, and increases the available watercapacity.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tallfescue, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the mostcommonly grown grasses. The seedbed should beprepared on the contour or across the slope. Properstocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazingduring wet periods help to keep the pasture in goodcondition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve

the fertility of the soil and increase the production offorage.

This map unit is suited to eastern redcedar andhardwoods. Species other than eastern redcedar thatcommonly grow in areas of this soil include sugarberryand pecan. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for eastern redcedar is 40. The averageannual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanagedstands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140board feet per acre per year. The understory vegetationconsists mainly of panicums, Johnsongrass,blackberry, MaCartney rose, winged elm, osageorange,broomsedge bluestem, and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment, the seedlingmortality rate, and plant competition. The clayeytexture of the surface layer and subsoil restricts theuse of equipment, especially during rainy periods.Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment whenthe soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Usinglow-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to thesoil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting andmanagement activities should be planned for seasonswhen the soil is dry. Planting rates can be increased tocompensate for the high rate of seedling mortality.Plant competition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, andherbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the high shrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, and lowstrength on sites for roads and streets. If excavationsare made, the cutbanks cave easily. Support beamsshould be used to maintain the stability of cutbanks.Properly designing foundations and footings anddiverting runoff away from the buildings help to preventthe structural damage that results from shrinking andswelling. Special design is needed for roads andstreets to compensate for the instability of the subsoil.Septic tank absorption fields do not function properlybecause of the very slow permeability. An alternatemethod is needed to dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel canbe improved by planting appropriate vegetation,maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting thenatural establishment of desirable plants. Habitat for


openland wildlife can be improved by planting grassesand other seed-producing plants around cropland andpasture. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 3C.

Pt—Pits

This map unit consists of open excavations fromwhich the original soil and underlying material havebeen removed for use at another location. Pits arescattered throughout the county, primarily in theCoastal Plain area. Individual areas generally arerectangular and range from 2 to 50 acres in size.

In upland areas, this map unit is mainly in areaswhere Bama, Lucedale, Luverne, and Smithdale soilshave been removed to a depth of 5 to 25 feet. In theseareas, this map unit has been used as a source ofconstruction material for highways and foundations andfor fill material. On low stream terraces, this map unitis mainly in areas where Bigbee, Cahaba, andColumbus soils have been removed to a depth of 5 to15 feet. In these areas, this map unit has been used asa source of sand and gravel.

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofundisturbed soils along the edges of mapped areas,areas that are ponded for long periods, and areas ofabandoned pits. The abandoned areas consist of pitsand spoil banks that are 10 to 25 feet high. The surfaceof these areas generally is a mixture of coarse sandand gravel. Reaction is extremely acid or very stronglyacid.

Most areas of this map unit do not supportvegetation. A few low-quality trees and sparse standsof grass are in some of the abandoned pits. This mapunit is unsuited to most uses. Extensive reclamationefforts are required to make areas suitable ascropland, pasture, or woodland or as a site for urbandevelopment. Onsite investigation and testing areneeded to determine the suitability of this unit for anyuses.

The capability subclass is VIIIs. This unit has notbeen assigned a woodland ordination symbol.

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, frequently flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on the high partsof the natural levee parallel to the Tombigbee River. It issubject to flooding for brief periods several times eachyear, usually in winter and spring. Individual areas

generally are long and narrow. They range from 10 to100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayishbrown loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extendsto a depth of 51 inches. It is dark brown loam in theupper part, dark yellowish brown loam in the next part,and strong brown and yellowish brown sandy clay loamin the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65inches, is yellowish brown sandy loam.

Important properties of the Riverview soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0


through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofBigbee, Mooreville, and Urbo soils. Bigbee soils are inslightly higher positions on the landscape than theRiverview soil. They are sandy throughout. Moorevillesoils are in slightly lower positions than the Riverviewsoil. They have grayish mottles in the upper part of thesubsoil. Urbo soils are in lower positions than theRiverview soil. They have a clayey subsoil. Includedsoils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodlandand for wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used forpasture and hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.The hazard of flooding is the main managementconcern. The flooding occurs mainly in late winter andearly spring but can occur throughout the year.Although crops can be grown in most years, theflooding delays planting or damages crops in someyears. Crops and drainage ditches may be damaged ordestroyed due to scouring and deposition by fast-flowing floodwater.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The mainmanagement concern is the frequent flooding. Cattle orother livestock need to be moved to higher areasduring flood periods. Proper stocking rates, pasturerotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods helpto keep the pasture in good condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwood that commonly growin areas of this soil include sweetgum, yellow-poplar,cherrybark oak, water oak, willow oak, American

48 Soil Survey

sycamore, sugarberry, eastern cottonwood, and greenash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the siteindex for loblolly pine is 100. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.7 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofcarpetgrass, longleaf uniola, panicums, blackberry,dwarf palmetto, red maple, Alabama supplejack, greenash, and winged elm.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. The seasonal high water table and theflooding restrict the use of equipment to periods whenthe soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Plant competition reduces the growth oftrees and can prevent adequate reforestation unlesssites receive intensive preparation and maintenance.Site preparation can control the initial plantcompetition, and herbicides can be used to controlsubsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. Themajor hazard is the frequent flooding. Although it isgenerally not feasible to control the flooding, pilings orwell-compacted fill can elevate buildings above theexpected level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and fair potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat for openland and woodlandwildlife can be improved by planting or encouraging thegrowth of oak trees and suitable understory plants.Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 11A.

SaC—Sacul sandy loam, 2 to 8 percentslopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onnarrow ridgetops and the upper parts of side slopes inthe uplands. Slopes generally are short and complex.Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from5 to more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loamabout 5 inches thick. The subsoil is clay and extendsto a depth of 42 inches. It is yellowish red in the upperpart, mottled strong brown and light gray in the nextpart, and mottled red, yellowish red, and light brownishgray in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65

inches, is mottled gray, light yellowish brown, andbrownish yellow clay loam.

Important properties of the Sacul soil—

Permeability: SlowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 4.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofLuverne and Smithdale soils. Luverne soils are on thehigher parts of slopes. They do not have grayishmottles in the upper part of the subsoil. Smithdale soilsare on knolls and the higher parts of ridgetops. Theyare loamy throughout the subsoil. Included soils makeup about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areasgenerally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.A few small areas are used for cultivated crops,pasture, or hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.The main management concerns are the short,complex slopes; the low fertility; and a severe hazardof erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that have aconcentrated flow of water on the surface.Conservation tillage, contour farming, and cover cropsreduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion.Returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly addingother organic matter improves fertility and helps tomaintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Mostcrops respond well to additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Themain management concerns are the low fertility and asevere hazard of erosion. Coastal bermudagrass andbahiagrass are the most commonly grown grasses.Tillage should be on the contour or across the slope ifpractical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, andrestricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periodshelp to keep the pasture in good condition. Applicationsof lime and fertilizer improve the fertility of the soil andpromote the growth of forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of


little bluestem, panicums, brackenfern, sumac, poisonoak, greenbrier, huckleberry, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment and plantcompetition. The low strength of the clayey subsoilrestricts the use of equipment when the soil is wet.Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment whenthe soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Usinglow-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to thesoil and helps to maintain productivity. Plantcompetition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation practices, such as chopping, burning, andapplying herbicides, help to control the initial plantcompetition and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas moderate limitations affecting building sites andsevere limitations affecting local roads and streets andmost kinds of sanitary facilities. The main managementconcerns are the slow permeability, wetness, themoderate shrink-swell potential, and low strength onsites for local roads and streets. Properly designingfoundations and footings and diverting runoff awayfrom the buildings help to prevent the structuraldamage that results from shrinking and swelling. Septictank absorption fields do not function properly duringrainy periods because of the slow permeability and theseasonal high water table. An alternative method ofsewage disposal is needed to dispose of sewageproperly.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetlandwildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the establishment of desirableplants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotatedamong several small tracts of land, can increase theamount of palatable browse for deer and the number ofseed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9C.

ShA—Savannah loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onnarrow to broad ridgetops on high terraces and inuplands. Slopes generally are long and smooth.Individual areas generally are irregular in shape. Theyrange from 5 to more than 500 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownloam about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 12 inches, is brown loam. The subsoil, to adepth of 26 inches, is yellowish brown loam. The nextlayer, to a depth of 65 inches, is a fragipan that isyellowish brown loam in the upper part and yellowishbrown clay loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Savannah soil—

Permeability: Moderately slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: 20 to 36 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama,Myatt, and Smithdale soils. Bama soils are on slightlyhigher knolls than the Savannah soil or are on moreconvex slopes. They have reddish colors in the subsoil.Myatt soils are in shallow depressions and are poorlydrained. Smithdale soils are on the lower parts ofslopes. They have a reddish subsoil. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used ashomesites, and a few other areas are wooded.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Ithas few limitations affecting this use. Tillage should beon the contour or across the slope. Maintaining cropresidue on or near the surface helps to control runoffand maintains tilth and the content of organic matter.Most crops respond well to systematic applications oflime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay(fig. 5). It has few limitations affecting these uses.Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the mostcommonly grown grasses. Applications of lime andfertilizer improve the fertility of the soil and increasethe production of forage and hay. Proper stockingrates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing duringvery wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture ingood condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On thebasis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblollypine is 85. The average annual growth of well stocked,even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year. Theunderstory vegetation consists mainly of littlebluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, flowering

50 Soil Survey

dogwood, southern red oak, sweetgum, andhuckleberry.

This map unit has few limitations affecting timbermanagement. Soil compaction and plant competitionare minor management concerns. Harvesting during thedrier periods helps to prevent compaction. Using propersite preparation and spraying, cutting, or girdling caneliminate unwanted weeds, brush, and trees.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. Ithas moderate limitations affecting building sites andlocal roads and streets and moderate and severelimitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are wetness and themoderately slow permeability. A subsurface drainagesystem can help to lower the water table. Septic tankabsorption fields do not function properly during rainyperiods because of the wetness and the moderatelyslow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorptionfield helps to overcome these limitations.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the naturalestablishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burningevery three years, rotated among several small tractsof land, can increase the amount of palatable browsefor deer and the number of seed-producing plants forquail and turkey. Leaving undisturbed areas ofvegetation around cropland and pasture provides foodand rest areas that improve habitat for openlandwildlife.


ShB—Savannah loam, 2 to 5 percentslopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is onside slopes of high stream terraces. Slopes generallyare long and smooth. Individual areas are irregular inshape. They range from 10 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownloam about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to adepth of 12 inches is brown loam. The subsoil, to a

Figure 5.—Coastal bermudagrass hay in an area of Savannah loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This moderately well drained soil iswell suited to hay and pasture.


depth of 26 inches, is yellowish brown loam. The nextlayer, to a depth of 65 inches, is a fragipan that isyellowish brown loam in the upper part and yellowishbrown clay loam in the lower part.

Important properties of the Savannah soil—

Permeability: Moderately slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: 20 to 30 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama,Luverne, Myatt, and Smithdale soils. Bama soils are inlandscape positions similar to those of the Savannahsoil. They have reddish colors in the subsoil and do nothave a fragipan. Luverne and Smithdale soils are onthe lower parts of slopes. Luverne soils are clayey inthe upper part of the subsoil. Smithdale soils have areddish subsoil and do not have a fragipan. The poorlydrained Myatt soils are in shallow depressions. Theyhave grayish colors in the subsoil. Included soils makeup about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areasgenerally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used forwoodland or for homesites.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are the low fertility and amoderate hazard of erosion. Conservation tillage,terraces, contour farming, and cover crops reduce therunoff rate and help to control erosion. Using minimumtillage and returning all crop residue to the soil orregularly adding other organic matter help improve andmaintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Cropsrespond well to systematic applications of lime andfertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Ithas few limitations affecting these uses. Coastalbermudagrass and bahiagrass are the most commonlygrown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dryperiods help to keep the pasture in good condition.Applications of lime and fertilizer improve the fertilityof the soil and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly oflittle bluestem, flowering dogwood, poison ivy,greenbrier, yellow jessamine, panicums, oak, andhickory.

This map unit has few limitations affecting timbermanagement. Soil compaction and plant competitionare minor management concerns. Harvesting during thedrier periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefullymanaged reforestation helps to control competitionfrom undesirable understory plants. Site preparationpractices, such as chopping, burning, and applyingherbicides, help to control initial plant competition andfacilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. Ithas moderate limitations affecting building sites andlocal roads and streets and has moderate and severelimitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are wetness and themoderately slow permeability. A subsurface drainagesystem can help to lower the water table. Septic tankabsorption fields do not function properly during rainyperiods because of the wetness and the moderatelyslow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorptionfield helps to overcome these limitations.

This map unit has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several small tracts of land, canincrease the amount of palatable browse for deer andthe number of seed-producing plants for quail andturkey. Leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation aroundcropland and pasture provides food and rest areas thatimprove habitat for openland wildlife, such as red fox,rabbits, quail, and songbirds.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 8W.

SmC—Smithdale sandy loam, 5 to 8percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrowridgetops and on side slopes in the uplands. Slopesgenerally are short and complex but are long andsmooth in some areas. Individual areas are irregular inshape. They range from 5 to more than 300 acres insize.

Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown sandyloam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to adepth of 65 inches. It is yellowish red clay loam and

52 Soil Survey

loam in the upper part, red loam and sandy clay loamin the next part, and red sandy loam in the lower part.



Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama,Kinston, Luverne, and Savannah soils. Bama soils arein positions similar to those of the Smithdale soils. Thesubsoil of the Bama soils does not have a significantdecrease in content of clay within a depth of 60 inches.The poorly drained Kinston soils are in narrowdrainageways. Luverne soils are on the lower parts ofslopes. They are clayey in the upper part of thesubsoil. Savannah soils are on the slightly higher partsof ridges and on the upper parts of slopes. They have afragipan. Included soils make up about 10 percent ofthe map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland,pasture, or hay. Some areas are used for cultivatedcrops, and a few areas are used as homesites.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The mainmanagement concerns are the short, complex slopes;the low fertility; and a severe hazard of erosion. Gulliesform readily in areas that have a concentrated flow ofwater on the surface. Sheet and rill erosion occur inmost areas, and large gullies are common.Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, andcover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to controlerosion. Installing drop-inlet structures in grassedwaterways helps to prevent gullying. Returning all cropresidue to the soil or regularly adding other organicmatter improves fertility and helps to maintain tilth andthe content of organic matter. Most crops respond wellto additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Themain management concerns are the low fertility and asevere hazard of erosion. Coastal bermudagrass andbahiagrass are the most commonly grown grasses.Tillage should be on the contour or across the slope ifpractical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, andrestricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periodshelp to keep the pasture in good condition. Applicationsof lime and fertilizer improve the fertility of the soil andpromote the growth of forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly oflittle bluestem, panicums, sumac, greenbrier,huckleberry, sweetgum, common persimmon, andflowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodlandmanagement. Competition from understory plants is aminor management concern. Carefully managedreforestation helps to control this competition. Sitepreparation practices, such as chopping, burning, andapplying herbicides, help to control the initial plantcompetition and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. Ithas slight limitations affecting most uses. Erosion is ahazard. Only the part of the site that is used forconstruction should be disturbed.

This soil has good potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several small tracts of land, canincrease the amount of palatable browse for deer andthe number of seed-producing plants for quail andturkey.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9A.

SnF—Smithdale-Luverne-Sacul complex,15 to 35 percent slopes

This map unit consists of the very deep, welldrained Smithdale and Luverne soils and themoderately well drained Sacul soil. It is on side slopesin highly dissected uplands. The soils occur as areasso intricately intermingled that they could not bemapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.The Smithdale soil makes up about 35 percent of themap unit, the Luverne soil makes up about 30 percent,and the Sacul soil makes up about 20 percent. Slopesgenerally are short and complex. Individual areas areirregular in shape. They range from 25 to more than1,000 acres in size.

The Smithdale soil generally is on the upper parts ofslopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically, the surfacelayer is yellowish brown sandy loam about 7 inches


thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65 inches. It isyellowish red and red sandy clay loam in the upper partand red sandy loam in the lower part.


Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil;moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: None

The Luverne soil generally is on the middle andlower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer isbrown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoilextends to a depth of 41 inches. It is yellowish red clayin the upper part and dark red clay loam that hasyellowish brown mottles in the lower part. Thesubstratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is stratified redsandy loam, strong brown loamy sand, and lightbrownish gray sandy clay loam.


Permeability: Moderately slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

The Sacul soil generally is on the lower parts ofslopes and on benches. Typically, the surface layer isdark grayish brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick.The subsurface layer, to a depth of 12 inches, is brownsandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 60inches. In the upper part, it is red clay that has grayishbrown mottles. In the next part, it is red clay loam thathas light brownish gray mottles. In the lower part, it isgray clay loam.

Important properties of the Sacul soil—

Permeability: SlowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0to 4.0 feet from January to April

Shrink-swell potential: HighFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofKinston, Mantachie, and Savannah soils. The poorlydrained Kinston and somewhat poorly drainedMantachie soils are on narrow flood plains. Savannahsoils are on narrow ridgetops. They have a fragipan.Also included are areas of soils that have a slope ofless than 15 percent or more than 35 percent. Includedsoils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.


This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,mainly because the slopes are too steep and thehazard of erosion is too severe. The irregular slope andthe low fertility are also limitations.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.The main management concerns are the slope, the lowfertility, and a severe hazard of erosion. The moresteeply sloping areas are best suited to native grasses.Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restrictedgrazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture ingood condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of these soilsinclude shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 85 in areas of theSmithdale soil and 90 in areas of the Luverne andSacul soils. The average annual growth of wellstocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pineat 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year inareas of the Smithdale soil and 2.2 cords per acre peryear in areas of the Luverne and Sacul soils. Theunderstory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier,poison oak, little bluestem, honeysuckle, waxmyrtle,muscadine grape, American beautyberry, red maple,yellow jessamine, huckleberry, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affectingtimber management. The main management concernsare a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, andplant competition. Exposing the surface by removingground cover increases the hazard of erosion, includingrill and gully erosion. Roads, landings, and skid trailscan be protected against erosion by constructingdiversions, mulching, and seeding. The slope restrictsthe use of equipment. Using standard wheeled andtracked equipment when the soils are wet results inrutting and compaction. Cable yarding systems aresafer and damage the soils less. Plant competition

54 Soil Survey

reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation unless sites receive intensive preparationand maintenance. Site preparation can control theinitial plant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Itis generally not suitable as a site for buildings becauseof the slope. Other management concerns include therestricted permeability, the shrink-swell potential, andthe low strength of the Luverne and Sacul soils.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlifehabitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, andvery poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitatcan be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting thenatural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribedburning every three years, rotated among severaltracts of land, can increase the amount of palatablebrowse for deer and the number of seed-producingplants for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlifecan be improved by constructing shallow ponds thatprovide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 9R.

SrA—Sucarnoochee silty clay, 0 to 1percent slopes, frequently flooded

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is onflood plains along streams in the Blackland Prairie. It issubject to flooding for brief periods several times eachyear. Individual areas generally are long and narrow.They range from 10 to 800 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayishbrown silty clay about 10 inches thick. The next layer,to a depth of 23 inches, is dark grayish brown clay thathas olive brown mottles. The subsoil, to a depth of 65inches, is dark gray clay that has brownish mottles.

Important properties of the Sucarnoochee soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5

to 1.5 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: HighFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofFaunsdale, Sumter, and Vaiden soils. These included

soils are on the edges of mapped areas in slightlyhigher positions than the Sucarnoochee soil. They arenot subject to flooding. Faunsdale and Sumter soils arecalcareous throughout. Vaiden soils are acid in theupper part of the subsoil. Also included are small areasof poorly drained soils in slight depressions. Includedsoils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture orhay. A few areas are used for cultivated crops orwoodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.The flooding and wetness are the main managementconcerns. Tillage and planting may be delayed inspring, and crops may be damaged by flooding in latespring and early summer. Although the flooding couldbe controlled by a system of levees and pumps,installing such a system commonly is impractical.Shallow ditches can help to remove water from thesurface.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The mainmanagement concerns are the frequent flooding andthe wetness. Grasses that are tolerant of wetness andflooding should be selected. Deferred grazing duringwet periods helps to keep the soil and sod in goodcondition. A drainage system can help to removeexcess water from the surface.

This map unit is well suited to cherrybark oak,sweetgum, water oak, and other hardwoods. Itgenerally is not suited to pine trees because it isalkaline within a depth of 20 inches. Other species ofhardwoods that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude green ash, American sycamore, willow oak,and yellow-poplar. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,the site index is 90 for water oak. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof water oak at 30 years of age is 1.0 cord per acre peryear. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofswitchcane, honey locust, poison ivy, winged elm,sweetgum, sugarberry, green ash, blackberry,osageorange, and panicums.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, theseedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Theseasonal high water table, the flooding, and the lowstrength of the subsoil restrict the use of equipment toperiods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeledand tracked equipment when the soil is wet results inrutting and compaction. Using low-pressure groundequipment reduces damage to the soil and helps tomaintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rateis caused by excessive wetness and the clayeytexture of the surface layer. It can be reduced by


planting on beds, or it can be compensated for byincreasing the number of trees planted. Plantcompetition reduces the growth of trees and canprevent adequate reforestation unless sites receiveintensive preparation and maintenance. Sitepreparation can control the initial plant competition, andherbicides can be used to control the subsequentgrowth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.The flooding, wetness, the very slow permeability, thehigh shrink-swell potential, and low strength on sitesfor local roads and streets are severe limitations.Pilings or well-compacted fill can elevate buildingsabove the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for woodlandwildlife habitat and fair potential for openland andwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishmentof desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife canbe improved by constructing shallow ponds thatprovide open water areas for waterfowl andfurbearers.

The capability subclass is IVw. The woodlandordination symbol is 6W.

SuC2—Sumter silty clay loam, 1 to 5percent slopes, eroded

This moderately deep, well drained soil is on sideslopes and narrow ridges in the Blackland Prairie. Inmost areas, the surface layer is a mixture of theoriginal surface and material from the subsoil. In someplaces, all of the original surface layer has beenremoved. Some areas have a few rills and shallowgullies. Slopes generally are short and complex.Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from10 to 150 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is olive gray silty clayloam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is clay andextends to a depth of 27 inches. It is pale olive inthe upper part, light yellowish brown in the next part,and light olive brown in the lower part. Thesubstratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is softlimestone (chalk).

Important properties of the Sumter soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inchesRoot zone: 20 to 40 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofFaunsdale, Okolona, and Sucarnoochee soils.Faunsdale and Okolona soils are on the lower parts ofslopes. They are very deep over bedrock. Thesomewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils are onnarrow flood plains. Included soils make up about 10percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally areless than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture andhay. A few areas are used for cultivated crops orwoodland.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The mainmanagement concerns are the slope, poor tilth, and asevere hazard of erosion. The surface layer is difficultto keep in good tilth where cultivation has mixed someof the subsoil into the plow layer. Contour farming,minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rateand help to control erosion (fig. 6). Using a sod-basedrotation system and incorporating crop residue into thesoil increase the content of organic matter and improvetilth.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.Erosion is a hazard if the surface is left bare during theestablishment of pasture. The seedbed should beprepared on the contour or across the slope wherepractical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, andrestricted grazing during wet periods help to keep thepasture in good condition.

This map unit is suited to the production of easternredcedar. It is generally not suited to the commercialproduction of pine trees because of alkaline materialswithin a depth of 20 inches. On the basis of a 50-yearsite curve, the site index for eastern redcedar is 40.The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years ofage is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understoryvegetation consists mainly of Johnsongrass,honeylocust, sugarberry, blackberry, panicums,MaCartney rose, winged elm, and osageorange.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, theseedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Theclayey texture of the surface layer restricts the use ofequipment when the soil is wet. Harvesting activitiesshould be planned for the drier parts of the year. Usinglow-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to thesoil and helps to maintain productivity.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the depth to

56 Soil Survey

bedrock, the very slow permeability, and the moderateshrink-swell potential. Properly designing foundationsand footings and diverting runoff away from thebuildings help to prevent the structural damage thatresults from shrinking and swelling. Septic tankabsorption fields do not function properly during rainyperiods because of the very slow permeability. Analternative system of sewage disposal is needed todispose of sewage properly. Maintaining the existingplant cover during construction helps to controlerosion.

This map unit has fair potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants.


SuE2—Sumter silty clay loam, 5 to 12percent slopes, eroded

This moderately deep, well drained soil is on sideslopes and narrow ridges in the uplands of the

Figure 6.—Soybeans planted directly into the residue remaining from the previous crop in an area of Sumter silty clay loam,1 to 5 percent slopes, eroded. Minimum tillage and management of crop residue help to increase the rate of waterinfiltration, reduce runoff, and control erosion.


Blackland Prairie. In most areas, the surface layer is amixture of the original surface and material from thesubsoil. In some places, all of the original surface layerhas been removed. Some areas have a few rills andshallow gullies. Slopes generally are short andcomplex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Theyrange from 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownsilty clay loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoilextends to a depth of 23 inches. It is pale olive siltyclay loam in the upper part, light yellowish brown siltyclay in the next part, and light olive brown silty clayloam in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of65 inches, is soft limestone (chalk).

Important properties of the Sumter soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: HighDepth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inchesRoot zone: 20 to 40 inchesSeasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deepShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofFaunsdale and Sucarnoochee soils. Faunsdale soilsare on toeslopes. They are very deep over bedrock.The somewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils areon narrow flood plains. Included soils make up about10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generallyare less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture orwoodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.The main management concerns are the slope, poortilth, and a severe hazard of erosion. The surface layeris difficult to keep in good tilth where cultivation hasmixed some of the subsoil into the plow layer. Contourfarming, minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce therunoff rate and help to control erosion. Using a sod-based rotation system and incorporating crop residueinto the soil increase the content of organic matter andimprove tilth.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Theshort, complex slopes and the severe hazard oferosion are the main management concerns. Theseedbed should be prepared on the contour or acrossthe slope where practical. Proper stocking rates,pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wetperiods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

This map unit is suited to the production of easternredcedar. It is generally not suited to the commercialproduction of pine trees because of alkaline materials

within a depth of 20 inches. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for eastern redcedaris 40. The average annual growth of well stocked,even-aged, unmanaged stands of eastern redcedarat 40 years of age is 140 board feet per acre peryear. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofJohnsongrass, honeylocust, sugarberry, blackberry,panicums, MaCartney rose, winged elm, andosageorange.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the hazard of erosion, the restricted useof equipment, the seedling mortality rate, and plantcompetition. Exposing the surface by removing groundcover increases the hazard of erosion, including rill andgully erosion. Roads, log landings, and skid trails canbe protected against erosion by constructingdiversions, mulching, and seeding. The clayey textureof the surface layer restricts the use of equipmentwhen the soil is wet. Harvesting activities should beplanned for the drier parts of the year. Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soiland helps to maintain productivity.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the slope, thedepth to bedrock, the very slow permeability, and themoderate shrink-swell potential. Properly designingfoundations and footings and diverting runoff awayfrom the buildings help to prevent the structuraldamage that results from shrinking and swelling. Septictank absorption fields do not function properly duringrainy periods because of the very slow permeability. Analternative system of sewage disposal is needed todispose of sewage properly. Maintaining the existingplant cover during construction helps to controlerosion.

This map unit has fair potential for openland andwoodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential forwetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved byplanting appropriate vegetation, maintaining theexisting plant cover, or promoting the establishment ofdesirable plants.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodlandordination symbol is 3C.

UdC—Udorthents, dredged

This map unit consists of the very deep, welldrained to excessively drained Udorthents on the floodplains along the Tombigbee River. Individual areas arerectangular. They range from 15 to 150 acres in size.

Udorthents consists of earthen material that has

58 Soil Survey

been dredged from the Tombigbee River and pumpedinto holding basins formed by levees. The material isseveral feet thick and is typically stratified withtextures ranging from clay to sand. Soil properties canvary widely within a short distance. Fragments ofcompacted earthy sediments, chalk, gravel, andwoody debris commonly occur within the profile.

Important properties of the Udorthents—

Permeability: VariableAvailable water capacity: VariableOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: LowDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: VariableSeasonal high water table: VariableShrink-swell potential: VariableFlooding: None to occasional

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofBigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils.These included soils are on the fringes of mappedareas and have identifiable soil horizons. Included soilsmake up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 2 acres in size.

Most areas of this unit are idle or are used forwoodland and for wildlife habitat.

Areas of the Udorthents cannot be easily managedfor crops, pasture, timber, or wildlife habitat because ofthe limited size of the areas and the variability in soilproperties. Onsite investigation and testing are neededto determine the suitability of this unit for any uses.

The capability subclass is IVs. The woodlandordination symbol is 7S.

UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex,gently undulating, frequently flooded

This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhatpoorly drained Urbo soil, the moderately well drainedMooreville soil, and the poorly drained Una soil on theflood plains along the Tombigbee River. The soils aresubject to flooding for brief periods in most years,generally in late winter or in spring. The soils occur asareas so intricately intermingled that they could not bemapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.The Urbo soil makes up about 40 percent of the mapunit, the Mooreville soil makes up about 30 percent,and the Una soil makes up about 20 percent. Slopesare short and smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent.Individual areas are usually broad. They range from 50to more than 1,500 acres in size.

The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soil is in flat to

slightly concave positions, generally on low tointermediate positions on low ridges. Typically, thesurface layer is dark grayish brown silty clay loamabout 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of65 inches. It is dark brown silty clay and grayish brownclay in the upper part, grayish brown silty clay that hasbrownish mottles in the next part, and grayish brownclay that has brownish mottles in the lower part.

Important properties of the Urbo soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: HighFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

The moderately well drained Mooreville soil is inhigh, convex positions on low ridges. Typically, thesurface layer is dark brown loam about 6 inches thick.The subsoil extends to a depth of 51 inches. In theupper part, it is yellowish brown sandy clay loam thathas grayish and reddish mottles. In the lower part, it isclay loam that is mottled in shades of yellow, brown,red, and gray. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches,is light brownish gray sandy loam.

Important properties of the Mooreville soil—

Permeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

The poorly drained Una soil is in swales, sloughs,and other depressional areas at the lowest elevationson the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is verydark grayish brown silty clay loam about 4 inchesthick. The subsoil is clay and extends to a depth of 65inches. In the upper part, it is grayish brown and hasbrownish mottles. In the next part, it is light brownishgray and has brownish mottles. In the lower part, it isgray and has reddish and brownish mottles.


Important properties of the Una soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: HighOrganic matter content: MediumNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, from 2.0 feet

above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot fromJanuary to June

Shrink-swell potential: HighFlooding: Frequent, for brief periods from January

through April

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofAnnemaine, Cahaba, Columbus, and Riverview soils.Annemaine, Cahaba, and Columbus soils are on lowknolls or remnants of terraces. Annemaine and Cahabasoils have reddish colors in the subsoil. Columbussoils have a brownish subsoil that is more stronglydeveloped than that of the Mooreville soil. Riverviewsoils are in positions similar to those of the Moorevillesoils. They do not have low-chroma mottles in theupper part of the subsoil. Included soils make up about10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generallyare less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are wooded and areused for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used forpasture, hay, or cultivated crops.

This map unit is not suited to most cultivated crops.The frequent flooding and the wetness are the mainmanagement concerns. If cultivated crops are grown, asurface drainage system and protection from floodingare needed.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and haybecause of the frequent flooding and the wetness. Ifareas are used for pasture or hay, grasses that toleratethe wet soil conditions should be selected. Commonbermudagrass is suitable. Shallow ditches can help toremove excess water from the surface.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine andhardwoods. Species of hardwood that commonly growin areas of this map unit include American sycamore,yellow-poplar, Nuttall oak, overcup oak, cherrybarkoak, water oak, green ash, and sweetgum. On thebasis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblollypine is 95 in areas of the Urbo soil and 100 in areas ofthe Mooreville soil. The average annual growth of wellstocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pineat 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre per year inareas of the Urbo soil and 2.7 cords per acre per yearin areas of the Mooreville soil. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for water tupelo is 65 inareas of the Una soil. The average annual growth of

well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of watertupelo at 30 years of age is 0.5 cord per acre per year.The understory vegetation consists mainly ofmuscadine grape, Alabama supplejack, greenbrier,poison ivy, longleaf uniola, switchcane, sweetgum,blackgum, water oak, sweetbay, green ash, and redmaple.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timbermanagement (fig. 7). The main management concernsare the restricted use of equipment, the seedlingmortality rate, and plant competition. The seasonalhigh water table and the flooding restrict the use ofequipment to periods when the soils are dry. Usingstandard wheeled and tracked equipment when thesoils are wet results in rutting and compaction. Usinglow-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to thesoils and helps to maintain productivity. The highseedling mortality rate is caused by excessivewetness. It can be reduced by planting on raised beds,or it can be compensated for by increasing the numberof trees planted. Plant competition reduces the growthof trees and can prevent adequate reforestation unlesssites receive intensive preparation and maintenance.Site preparation can control the initial plantcompetition, and herbicides can be used to control thesubsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. Theflooding and wetness are severe limitations affectingmost uses. Although it is generally not feasible tocontrol the flooding, pilings or well-compacted fill canelevate buildings above the expected level of flooding.

The Urbo and Mooreville soils have fair potential foropenland wildlife habitat and good potential forwoodland wildlife habitat. The Una soil has poorpotential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat.The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is fair in areasof the Urbo and Una soils and poor in areas of theMooreville soil. Habitat for openland and woodlandwildlife can be improved by planting or encouraging thegrowth of oak trees and suitable understory plants.Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is Vw. The woodlandordination symbol is 10W in areas of the Urbo soil,12W in areas of the Mooreville soil, and 7W in areas ofthe Una soil.

VdA—Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is onflats or in slightly convex positions on uplands in theBlackland Prairie. Slopes are long and smooth.

60 Soil Survey

Individual areas generally are broad and oblong. Theyrange from 20 to 1,200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownsilty clay about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends toa depth of 65 inches. It is yellowish brown clay thathas brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles in the upperpart and grayish mottles and ped coatings in the lowerpart.

Important properties of the Vaiden soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inchesSeasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from January to AprilShrink-swell potential: Very highFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofFaunsdale and Sucarnoochee soils. Faunsdale soilsare on the lower parts of slopes. They are alkalinethroughout. Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow floodplains and are subject to frequent flooding. Includedsoils make up about 5 percent of the map unit.Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

Figure 7.—Una silty clay loam, ponded, in an area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded. Thissoil is suited to trees that are tolerant of wet soil conditions. The swollen or enlarged lower part of the trunk of thesebaldcypress and tupelo gum trees is an adaptation that helps the trees tolerate the excessive wetness of the soil.


crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used forwoodland or for homesites.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are wetness and poor tilth.The wetness delays planting and tillage operations inmost years. Shallow ditches can help to removeexcess surface water. This soil can be worked onlywithin a narrow range of moisture content. It becomescloddy if tilled when too wet or too dry. Returning allcrop residue to the soil improves tilth, reducescrusting, increases the available water capacity, andincreases the rate of water infiltration.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tallfescue, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass arethe most commonly grown grasses. Wetness is themain management concern. Shallow ditches can helpto remove excess surface water. Proper stocking rates,pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wetperiods help to keep the pasture in good condition.Applications of lime and fertilizer improve the fertilityof the soil and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. Onthe basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index forloblolly pine is 80. The average annual growth of wellstocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pineat 25 years of age is 1.8 cords per acre per year. Theunderstory vegetation consists mainly of panicums,blackberry, greenbrier, poison ivy, and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, theseedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Theclayey texture of the surface layer and the subsoilrestricts the use of equipment, especially during rainyperiods. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting and management activitiesshould be planned for seasons when the soil is dry. Thehigh seedling mortality rate is caused by wetness andthe clayey textures. It can be compensated for byplanting seedlings on raised beds and increasing thenumber of seedlings planted. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation unless sites receive intensive preparationand maintenance. Site preparation can control theinitial plant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the very highshrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability,wetness, and low strength on sites for roads andstreets. If excavations are made, the cutbanks caveeasily. Support beams should be used to maintain thestability of the cutbanks. Properly designingfoundations and footings and diverting runoff awayfrom the buildings help to prevent the structuraldamage that results from shrinking and swelling.Special design is needed for roads and streets tocompensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septictank absorption fields do not function properly becauseof the very slow permeability and the seasonal highwater table. An alternate method is needed to disposeof sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlifehabitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, andpoor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat fordeer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several small tracts of land, canincrease the amount of palatable browse for deer andthe number of seed-producing plants for quail andturkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodlandordination symbol is 8C.

VdB—Vaiden silty clay, 1 to 3 percentslopes

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is onside slopes in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie.Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual areasgenerally are oblong. They range from 10 to 800 acresin size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brownsilty clay about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is clay andextends to a depth of 65 inches. It is yellowish brownand has reddish and grayish mottles in the upper partand is mottled grayish, brownish, and reddish in thelower part.

Important properties of the Vaiden soil—

Permeability: Very slowAvailable water capacity: ModerateOrganic matter content: LowNatural fertility: MediumDepth to bedrock: More than 60 inchesRoot zone: More than 60 inches

62

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0to 2.0 feet from January to April

Shrink-swell potential: Very highFlooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas ofFaunsdale and Sucarnoochee soils. Faunsdale soilsare on the lower parts of slopes. They are alkalinethroughout. Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow floodplains. They are alkaline in the upper part of the subsoiland are subject to frequent flooding. Included soilsmake up about 5 percent of the map unit. Individualareas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivatedcrops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used forwoodland or for homesites.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. Themain management concerns are poor tilth, wetness,and the hazard of erosion. Erosion is a moderatehazard if this soil is cultivated. This soil can be workedonly within a narrow range of moisture content. Itbecomes cloddy if tilled when too wet or too dry.Conservation tillage, strip crops, contour farming, andcover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and controlerosion. Returning all crop residue to the soil improvestilth, reduces crusting, and increases the availablewater capacity.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tallfescue, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass arethe most commonly grown grasses. The seedbedshould be prepared on the contour or across the slope.Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restrictedgrazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture ingood condition. Applications of lime and fertilizerimprove the fertility of the soil and increase theproduction of forage.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Otherspecies that commonly grow in areas of this soilinclude longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, andwater oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, thesite index for loblolly pine is 80. The average annualgrowth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged standsof loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 1.8 cords per acreper year. The understory vegetation consists mainly ofpanicums, blackberry, greenbrier, poison ivy, andhawthorns.

This map unit has moderate and severe limitationsaffecting timber management. The main managementconcerns are the restricted use of equipment, the

seedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Theclayey texture of the surface layer and the subsoilrestricts the use of equipment, especially during rainyperiods. Using standard wheeled and trackedequipment when the soil is wet results in rutting andcompaction. Using low-pressure ground equipmentreduces damage to the soil and helps to maintainproductivity. Harvesting and management activitiesshould be planned for seasons when the soil is dry.Planting rates can be increased to compensate for thehigh rate of seedling mortality. Plant competitionreduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequatereforestation unless sites receive intensive preparationand maintenance. Site preparation can control theinitial plant competition, and herbicides can be used tocontrol the subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Ithas severe limitations affecting building sites, localroads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.The main management concerns are the very highshrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability,wetness, and low strength on sites for roads andstreets. If excavations are made, the cutbanks caveeasily. Support beams should be used to maintain thestability of the cutbanks. Properly designingfoundations and footings and diverting runoff awayfrom the buildings help to prevent the structuraldamage that results from shrinking and swelling.Special design is needed for roads and streets tocompensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septictank absorption fields do not function properly becauseof the very slow permeability and the seasonal highwater table. An alternate method is needed to disposeof sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlifehabitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, andpoor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat fordeer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plantcover, or promoting the natural establishment ofdesirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,rotated among several small tracts of land, canincrease the amount of palatable browse for deer andthe number of seed-producing plants for quail andturkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved byconstructing shallow ponds that provide open waterareas for waterfowl and furbearers.


63

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of importantfarmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short-and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because thesupply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S.Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsiblelevels of government, as well as individuals, shouldencourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’sprime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, is land that has the best combination ofphysical and chemical characteristics for producingfood, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and isavailable for these uses. It could be cultivated land,pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is noturban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,growing season, and moisture supply are those neededfor the soil to economically produce sustained highyields of crops when proper management, includingwater management, and acceptable farming methodsare applied. In general, prime farmland has anadequate and dependable supply of moisture fromprecipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature andgrowing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, anacceptable salt and sodium content, and few or norocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is notexcessively erodible or saturated with water for longperiods, and it either is not frequently flooded duringthe growing season or is protected from flooding. Theslope ranges mainly from 0 to 5 percent. More detailedinformation about the criteria for prime farmland isavailable at the local office of the Natural ResourcesConservation Service.

About 114,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly20 percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas ofthis land are throughout the county, but most are inthe southwestern part in general soil map units 1, 3,4, 7, and 9, which are described under the heading“General Soil Map Units.” About 25,000 acres ofprime farmland in the county is used for cultivatedcrops.

The map units in the survey area that areconsidered prime farmland are listed at the end of thissection. This list does not constitute a recommendationfor a particular land use. The extent of each listed mapunit is shown in table 5. The location is shown on thedetailed soil maps at the back of this publication. Thesoil qualities that affect use and management aredescribed under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

The map units that meet the requirements for primefarmland are:

AnA Annemaine loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,occasionally flooded

BaA Bama loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesBaB Bama sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopesCbA Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally floodedCoA Columbus loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally floodedFaA Faunsdale silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopesFaB Faunsdale silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopesLdA Lucedale loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesOkA Okolona silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopesOkB Okolona silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopesShA Savannah loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesShB Savannah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopesVdA Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopesVdB Vaiden silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes

Prime Farmland

65

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation ofthe soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjustland uses to the limitations and potentials of naturalresources and the environment. Also, it can help toprevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,conservationists, engineers, and others collectextensive field data about the nature and behavioralcharacteristics of the soils. They collect data onerosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors thataffect various soil uses and management. Fieldexperience and collected data on soil properties andperformance are used as a basis in predicting soilbehavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan theuse and management of soils for crops and pasture; aswoodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,highways and other transportation systems, and parksand other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.It can be used to identify the potentials and limitationsof each soil for specific land uses and to help preventconstruction failures caused by unfavorable soilproperties.

Planners and others using soil survey information canevaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivityand on the environment in all or part of the survey area.The survey can help planners to maintain or create aland use pattern in harmony with the natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources ofsand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it toidentify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soillayers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, andothers may also find this survey useful. The surveycan help them plan the safe disposal of wastes andlocate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, NaturalResources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pastureis suggested in this section. The estimated yields of

the main crops and pasture plants are listed for eachsoil, the system of land capability classification usedby the Natural Resources Conservation Service isexplained, and the crops or pasture plants best suitedto the soils, including some not commonly grown in thesurvey area, are identified.

Planners of management systems for individualfields or farms should consider the detailed informationgiven in the description of each soil under the heading“Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information can beobtained from the local office of the Natural ResourcesConservation Service or the Cooperative ExtensionSystem.

In 1992, approximately 25,280 acres of cultivatedcrops and 19,750 acres of pasture were in PickensCounty (1). The total acreage used for cultivated cropsand pasture has been decreasing slightly for severalyears. The trend is toward the conversion of marginalcropland to woodland.

The potential in Pickens County for increasedproduction of food and fiber is good. About 90,000acres that is currently used for pasture andwoodland is potentially good cropland. Yields can beincreased in cultivated areas if the most currenttechnology is applied. This soil survey can help landusers make sound land management decisions andfacilitate the application of crop productiontechnology.

The field crops that are suited to the soils andclimate in Pickens County include many crops that arenot commonly grown because of economicconsiderations. Corn, cotton, and soybeans are themain row crops. Vegetable crops, fruit, and similarcrops can be grown if economic conditions arefavorable. Wheat and oats are the only close-growingcrops planted for grain production, although barley,rye, and triticale can be grown. The specialty cropsgrown in the county include sweet corn, sweetpotatoes, peas, okra, melons, and turnips. Many of thesoils in the survey area, including Bama, Bigbee,Cahaba, Lucedale, Savannah, and Smithdale soils,are well suited to specialty crops. If economicconditions are favorable, a large acreage of thesecrops can be grown. Information regarding specialtycrops can be obtained from the local offices of the

Use and Management of the Soils

66 Soil Survey

Cooperative Extension System or the NaturalResources Conservation Service.

Erosion is a major management concern on aboutone-half of the cropland and one-half of the pasturelandin Pickens County (14). In areas where the slope ismore than two percent, erosion is a potential hazard.Bama, Faunsdale, Luverne, Okolona, Smithdale,Sumter, and Vaiden soils are examples of sloping soilsthat are cultivated and are subject to erosion.

Erosion can reduce productivity and can result inthe pollution of streams. Productivity is reduced as thesurface layer erodes and more of the subsoil isincorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the surfacelayer is especially damaging on soils that have aclayey subsoil, such as Luverne, Okolona, Sacul,Sumter, and Vaiden soils, and on soils that have adense layer within the root zone, such as Savannahsoils. Controlling erosion on farmland minimizes thepollution of streams and improves the quality of waterfor municipal uses, for recreational uses, and for fishand wildlife.

Erosion control practices provide a protective plantcover, increase the rate of water infiltration, and help tocontrol runoff. A cropping system that keeps plantcover and crop residue on the surface for extendedperiods can hold soil losses to amounts that do notreduce the productive capacity of the soils. Includinggrasses and legumes in the cropping system helps tocontrol erosion in sloping areas and improves tilth forthe crops that follow in the rotation. The legumes alsoincrease the nitrogen levels in the soils.

Applying a system of conservation tillage andleaving crop residue on the surface increase the rate ofwater infiltration and help to control runoff and erosion.Using a no-till method of planting reduces the hazard oferosion. This practice is suitable on most of the soils inthe county.

Terraces and diversions help to control runoff anderosion. They are most practical on very deep, welldrained soils that have uniform slopes. Examples areBama, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Soils of theBlackland Prairie, such as Faunsdale, Okolona,Sumter, and Vaiden soils, are generally poorly suited toterraces because of the very slow rate of waterinfiltration. Buffer strips are effective for minimizingerosion in areas of these soils. Grassed waterways orunderground outlets are essential in areas whereterraces and diversions are installed. Diversions can beused to intercept surface runoff from hilly uplands andto divert the water around the fields to vegetateddisposal areas.

Contour farming is an effective method of erosioncontrol in cultivated areas when used in conjunctionwith a water-disposal system. It is best suited to soils

that have smooth, uniform slopes. Examples areBama, Faunsdale, Luverne, Okolona, Savannah,Smithdale, and Vaiden soils.

Soil blowing can be a management concern in earlyspring on some soils in the uplands, especially if thesoils are dry and are not protected by a plant cover.The hazard of erosion generally is highest after theseedbed has been prepared, after planting, and whenthe plants are small. Tillage methods that leave cropresidue on the surface reduce the hazard of soilblowing. Conventional planting practices should includean implement that scratches the surface, leaving arough, irregular pattern. Also, strips of close-growingcrops are effective as windbreaks. If possible, seedbedpreparation should be delayed until after March, whichgenerally is windy. Additional information regarding thedesign of erosion-control practices is available at thelocal office of the Natural Resources ConservationService.

Pickens County has an adequate amount of rainfallfor the commonly grown crops. Prolonged periods ofdrought are rare, but the distribution of rainfall duringspring and summer generally results in droughtyperiods during the growing season in most years.Irrigation may be needed during these periods toreduce plant stress. Most of the soils that arecommonly used for cultivated crops are suitable forirrigation; however, the amount of water applied shouldbe regulated to prevent excessive runoff. Some soilshave a slow or very slow rate of water infiltration thatlimits their suitability for irrigation. Examples areFaunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, andVaiden soils.

In Pickens County, most of the soils that are usedfor crops and that are on terraces and uplands in theCoastal Plain have a surface layer of sandy loam orloam that is light in color and has a low content oforganic matter. Regular additions of crop residue,manure, and other organic material can improve thesoil structure and reduce crusting, thus improving therate of water infiltration. Most of the soils that are usedfor crops in the Blackland Prairie area have a dark,clayey surface layer that has a medium content oforganic matter. Regular additions of crop residue,manure, and other organic material can also improvethe structure of these soils.

The use of heavy equipment during tillage results incompaction in most soils. The compacted layers,called plow pans or traffic pans, are generally at adepth of 4 to 10 inches. They restrict the rate of waterinfiltration and limit the growth of plant roots. Soils thatreadily develop traffic pans include the Bama, Cahaba,Columbus, Lucedale, Savannah, and Smithdale soils.

Tilth is an important factor affecting plant growth. It


influences the rate of water infiltration into the soil.Soils considered to have good tilth have granularstructure and many pores in the surface layer. Thefactors that most modify tilth are tillage and erosion.Soils of the Blackland Prairie generally have poor tilthbecause of the high content of clay in the surfacelayer. They become cloddy if plowed when too wet ortoo dry. Examples are Faunsdale, Okolona,Sucarnoochee, and Vaiden soils.

In Pickens County, natural fertility is low in most ofthe soils on terraces and in uplands of the CoastalPlain and is high or medium in most of the soils of theBlackland Prairie. Applications of agricultural limestoneare needed to neutralize acidity in most of the soils ofthe Coastal Plain and on terraces and in some of thesoils of the Blackland Prairie. The crops commonlygrown in the county respond well to applications of limeand fertilizer. The levels of available phosphorus andpotash are generally low in most of the soils; however,some fields may have a buildup of phosphorus orpotassium because of past applications of commercialfertilizer. Therefore, all applications of lime and fertilizershould be based on the results of a soil test. Leachingis a concern in areas of sandy soils, such as Bigbeesoils. Higher levels of nitrogen, applied in splitapplications, should be used on these soils. TheCooperative Extension System can help in thedetermination of the kinds and amounts of fertilizer andlime to apply.

Wetness is a management concern in areas ofKinston, Mantachie, Myatt, Sucarnoochee, Una, andUrbo soils. A drainage system can minimize theharmful effects of excessive wetness. Flooding duringthe growing season is also a concern in areas of thesesoils. In some years, it delays planting dates anddamages crops.

Tall fescue, bahiagrass, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass,and hybrid bermudagrass are the main perennialgrasses grown for pasture and hay in Pickens County.Rye, ryegrass, oats, and wheat are grown as annualcool-season grass forage. Millets, sorghums, andhybrid forage sorghums provide most of the annualwarm-season grass forage. These annuals aregenerally grown for temporary grazing or hay in areasotherwise commonly used for cropland. Arrowleafclover, ball clover, crimson clover, and other cool-season forage legumes are suitable for most of thesoils in the county, especially if agricultural limestoneis applied in proper amounts. Alfalfa, a warm-seasonlegume, is suitable for well drained soils, such asBama, Cahaba, Lucedale, and Smithdale soils of theCoastal Plain and Okolona and Sumter soils of theBlackland Prairie.

Several management practices are needed in areas

that are used for pasture and hay production. Thesepractices include proper stocking rates, weed control,proper applications of fertilizer, rotation grazing, andscattering of animal droppings. Overgrazing,insufficient fertilizer, and acid soils can result in weakplants and poor stands that are quickly infested withweeds. Maintaining a dense cover of desired pasturespecies can prevent weeds from becomingestablished.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected ofthe principal crops under a high level of managementare shown in tables 6 and 7. In any given year, yieldsmay be higher or lower than those indicated in the tablebecause of variations in rainfall and other climaticfactors. The land capability classification of each mapunit also is shown in table 6.

The yields are based mainly on the experience andrecords of farmers, conservationists, and extensionagents. Available yield data from nearby counties andresults of field trials and demonstrations are alsoconsidered.

The management needed to obtain the indicatedyields of the various crops depends on the kind of soiland the crop. Management can include drainage,erosion control, and protection from flooding; the properplanting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding cropvarieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control ofweeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorablesoil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for eachcrop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensuresthe smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacityof each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields arelikely to increase as new production technology isdeveloped. The productivity of a given soil comparedwith that of other soils, however, is not likely tochange.

Crops other than those shown in the tables aregrown in the survey area, but estimated yields are notlisted because the acreage of such crops is small. Thelocal office of the Natural Resources ConservationService or of the Cooperative Extension System canprovide information about the management andproductivity of the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a generalway, the suitability of soils for most kinds of fieldcrops. Crops that require special management areexcluded. The soils are grouped according to their

68 Soil Survey

limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they areused for crops, and the way they respond tomanagement. The criteria used in grouping the soils donot include major and generally expensive landformingthat would change slope, depth, or othercharacteristics of the soils, nor do they includepossible but unlikely major reclamation projects.Capability classification is not a substitute forinterpretations designed to show suitability andlimitations of groups of soils for rangeland, forwoodland, and for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally groupedat three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, aredesignated by numerals I through VIII. The numeralsindicate progressively greater limitations and narrowerchoices for practical use. The classes are defined asfollows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict theiruse.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reducethe choice of plants or that require moderateconservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reducethe choice of plants or that require specialconservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations thatreduce the choice of plants or that require very carefulmanagement, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have otherlimitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that makethem generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations thatmake them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas havelimitations that nearly preclude their use forcommercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within oneclass. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. Theletter e shows that the main hazard is the risk oferosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained;w shows that water in or on the soil interferes withplant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetnesscan be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s showsthat the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow,droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts ofthe United States, shows that the chief limitation isclimate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soilsof this class have few limitations. Class V containsonly the subclasses indicated by w because the soils

in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They haveother limitations that restrict their use to pasture,woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

Capability units are soil groups within a subclass.The soils in a capability unit are enough alike to besuited to the same crops and pasture plants, to requiresimilar management, and to have similar productivity.Capability units are generally designated by adding anArabic numeral to the subclass symbol, for example,IIe-4 and IIIe-6.

The capability classification of each map unit isgiven in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and inthe yields table.

Landscaping and Gardening

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, NaturalResources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

The soils in residential areas are used primarily assites for homes, driveways, and streets. Remainingareas of each lot are commonly used for lawns, whichenhance the appearance of the home; as gardens forvegetables or flowers and shrubs; as orchards for fruitsand nuts; for recreational uses; as habitat for animalsand birds; for trees, which provide shade and promoteenergy conservation; for vegetation and structuresdesigned to abate noise, enhance privacy, and provideprotection from the wind; and for septic tank absorptionfields. Because the outdoor areas are used for severalpurposes, careful planning and a good understanding ofthe soils are important.

This section contains general soil-relatedinformation for landscaping and gardening. Otherinformation may be obtained from the local office of theCooperative Extension System, the Natural ResourcesConservation Service, or private businesses thatprovide landscaping and related services. The amountof soil information needed for use in some areas isbeyond the scope of this survey and is more detailedthan that provided at the map scale used. Onsiteinvestigation is needed.

Most of the soils in the residential areas in PickensCounty have been disturbed to some degree duringconstruction of houses, streets, driveways, and utilityservice. This construction involved cutting and filling,grading, and excavating. As a result, soil properties aremore variable and less predictable than in undisturbedareas. Onsite examination is necessary in planningland uses for soils in disturbed areas.

Soils that have had the surface layer removedduring grading and that are clayey or have denselayers in the subsoil are some of the poorest soils forplant growth. Luverne, Okolona, Sacul, Sumter, and


Vaiden soils are clayey. Savannah soils have denselayers in the subsoil. The exposed dense, firm subsoilrestricts root penetration, absorbs little rainfall, andresults in excessive runoff. Incorporating organicmatter into the soil improves tilth and the rate of waterinfiltration and provides a more desirable rootingmedium. Areas that are subject to intensive foot trafficshould be covered with gravel or a mulch, such as pinebark or wood chips.

Some soils are wet and subject to flooding.Examples are Kinston, Mantachie, Myatt,Sucarnoochee, Una, and Urbo soils. The wetness limitsthe selection of plants to those that are tolerant of ahigh moisture content in the soil. Several methods canbe used to minimize the effects of the wetness.Shallow ditches can help to remove excess surfacewater. Installing underground tile drains can lower thewater table in permeable soils. Bedding the surfacelayer of slowly permeable soils, such as Una and Urbosoils, helps to provide a satisfactory root zone forsome plants.

Some soils are on flood plains. Examples areIuka, Mooreville, Ochlockonee, and Riverview soils.Most plants used for gardening and landscaping canbe grown on these soils, but consideration should begiven to the effects of floodwater. Surface drainageis a management concern because urban usescommonly result in increased rates of surfacerunoff, which increase the frequency and severity offlooding. Advice and assistance regarding drainageproblems can be obtained from the NaturalResources Conservation Service, municipal andcounty engineering departments, and privateengineering companies.

Such sandy soils as Bigbee soils are droughty, havelow fertility, and have a low content of organic matter.Droughtiness limits the selection of plants that can begrown unless irrigation is provided. Additions of organicmatter increase the available water capacity and helpto retain nutrients in the root zone. Supplementalwatering and split applications of plant nutrients arerecommended. Using a mulch, such as pine bark,wood chips, or pine straw, or incorporating peat mossor well-decomposed manure into the soil provides amore desirable medium for plant growth.

Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in PickensCounty. Most of the soils, with the exception of somein the Blackland Prairie area, are strongly acid or verystrongly acid. Additions of ground limestone areneeded to neutralize the acidity of most of the soils.The original surface layer contains the most plantnutrients and the most favorable pH for most plants. Inmany areas, the fertility of the surface layer has beenimproved by applications of lime and fertilizer. If the

surface layer is removed during construction, theremaining soil is very acid and low in available plantnutrients. Also, some nutrients are unavailable for plantgrowth in acid soil conditions. Disturbed soils generallyneed larger amounts of lime and fertilizer, which shouldbe applied according to the results of soil tests and thetype of plants grown. Information on sampling for soiltesting can be obtained from the CooperativeExtension System, the Natural ResourcesConservation Service, and local nurseries.

In the following paragraphs, some of the plants thatare used in landscaping and gardening and somemanagement relationships between the plants and thesoils are described. Information in this section shouldbe supplemented by consultations with specialists atthe Cooperative Extension System, the NaturalResources Conservation Service, and privatelandscaping and gardening businesses.

The grasses used for landscaping in PickensCounty are mainly vegetatively propagated species,such as zoysiagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, St.Augustine grass, and centipede grass, and seededspecies, such as common bermudagrass andcentipede grass. The grasses commonly used forshort-term cover include ryegrass, rye, wheat,Sudangrass, oats, and millet.

The vegetatively propagated plants are usuallyplanted as sprigs, plugs, or sod. Additions of topsoilmay be needed before planting in some areas. Also,lime and fertilizer should be applied and incorporatedinto the soil. The plants should be placed in closecontact with the soil, and the plantings should bewatered to ensure the establishment of the rootsystem. St. Augustine grass, centipede grass, andcertain strains of zoysiagrass are moderately shadetolerant. St. Augustine grass and zoysiagrass normallyrequire more maintenance than centipede grass. Thestrains of hybrid bermudagrass are fast growing, butthey are not as tolerant of shade as St. Augustinegrass, centipede grass, or zoysiagrass.

Common perennial grasses that are established byseeding include common bermudagrass and centipedegrass. Lime and fertilizer should be applied andincorporated into the soil before seeding. Properplanting depth is important when grasses areestablished from seed.

Short-term vegetative cover is used to protect thesoil at construction sites or to provide cover betweenthe planting seasons of the desired grass species. Themost commonly used grasses for short-term cover areryegrass for cool seasons and sudangrass or millet forwarm seasons. These species are annuals and dieafter the growing season. Periodic applications of limeand fertilizer are needed on all types of grasses. The

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kinds and amounts of lime and fertilizer to applyshould be based on the results of soil tests.

Vines can be used to provide vegetative cover inmoderately shaded areas and in steep areas thatcannot be mowed. English ivy and periwinkle can beused for ground cover or on walls and fences. All ofthese plants are propagated vegetatively, usually frompotted plants or sprigs.

Mulches can be used for ground cover in areaswhere traffic is too heavy for grass cover, in areaswhere shrubs and flowers are desired with additionalground cover, and in densely shaded areas. Mulchesprovide effective ground cover. They also provideimmediate cover for erosion control in areas where livevegetation is not desired. Effective mulches includepine straw, small-grain straw, hay, composted grassclippings, wood chips, pine bark, gravel, and severalmanufactured materials. The type of mulch to usedepends to some extent on the hazard of erosion.Mulches also can be used to conserve soil moistureand control weeds around trees, shrubs, and flowers.

Shrubs are used primarily to enhance theappearance of homesites. They also can be used tocontrol traffic. They can be effective in dissipating theenergy from raindrops and from runoff from roofs. Mostnative and adapted species add variety to residentialsettings. The effects of acidity and fertility levels varygreatly between shrub types.

Vegetable and flower gardens are important to manyindividuals and businesses. However, the soils in areaswhere homes and businesses are established may notbe suited to vegetables and flowers. Soils that havebeen disturbed by construction may not be productiveunless topsoil is applied. Soils that have slopes ofmore than 8 percent have poor potential for vegetablegardening because of the hazard of erosion if the soilsare tilled. Generally, steeper soils have a thinnersurface layer. Flower gardening is possible in steeperareas, however, if mulches are used to help controlerosion.

Incorporating composted tree leaves and grassclippings into the soil improves fertility, tilth, andmoisture content. Additional information regardingvegetable crops is included under the heading “Cropsand Pasture.”

Most garden plants grow best in soils that have apH level between 5.5 and 6.5 and that have a highfertility level. Applying too much fertilizer or usingfertilizers with the wrong combination of plant nutrientscan be avoided by soil testing, which is the onlyeffective method of determining how much and whattype of fertilizer to apply. Information regarding soiltesting can be obtained from the local office of theCooperative Extension System, the Natural Resources

Conservation Service, or from retail fertilizerbusinesses.

Trees are important in the landscaping of homesites.Information regarding the relationships between soilsand trees is available in the section “WoodlandManagement and Productivity.” Special assistanceregarding urban forestry can be obtained from theAlabama Forestry Commission.

Woodland Management and Productivity

Jerry L. Johnson, forester, Natural Resources ConservationService, helped to prepare this section.

In Pickens County, commercial forestland covers464,100 acres, or about 83 percent of the total landarea. This acreage increased by about 36,600 acresfrom 1972 to 1990, primarily because of the conversionof cropland and pasture to woodland (14, 15). Privatelandowners own about 64 percent of the woodland inthe county, and the forest industry and privatecorporations own about 35 percent (15).

The forest types in Pickens County include 164,500acres of loblolly-shortleaf pine, 82,300 acres of oak-pine, 158,600 acres of oak-hickory, and 58,700 acresof oak-gum-cypress. The county has 229,100 acres ofsawtimber, 111,600 acres of poletimber, and 123,400acres of seedlings and saplings (15).

Most of the soils in the Coastal Plain and the acidsoils in the Blackland Prairie have a site index of 80 orhigher for loblolly pine. The alkaline soils in theBlackland Prairie are not suited to pines. Examples areFaunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee, and Sumter soils.Because of long periods of ponding, Fluvaquents andUna soils are also not suited to pines.

Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forestmanagers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. Thetable lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soilsassigned the same ordination symbol require the samegeneral management and have about the samepotential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,indicates the potential productivity of the soils for anindicator tree species. The number indicates thevolume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, whichthe indicator species can produce in a pure standunder natural conditions. The number 1 indicates lowpotential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5,moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12to 39, extremely high. The second part of the symbol,a letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. Theletter R indicates steep slopes; W, excess water in oron the soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted


rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; andS, sandy texture. The letter A indicates that limitationsor restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has more thanone limitation, the priority is as follows: R, W, C, and S.

In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicatethe degree of the major soil limitations to beconsidered in management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage willoccur as a result of site preparation and cutting wherethe soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and firelanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have beenburned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percentof the slope. A rating of slight indicates that noparticular prevention measures are needed underordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates thaterosion-control measures are needed in certainsilvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates thatspecial precautions are needed to control erosion inmost silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics andconditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipmentgenerally needed in woodland management orharvesting. The chief characteristics and conditionsconsidered in the ratings are slope, stones on thesurface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of thesurface layer. A rating of slight indicates that undernormal conditions the kind of equipment and season ofuse are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soilwetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet perioddoes not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderateindicates that equipment use is moderately restrictedbecause of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipmentuse is severely restricted either as to the kind ofequipment that can be used or the season of use. Ifthe soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use formore than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturallyoccurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced bythe kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographicconditions. The factors used in rating the soils forseedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,depth to a seasonal high water table and the length ofthe period when the water table is high, rock fragmentsin the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slopeaspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedlingmortality is not likely to be a problem under normalconditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent.A rating of moderate indicates that some problemsfrom seedling mortality can be expected. Extraprecautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling

mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions areimportant. Replanting may be necessary. Expectedmortality is more than 50 percent.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree towhich undesirable species are expected to invade andgrow when openings are made in the tree canopy. Themain factors that affect plant competition are depth tothe water table and the available water capacity. Arating of slight indicates that competition fromundesirable plants is not likely to prevent naturalregeneration or suppress the more desirable species.Planted seedlings can become established withoutundue competition. A rating of moderate indicates thatcompetition may delay the establishment of desirablespecies. Competition may hamper stand development,but it will not prevent the eventual development of fullystocked stands. A rating of severe indicates thatcompetition can be expected to prevent regenerationunless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of merchantable orcommon trees on a soil is expressed as a site indexand as a volume number. The site index is the averageheight, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees ofa given species attain in a specified number of years.The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are thosethat woodland managers generally favor in intermediateor improvement cuttings. They are selected on thebasis of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability.The estimates of the productivity of the soils in thissurvey are based on data acquired in the county andon published data (4, 5, 7, 13).

The volume, a number, is the yield likely to beproduced by the most important trees. This number,expressed as cords per acre per year, indicates theamount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged,unmanaged stand.

The first species listed under common trees for asoil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally isthe most common species on the soil and is the onethat determines the ordination class.

Trees to plant are those that are suitable forcommercial wood production.

Recreation

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9according to limitations that affect their suitability forrecreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soilfeatures, such as wetness, slope, and texture of thesurface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.Not considered in the ratings, but important inevaluating a site, are the location and accessibility ofthe area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

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quality, vegetation, access to water, potential waterimpoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluentand the ability of the soil to support vegetation are alsoimportant. Soils subject to flooding are limited forrecreational uses by the duration and intensity offlooding and the season when flooding occurs. Inplanning recreational facilities, onsite assessment ofthe height, duration, intensity, and frequency offlooding is essential.

In the table, the degree of soil limitation isexpressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight meansthat soil properties are generally favorable and thatlimitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderatemeans that limitations can be overcome or alleviatedby planning, design, or special maintenance. Severemeans that soil properties are unfavorable and thatlimitations can be offset only by costly soilreclamation, special design, intensive maintenance,limited use, or a combination of these measures.

The information in the table can be supplemented byother information in this survey, for example,interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table12 and interpretations for dwellings without basementsand for local roads and streets in table 11.

Camp areas require site preparation, such asshaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, andinstalling sanitary facilities and utility lines. Campareas are subject to heavy foot traffic and somevehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes andare not wet or subject to flooding during the period ofuse. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is notdusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulderscan greatly increase the cost of constructingcampsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Mostvehicular traffic is confined to access roads andparking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firmwhen wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject toflooding during the period of use, and do not haveslopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost ofshaping sites or of building access roads and parkingareas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstandintensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost leveland are not wet or subject to flooding during theseason of use. The surface is free of stones andboulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrockor a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback ridingshould require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dustywhen dry, and are not subject to flooding more thanonce a year during the period of use. They havemoderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders onthe surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic andsome light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may berequired. The best soils for use as golf fairways arefirm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are notsubject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulderson the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees orgreens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Tommy Counts, wildlife biologist, Natural ResourcesConservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

Pickens County is dominantly a rural area that hassuitable habitat for many kinds of wildlife. The countyis about 83 percent woodland and is interspersed withareas of cultivated crops, pasture, and hay.

The common species of wild game found in thecounty are eastern wild turkey, bobwhite quail, white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail rabbit, fox squirrel, graysquirrel, mourning dove, Canada geese, and variousspecies of ducks.

The nongame wildlife species in the county includearmadillos, snakes, egrets, herons, crows, blackbirds,hawks, owls, and songbirds, such as bluebirds,cardinals, robins, thrushes, bluejays, meadowlarks,mockingbirds, sparrows, woodpeckers, vireos,warblers, and wrens.

In upland areas, the woodland generally consists ofloblolly pine or mixed pines and hardwoods. On floodplains along streams and rivers, it generally consists ofbottom land hardwoods. The forest types and theirassociated plant communities are of major importanceto wildlife. Many of these woodland areas are managedprimarily to provide habitat for various species ofwildlife, such as the bobwhite quail, white-tailed deer,and turkey. Management practices that benefitwildlife—including prescribed burning, creating ormaintaining openings in the woodland, and thinningstands—are common throughout the county.

Areas of cultivated crops, hay, and pasture arecommonly interspersed with the woodland. The openareas are very important to many species of wildlife.The areas of cropland primarily are used for agriculturalcommodities, such as soybeans, corn, and cotton. Thepasture and hayland areas generally are used forperennial grasses, such as bahiagrass, bermudagrass,tall fescue, and Johnsongrass.


Wetlands are used by many kinds of wildlife. Manyof the furbearers and wading birds depend upon theseareas almost exclusively. Natural depressions andareas of saturated soils along creeks and rivers,bodies of open water, and beaver ponds make up mostof the wetland areas in the county. They occur mostlyin areas that are adjacent to the Tombigbee and SipseyRivers and along major streams, such as Bear,Blubber, Coal Fire, Kincaide, Lubbub, and SneadsCreeks.

Furbearers in the county include beaver, muskrat,river otter, mink, bobcat, fox, opossum, coyote,raccoon, and skunk. Waterfowl and wading birds arenumerous during certain times of the year in wetlandareas, especially near Aliceville and Gainesville Lakesand backwater areas along the Tombigbee River.

The wildlife species in Pickens County that theFederal government has listed as threatened orendangered include the bald eagle, red-cockadedwoodpecker, American alligator, Alabama sturgeon,and several species of mussels.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation thatis available to wildlife as food and cover. They alsoaffect the construction of water impoundments. Thekind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on theamount and distribution of food, cover, and water.Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by plantingappropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existingplant cover, or by promoting the natural establishmentof desirable plants.

In table 10, the soils in the survey area are ratedaccording to their potential for providing habitat forvarious kinds of wildlife. This information can be usedin planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soilsthat are suitable for establishing, improving, ormaintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and indetermining the intensity of management needed foreach element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, orvery poor. A rating of good indicates that the elementor kind of habitat is easily established, improved, ormaintained. Few or no limitations affect management,and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating offair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can beestablished, improved, or maintained in most places.Moderately intensive management is required forsatisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates thatlimitations are severe for the designated element orkind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, ormaintained in most places, but management is difficultand must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicatesthat restrictions for the element or kind of habitat arevery severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat isimpractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in thefollowing paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties andfeatures that affect the growth of grain and seed cropsare depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,available water capacity, wetness, slope, surfacestoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soilmoisture are also considerations. Examples of grainand seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghum,soybeans, rye, and millet.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennialgrasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties andfeatures that affect the growth of grasses and legumesare depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moistureare also considerations. Examples of grasses andlegumes are bahiagrass, Johnsongrass, lespedeza,clover, chufa, and bermudagrass.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturallyestablished grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soilproperties and features that affect the growth of theseplants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surfacelayer, available water capacity, wetness, surfacestoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soilmoisture are also considerations. Examples of wildherbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, goldenrod,crotons, beggarweed, pokeweed, paspalums, ragweed,and partridge pea.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nutsor other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage.Soil properties and features that affect the growth ofhardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone,available water capacity, and wetness. Examples ofthese plants are oak, yellow-poplar, blackcherry,sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, persimmon,sassafras, sumac, holly, hickory, and blueberry.Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable forplanting on soils rated good are pyracantha, autumn-olive, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soilproperties and features that affect the growth ofconiferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depthof the root zone, available water capacity, andwetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,cedar, and baldcypress.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wildherbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soilproperties and features affecting wetland plants aretexture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity,

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slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetlandplants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, sedges,reeds, barnyardgrass, pondweed, cattails, and watershield.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of lessthan 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others arecreated by dams, levees, or other water-controlstructures. Soil properties and features affectingshallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examplesof shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feedingareas, beaver ponds, and other ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is describedin the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown withgrasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areasproduce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to theseareas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, fieldsparrow, cottontail, red fox, coyote, armadillo, dove,killdeer, and hawks.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas ofdeciduous plants or coniferous plants or both andassociated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceousplants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wildturkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels,gray fox, raccoon, deer, bobcat, opossum, and skunk.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshyor swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlifeattracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,shore birds, muskrat, mink, beaver, otter, turtles, rails,and kingfishers.

Aquaculture

H.D. Kelly, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service,helped to prepare this section.

Aquaculture is the controlled production and harvestof animals or plants grown in or on water. In PickensCounty, catfish farming (channel catfish) and sport fishproduction (bass and bream) are the most commontypes of aquaculture. The channel catfish, Ictuluruspunctatus, can be produced either in cages withinponds or in open ponds. Open pond culture is the onlymethod currently used in the county. The county hasmore than 2,000 acres of bass and bream ponds andmore than 300 acres of catfish ponds. Other species offish and crustaceans (crawfish) can be produced inponds, and fish farming could provide additionalincome for some landowners.

Some of the tables included in this survey can helpin the evaluation of potential pond sites. Table 14, for

example, lists soil limitations affecting pond reservoirareas and embankments, dikes, and levees.Indications of flooding frequency and water table levelsare in table 17. These tables and the detailed soil mapscan help in the evaluation of the pond-building andwater-retaining potential of a location. Once a possiblepond site is selected, additional soil borings should bemade.

An understanding of soil characteristics is importantin determining the potential of a pond site. TheFaunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, andVaiden soils of the Blackland Prairie and the Luverneand Sacul soils of the Coastal Plain are generallysuited to pond construction.

The construction of buildings and the accessibilityof the area are important considerations in evaluating apond site. Depending upon the size and planned use ofthe site, a road system may be needed toaccommodate harvest trucks. Large trucks are used incommercial operations. Feed trucks and similarequipment also require suitable access to the fishfarm. If the farm is planned for fingerling production, ahatchery building will probably be on the site. Otherbuildings may be needed to store equipment or feed.Table 11 gives soil limitations affecting roads andbuilding sites.

The quality of water in a pond is influenced by thesoil. Several variables of water quality affect theproduction of fish. Total alkalinity, for example, isdirectly influenced by the soil. Total alkalinity valuesranging from 30 to 150 parts per million are preferred.Fish production can be acceptable in ponds that havea low alkalinity level—less than 20 parts per million—provided that the fish are well fed. Other complicatingfactors, however, affect fish production when alkalinityvalues are below 20 parts per million. The applicationof agricultural lime can commonly prevent productionproblems associated with low alkalinity values.

The soil in pond basins should be analyzed beforethe basins are limed and filled with water. The amountof lime needed should be based on the results of theanalysis, and the lime should be applied before theponds are filled with water. Thereafter, annualapplications of lime, even in ponds full of water, shouldrange from 20 to 25 percent of the original applicationto maintain desirable levels of alkalinity. Theimportance of proper alkalinity levels cannot beoveremphasized. Some soils that are suitable for pondsites in the county require applications of lime. Pondsconstructed within the watershed of the BlacklandPrairie generally do not require additional lime.

The source and amounts of water to be used shouldalso be considered when evaluating a site for a pond orfish farm. For example, if runoff water is to be used,


the watershed should be evaluated. Technicalassistance regarding site and production problems isavailable from the local office of the Natural ResourcesConservation Service or the Cooperative ExtensionSystem.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning landuses related to urban development and to watermanagement. Soils are rated for various uses, and themost limiting features are identified. Ratings are givenfor building site development, sanitary facilities,construction materials, and water management. Theratings are based on observed performance of the soilsand on the estimated data and test data in the “SoilProperties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land useplanning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and forplanning site investigations prior to design andconstruction. The information, however, has limitations.For example, estimates and other data generally applyonly to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.Because of the map scale, small areas of differentsoils may be included within the mapped areas of aspecific soil.

The information is not site specific and does noteliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soilsor for testing and analysis by personnel experienced inthe design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that restrictcertain land uses or impose specific design criteriawere not considered in preparing the information in thissection. Local ordinances and regulations should beconsidered in planning, in site selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observedperformance were considered in determining the ratingsin this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,determinations were made about grain-size distribution,liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth tobedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of thesurface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high watertable, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structureaggregation, and soil density. Data were collectedabout kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sandand silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations.Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability,corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available watercapacity, and other behavioral characteristics affectingengineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate thepotential of areas for residential, commercial,industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminaryestimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternativesites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields,and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsiteinvestigations of soils and geology; locate potentialsources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plandrainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces,and other structures for soil and water conservation;and predict performance of proposed small structuresand pavements by comparing the performance ofexisting similar structures on the same or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soilmaps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided inthis survey, can be used to make additionalinterpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have aspecial meaning in soil science and are defined in the“Glossary.”

Building Site Development

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soillimitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellingswith and without basements, small commercialbuildings, local roads and streets, and lawns andlandscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soilproperties and site features are generally favorable forthe indicated use and limitations are minor and easilyovercome; moderate if soil properties or site featuresare not favorable for the indicated use and specialplanning, design, or maintenance is needed toovercome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soilproperties or site features are so unfavorable or sodifficult to overcome that special design, significantincreases in construction costs, and possiblyincreased maintenance are required. Special feasibilitystudies may be required where the soil limitations aresevere.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to amaximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. Theratings are based on soil properties, site features, andobserved performance of the soils. The ease ofdigging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depthto bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone content;soil texture; and slope. The time of the year thatexcavations can be made is affected by the depth to aseasonal high water table and the susceptibility of thesoil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation wallsor banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soiltexture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings arestructures built on shallow foundations on undisturbedsoil. The load limit is the same as that for single-familydwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

76 Soil Survey

made for small commercial buildings withoutbasements, for dwellings with basements, and fordwellings without basements. The ratings are based onsoil properties, site features, and observedperformance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can causethe movement of footings. A high water table, depth tobedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect theease of excavation and construction. Landscaping andgrading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surfaceand carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a baseof gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; anda flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generallylimited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based onsoil properties, site features, and observedperformance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a highwater table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect theease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (asinferred from the engineering classification of the soil),shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depthto a high water table affect the traffic-supportingcapacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turfand ornamental trees and shrubs can be establishedand maintained. The ratings are based on soilproperties, site features, and observed performance ofthe soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth tobedrock, the available water capacity in the upper 40inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidicmaterials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope,stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organicmatter in the surface layer affect trafficability aftervegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soillimitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitationsare considered slight if soil properties and site featuresare generally favorable for the indicated use andlimitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate ifsoil properties or site features are not favorable for theindicated use and special planning, design, ormaintenance is needed to overcome or minimize thelimitations; and severe if soil properties or site featuresare so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome thatspecial design, significant increases in constructioncosts, and possibly increased maintenance arerequired.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils foruse as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features arefavorable for the use and good performance and lowmaintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soilproperties and site features are moderately favorablefor the use and one or more soil properties or sitefeatures make the soil less desirable than the soilsrated good; and poor indicates that one or more soilproperties or site features are unfavorable for the useand overcoming the unfavorable properties requiresspecial design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in whicheffluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soilthrough subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only thatpart of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches isevaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,site features, and observed performance of the soils.Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, andflooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stonesand bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tankabsorption fields, including excessively slowabsorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillsideseepage, can affect public health. Ground water can bepolluted if highly permeable sand and gravel orfractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base ofthe absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if thewater table is near the surface. There must beunsaturated soil material beneath the absorption fieldto filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinancesrequire that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed tohold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose thesolid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearlylevel floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankmentsof compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed tohold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearlyimpervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sidesis required to minimize seepage and contamination ofground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil thatmakes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below thesurface layer are excavated to provide material forthe embankments. The ratings are based on soilproperties, site features, and observed performanceof the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock,flooding, large stones, and content of organicmatter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeabilityin the soil or a water table that is high enough to raisethe level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon tofunction unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage isexcessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high


content of organic matter is detrimental to properfunctioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobicactivity. Slope and bedrock can cause constructionproblems, and large stones can hinder compaction ofthe lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste isdisposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types oflandfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the wasteis placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, andcovered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at thesite. In an area landfill, the waste is placed insuccessive layers on the surface of the soil. The wasteis spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thinlayer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavyvehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground-water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetationshould be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil properties,site features, and observed performance of the soils.Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table,slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture,stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soilreaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trenchlandfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings applyonly to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight ormoderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation isneeded.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that isused to cover compacted solid waste in an areasanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slopeaffect the ease of removing and spreading the materialduring wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that arefree of large stones or excess gravel are the bestcover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddyand are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject towind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soilmaterial remaining in the borrow area must be thickenough over bedrock or the water table to permitrevegetation. The soil material used as the final coverfor a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surfacelayer generally has the best workability, more organicmatter, and the best potential for plants. Material fromthe surface layer should be stockpiled for use as thefinal cover.

Construction Materials

Table 13 gives information about the soils as asource of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soilsare rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbablesource of sand and gravel. The ratings are based onsoil properties and site features that affect the removalof the soil and its use as construction material. Normalcompaction, minor processing, and other standardconstruction practices are assumed. Each soil isevaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in oneplace and used in road embankments in anotherplace. In this table, the soils are rated as a source ofroadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 feethigh and less exacting in design than higherembankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below thesurface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumedthat soil layers will be mixed during excavating andspreading. Many soils have layers of contrastingsuitability within their profile. The table showingengineering index properties provides detailedinformation about each soil layer. This informationcan help to determine the suitability of each layer foruse as roadfill. The performance of soil after it isstabilized with lime or cement is not considered inthe ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, sitefeatures, and observed performance of the soils. Thethickness of suitable material is a major consideration.The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, ahigh water table, and slope. How well the soil performsin place after it has been compacted and drained isdetermined by its strength (as inferred from theengineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swellpotential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sandor gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitablematerial, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles andstones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to thewater table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair aremore than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles andhave a plasticity index of less than 10. They have amoderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index ofmore than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, manystones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They arewet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but thematerial is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable forcommercial use with a minimum of processing. Theyare used in many kinds of construction. Specificationsfor each use vary widely. In the table, only theprobability of finding material in suitable quantity isevaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

78 Soil Survey

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affectexcavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a sourceof sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (asindicated by the engineering classification of the soil),the thickness of suitable material, and the content ofrock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratificationare given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation ofgrain sizes is given in the table on engineering indexproperties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer ofclean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that isup to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be atleast 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbablesource. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such asshale and chalk, are not considered to be sand andgravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetationcan be established and maintained. The upper 40inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Alsoevaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrowarea.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and bysuch properties as soil reaction, available watercapacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, awater table, soil texture, and thickness of suitablematerial. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected byslope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, andtoxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to adepth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones andcobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes ofless than 8 percent. They are low in content of solublesalts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer,and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils thathave a relatively high content of clay, soils that haveonly 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils thathave an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, orsoluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation isdifficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have lessthan 20 inches of suitable material, have a largeamount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopesof more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high watertable at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generallypreferred for topsoil because of its organic mattercontent. Organic matter greatly increases theabsorption and retention of moisture and nutrients forplant growth.

Water Management

Table 14 gives information on the soil properties andsite features that affect water management. The degreeand kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoirareas and for embankments, dikes, and levees. Thelimitations are considered slight if soil properties andsite features are generally favorable for the indicateduse and limitations are minor and are easily overcome;moderate if soil properties or site features are notfavorable for the indicated use and special planning,design, or maintenance is needed to overcome orminimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties orsite features are so unfavorable or so difficult toovercome that special design, significant increase inconstruction costs, and possibly increasedmaintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictivefeatures that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces anddiversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam orembankment. Soils best suited to this use have lowseepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepagepotential is determined by the permeability of the soiland the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeablematerial. Excessive slope can affect the storagecapacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raisedstructures of soil material, generally less than 20 feethigh, constructed to impound water or to protect landagainst overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as asource of material for embankment fill. The ratingsapply to the soil material below the surface layer to adepth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers willbe uniformly mixed and compacted duringconstruction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the naturalsoil to support an embankment. Soil properties to adepth even greater than the height of the embankmentcan affect performance and safety of the embankment.Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed todetermine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant toseepage, piping, and erosion and have favorablecompaction characteristics. Unfavorable featuresinclude less than 5 feet of suitable material and a highcontent of stones or boulders, organic matter, or saltsor sodium. A high water table affects the amount ofusable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface andsubsurface water from the soil. How easily andeffectively the soil is drained depends on the depth tobedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of watermovement; permeability; depth to a high water table or


depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organiclayers; and the potential for frost action. Excavatingand grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affectedby depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and thehazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soilafter drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidityor by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts,sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets isnot considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water tosupplement rainfall and support plant growth. Thedesign and management of an irrigation system areaffected by depth to the water table, the need fordrainage, flooding, available water capacity, intakerate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. Theconstruction of a system is affected by large stonesand depth to bedrock. The performance of a system isaffected by the depth of the root zone, the amount ofsalts or sodium, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or acombination of channels and ridges constructed acrossa slope to control erosion and conserve moisture byintercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, anddepth to bedrock affect the construction of terracesand diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severehazard of wind erosion or water erosion, anexcessively coarse texture, and restricted permeabilityadversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructedchannels, generally broad and shallow, that conductsurface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Largestones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affectthe construction of grassed waterways. A hazard ofwind erosion, low available water capacity, restrictedrooting depth, toxic substances such as salts andsodium, and restricted permeability adversely affectthe growth and maintenance of the grass afterconstruction.

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Data relating to soil properties are collected duringthe course of the soil survey. The data and theestimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examinationof the soils and by laboratory index testing of somebenchmark soils. Established standard procedures arefollowed. During the survey, many shallow borings aremade and examined to identify and classify the soilsand to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples aretaken from some typical profiles and tested in thelaboratory to determine grain-size distribution,plasticity, and compaction characteristics. Theseresults are reported in table 20.

Estimates of soil properties are based on fieldexaminations, on laboratory tests of samples from thesurvey area, and on laboratory tests of samples ofsimilar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify fieldobservations, verify properties that cannot beestimated accurately by field observation, and help tocharacterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tablesinclude the range of grain-size distribution andAtterberg limits, the engineering classification, and thephysical and chemical properties of the major layers ofeach soil. Pertinent soil and water features also aregiven.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 15 gives estimates of the engineeringclassification and of the range of index properties forthe major layers of each soil in the survey area. Mostsoils have layers of contrasting properties within theupper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of eachlayer is indicated. The range in depth and informationon other properties of each layer are given for each soilseries under the heading “Soil Series and TheirMorphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by theU.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms aredefined according to percentages of sand, silt, andclay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and lessthan 52 percent sand. If the content of particlescoarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, anappropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”Textural terms are defined in the “Glossary.”

Classification of the soils is determined according tothe Unified soil classification system (3) and thesystem adopted by the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials (2).

The Unified system classifies soils according toproperties that affect their use as constructionmaterial. Soils are classified according to grain-sizedistribution of the fraction less than 3 inches indiameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soilsare identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, andSC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, andOH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibitingengineering properties of two groups can have a dualclassification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according tothose properties that affect roadway construction andmaintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineralsoil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classifiedin one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on thebasis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, andplasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grainedand low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the otherextreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highlyorganic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis ofvisual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additionalrefinement, the suitability of a soil as subgradematerial can be indicated by a group index number.Group index numbers range from 0 for the bestsubgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. TheAASHTO classification for soils tested, with groupindex numbers in parentheses, is given in table 20.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designatedsieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. Thesieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA StandardSeries), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

Soil Properties

82 Soil Survey

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based onlaboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey areaand in nearby areas and on estimates made in thefield.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. Theestimates are based on test data from the survey areaor from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,and plasticity index are generally rounded to thenearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation andAtterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2percentage points) across classification boundaries,the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in thetable.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristicsand features that affect soil behavior. These estimatesare given for the major layers of each soil in the surveyarea. The estimates are based on field observationsand on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soilparticles that are less than 0.002 millimeter indiameter. In this table, the estimated clay content ofeach major soil layer is given as a percentage, byweight, of the soil material that is less than 2millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect thefertility and physical condition of the soil. Theydetermine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations andto retain moisture. They influence shrink-swellpotential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soildispersion, and other soil properties. The amount andkind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmovingoperations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) perunit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is atfield moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at1/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined afterdrying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, theestimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizonis expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soilmaterial that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swellpotential, available water capacity, total pore space,and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of asoil indicates the pore space available for water androots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrictwater storage and root penetration. Moist bulk densityis influenced by texture, kind of clay, content oforganic matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate ofdownward movement of water when the soil issaturated. They are based on soil characteristicsobserved in the field, particularly structure, porosity,and texture. Permeability is considered in the design ofsoil drainage systems and septic tank absorptionfields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity ofwater that the soil is capable of storing for use byplants. The capacity for water storage is given ininches of water per inch of soil for each major soillayer. The capacity varies, depending on soil propertiesthat affect the retention of water and the depth of theroot zone. The most important properties are thecontent of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density,and soil structure. Available water capacity is animportant factor in the choice of plants or crops to begrown and in the design and management of irrigationsystems. Available water capacity is not an estimate ofthe quantity of water actually available to plants at anygiven time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity andis expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pHof each major horizon is based on many field tests. Formany soils, values have been verified by laboratoryanalyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting cropsand other plants, in evaluating soil amendments forfertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk ofcorrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volumechange in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volumechange occurs mainly because of the interaction ofclay minerals with water and varies with the amountand type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of theload on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soilmoisture content influence the amount of swelling ofsoils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling ofundisturbed clods were made for many soils. Forothers, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kindand amount of clay minerals in the soil and onmeasurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to veryhigh, shrinking and swelling can cause damage tobuildings, roads, and other structures. Special designis often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on thechange in length of an unconfined clod as moisturecontent is increased from air-dry to field capacity. Theclasses are low, a change of less than 3 percent;moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent;and very high, greater than 9 percent.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soilto sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of sixfactors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation


(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil lossby sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. Theestimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soilstructure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value,the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosionby water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximumaverage annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thatcan occur without affecting crop productivity over asustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in thesoil at various stages of decomposition. In the table,the estimated content of organic matter is expressedas a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that isless than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can bemaintained or increased by returning crop residue tothe soil. Organic matter affects the available watercapacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source ofnitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and waterfeatures. The estimates are used in land use planningthat involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates ofrunoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of fourgroups according to the rate of water infiltration whenthe soils are not protected by vegetation, arethoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long-duration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consistmainly of deep, well drained to excessively drainedsands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rateof water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration ratewhen thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly ofmoderately deep or deep, moderately well drained orwell drained soils that have moderately fine texture tomoderately coarse texture. These soils have amoderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate whenthoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having alayer that impedes the downward movement of water orsoils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. Thesesoils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. Theseconsist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils thathave a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, andsoils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.These soils have a very slow rate of watertransmission.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, iscaused by overflowing streams, by runoff fromadjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for shortperiods after rainfall or snowmelt is not consideredflooding, and water standing in swamps and marshesis considered ponding rather than flooding.

The table gives the frequency and duration of floodingand the time of year when flooding is most likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates ofoccurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed asnone, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means thatflooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely butpossible under unusual weather conditions (the chanceof flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year);occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or lessin 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent inany year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average,more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding ismore than 50 percent in any year). Duration isexpressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long ifmore than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed inmonths. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all floodingoccurs during the stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soilprofile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or claydeposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organicmatter content with increasing depth; and little or nohorizon development.

Also considered are local information about theextent and levels of flooding and the relation of eachsoil on the landscape to historic floods. Information onthe extent of flooding based on soil data is lessspecific than that provided by detailed engineeringsurveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specificflood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of asaturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimatesare based mainly on observations of the water table atselected sites and on the evidence of a saturatedzone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphicfeatures) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the depthto the seasonal high water table; the kind of watertable—that is, perched or apparent; and the months ofthe year that the water table commonly is high. A watertable that is seasonally high for less than 1 month isnot indicated in the table.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free waterin the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

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stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time isallowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. Aperched water table is water standing above anunsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,water table is separated from a lower one by a dryzone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to thewater table indicate the normal range in depth to asaturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.The first numeral in the range indicates the highestwater level. A plus sign preceding the range in depthindicates that the water table is above the surface ofthe soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water tableis below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within adepth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soilborings and on observations during soil mapping. Therock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft orfractured, excavations can be made with trenchingmachines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock ishard or massive, blasting or special equipmentgenerally is needed for excavation.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-inducedelectrochemical or chemical action that dissolves orweakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate ofcorrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factorsas soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, andelectrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosionof concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodiumcontent, texture, moisture content, and acidity of thesoil. Special site examination and design may beneeded if the combination of factors results in a severehazard of corrosion. The steel in installations thatintersect soil boundaries or soil layers is moresusceptible to corrosion than steel in installations thatare entirely within one kind of soil or within one soillayer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressedas low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainageclass, total acidity, electrical resistivity near fieldcapacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturationextract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressedas low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturationextract.

Physical and Chemical Analyses ofSelected Soils

The results of physical analyses of several typicalpedons in the survey area are given in table 18 and theresults of chemical analyses are given in table 19. The

data are for soils sampled at carefully selectedsites. Unless otherwise indicated, the pedons aretypical of the series. They are described in thesection “Soil Series and Their Morphology.” Soilsamples were analyzed by the Agronomy and SoilsClay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama.

Most determinations, except those for grain-sizeanalysis and bulk density, were made on soil materialsmaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurementsreported as percent or quantity of unit weight werecalculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used inobtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows.The codes in parentheses refer to published methods(8, 16).

Sand—(0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages ofmaterial less than 2 mm (3A1).

Silt—(0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction,weight percentages of all material less than 2 mm(3A1).

Clay—(fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipetteextraction, weight percentages of material less than2 mm (3A1).

Extractable bases—method of Hajek, Adams, andCope (8).

Extractable acidity—method of Hajek, Adams, andCope (8).

Cation-exchange capacity—sum of cations (5A3a).Base saturation—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope (8).Reaction (pH)—1:1 water dilution (8C1f).

Engineering Index Test Data

Table 20 shows laboratory test data for severalpedons sampled at carefully selected sites in thesurvey area. The pedons are representative of theseries described in the section “Soil Series and TheirMorphology.” The soil samples were tested by theAlabama Highway Department, Bureau of Materialsand Tests, Montgomery, Alabama.

The testing methods generally are those of theAmerican Association of State Highway andTransportation Officials (AASHTO) or the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

The tests and methods are AASHTOclassification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM);Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanicalanalysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217(ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318 (ASTM);Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D 4318 (ASTM);Moisture density—T 99 (AASHTO), D 698 (ASTM); andSpecific gravity—T 100 (AASHTO), D 854 (ASTM).

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The system of soil classification used by theNational Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories(12, 18). Beginning with the broadest, these categoriesare the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,and series. Classification is based on soil propertiesobserved in the field or inferred from thoseobservations or from laboratory measurements. Table21 shows the classification of the soils in the surveyarea. The categories are defined in the followingparagraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. Thedifferences among orders reflect the dominant soil-forming processes and the degree of soil formation.Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. Anexample is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into subordersprimarily on the basis of properties that influence soilgenesis and are important to plant growth or propertiesthat reflect the most important variables within theorders. The last syllable in the name of a suborderindicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaninghumid, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into greatgroups on the basis of close similarities in kind,arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenichorizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; typeof saturation; and base status. Each great group isidentified by the name of a suborder and by a prefixthat indicates a property of the soil. An example isHapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plusudult, the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udicmoisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typicsubgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades orextragrades. The typic subgroup is the central conceptof the great group; it is not necessarily the mostextensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have someproperties that are not representative of the great groupbut do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomicclass. Each subgroup is identified by one or moreadjectives preceding the name of the great group. Theadjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies thegreat group. An example is Typic Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties andother characteristics that affect management.Generally, the properties are those of horizons belowplow depth where there is much biological activity.Among the properties and characteristics consideredare particle size, mineral content, clay activity, soiltemperature regime, soil depth, and reaction. A familyname consists of the name of a subgroup preceded byterms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a familythat have horizons similar in color, texture, structure,reaction, consistence, mineral and chemicalcomposition, and arrangement in the profile. The soilsof the Cahaba series are fine-loamy, siliceous,semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Soil Series and Their MorphologyIn this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soiland the material in which it formed are identified foreach series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional areaof soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area isdescribed. The detailed description of each soil horizonfollows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (17).Many of the technical terms used in the descriptionsare defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (12) and in “Keys to SoilTaxonomy” (18). Unless otherwise indicated, colors inthe descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedondescription is the range of important characteristics ofthe soils in the series.

The map units of each soil series are described inthe section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Annemaine Series

The Annemaine series consists of very deep,moderately well drained soils that formed in stratifiedclayey and loamy alluvium. These soils are on lowstream terraces and are subject to occasional flooding.Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine,mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Annemaine soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bigbee, Cahaba, Columbus, and Myatt

Classification of the Soils

86 Soil Survey

soils. Bigbee, Cahaba, and Columbus soils are in theslightly higher positions on the low terraces. Bigbeesoils are sandy throughout. Cahaba and Columbussoils are fine-loamy. The poorly drained Myatt soils arein the lower, more concave positions.

Typical pedon of Annemaine loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.5 miles south ofVienna, 1,015 feet north and 510 feet west of thesoutheast corner of sec. 4, T. 23 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weakfine granular structure; very friable; many fine andmedium roots; strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

E—3 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;weak fine granular structure; friable; many fineroots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty clay;moderate medium subangular blocky structure;firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clayfilms on faces of peds; common fine flakes ofmica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—22 to 31 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) siltyclay; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; firm; few fine and medium roots;common distinct clay films on faces of peds;common fine flakes of mica; common mediumdistinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and yellowishbrown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation;common medium prominent light brownish gray(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clearwavy boundary.

Bt3—31 to 39 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clayloam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; firm; common distinct clay films onfaces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; manyfine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)masses of iron accumulation; many fine andmedium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irondepletions; very strongly acid; clear wavyboundary.

BC—39 to 44 inches; 40 percent yellowish red (5YR4/6), 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 30percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; fewfine roots; many fine flakes of mica; areas ofyellowish red and strong brown are ironaccumulations; areas of light brownish gray areiron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

C1—44 to 52 inches; 60 percent strong brown (7.5YR4/6) and 40 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy clay loam; massive; friable; few fine roots;many fine flakes of mica; areas of strong brownare iron accumulations; areas of light brownish

gray are iron depletions; very strongly acid; abruptwavy boundary.

C2—52 to 65 inches; stratified strong brown (7.5YR5/6) sand and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loamysand; massive; very friable; areas of light brownishgray are iron depletions; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to morethan 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid orstrongly acid throughout the profile, except in areaswhere the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, valueof 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is sandyloam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The number ofredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray andredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,yellow, and red ranges from none to common in theupper part of the horizon and from few to many in thelower part. The texture is silty clay loam, clay loam,silty clay, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has the same range inhue, value, and chroma as the Bt horizon; or it has nodominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades ofred, brown, yellow, and gray. The texture is sandy clayloam, loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has no dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, orgray. The texture is dominantly sand, loamy sand,sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. It commonly isstratified with finer- and coarser-textured materials.

Bama Series

The Bama series consists of very deep, well drainedsoils that formed in loamy sediments. These soils areon summits of high terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults.

Bama soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Lucedale, Savannah, and Smithdalesoils. Lucedale soils are in landscape positions similarto those of the Bama soils. They have dark red colorsthroughout the argillic horizon. Savannah soils are inlower positions than the Bama soils. They havebrownish colors in the subsoil and have a fragipan.Smithdale soils are on side slopes at lower elevationsthan the Bama soils. They have a reduction in claycontent of 20 percent or more within a depth of 60inches.

Typical pedon of Bama loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes;


about 2.2 miles southwest of Aliceville, 3,825 feetnorth and 1,900 feet east of the southwest corner ofsec. 2, T. 24 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;moderate fine granular structure; friable; slightlyacid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay loam;moderate medium subangular blocky structure;friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films onfaces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bt2—22 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay loam;moderate medium subangular blocky structure;friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films onfaces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bt3—43 to 54 inches; dark red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clayloam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable; few fine and very fine roots;common faint clay films on faces of peds; verystrongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—54 to 65 inches; dark red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clayloam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; few very fine roots; few faint clay films onfaces of peds; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reactionranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the Aphorizon, from very strongly acid to moderately acid inthe upper part of the Bt horizon, and is very stronglyacid or strongly acid in the lower part of the Bt horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loam orsandy loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YRor 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Thelower part, below a depth of 40 inches, dominantly hascolors similar to those of the upper part but may alsohave hue of 2.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of 4 to 6.The texture is sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

Bigbee Series

The Bigbee series consists of very deep,excessively drained soils that formed in sandyalluvium. These soils are on high parts of naturallevees and on low terraces. They are subject tooccasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent.These soils are thermic, coated TypicQuartzipsamments.

Bigbee soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Annemaine, Cahaba, Columbus, andRiverview soils. Annemaine soils are in the lowerpositions on the low terraces. They have a clayey

argillic horizon. Cahaba and Columbus soils are inslightly higher positions than the Bigbee soils and havea fine-loamy argillic horizon. Riverview soils are inpositions similar to those of the Bigbee soils on naturallevees and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percentslopes, occasionally flooded; about 5 miles west ofAliceville, 2,030 feet east and 320 feet north of thesouthwest corner of sec. 29, T. 22 S., R. 16 W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)loamy sand; single grained; loose; many fine andmedium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smoothboundary.

C1—6 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamysand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; verystrongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C2—23 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)loamy sand; single grained; loose; very stronglyacid; gradual smooth boundary.

C3—41 to 54 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand;single grained; loose; common spots and streaksof very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand; very stronglyacid; gradual smooth boundary.

C4—54 to 68 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand;single grained; loose; common medium distinctbrownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and strong brown(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; verystrongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C5—68 to 88 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) sand;single grained; loose; about 3 percent fine quartzpebbles; common medium distinct brownish yellow(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; verystrongly acid.

The sandy sediments are more than 80 inches thick.Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderatelyacid throughout the profile, except in areas where limehas been added.


The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or7.5YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 6. Thetexture is loamy sand, sand, or fine sand. The lowerpart of the horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8,and chroma of 1 to 6. It has few or commonredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown andyellow and few or common redoximorphic depletions inshades of gray.

Cahaba Series

The Cahaba series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium.These soils are on low stream terraces and are subject

88 Soil Survey

to occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Cahaba soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Annemaine, Bigbee, Columbus, andMyatt soils. Annemaine soils are in the slightly lowerpositions on the low terraces and have a clayey argillichorizon. Bigbee soils are also in the slightly lowerpositions on the low terraces and are on high parts ofnatural levees. They are sandy throughout the profile.The moderately well drained Columbus soils are in theslightly lower, less convex positions on the lowterraces and have a hue of 10YR or yellowerthroughout the subsoil. The poorly drained Myatt soilsare in slightly lower, more concave positions than theCahaba soils and have a grayish subsoil.

Typical pedon of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded; about 4 miles southwestof Aliceville, 1,100 feet north and 1,900 feet west ofthe southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 24 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weakfine granular structure; friable; many fine andmedium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smoothboundary.

BA—6 to 10 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandyloam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;friable; common fine and medium roots; verystrongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 26 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clayloam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable; common fine and medium roots;common faint clay films on faces of peds; verystrongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—26 to 31 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandyclay loam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable; common fine roots; common faintclay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—31 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandyloam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on facesof peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C1—38 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)loamy sand; massive; very friable; many fineflakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

C2—53 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)loamy sand; massive; very friable; many fineflakes of mica; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid tomoderately acid throughout the profile, except in areaswhere lime has been applied.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,and chroma of 2 to 4.

The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YRor 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Thetexture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or sandyclay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The texture is sandy clayloam, clay loam, or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam,fine sandy loam, or loamy sand. In many pedons thehorizon has thin strata of finer- and coarser-texturedmaterial. In some pedons it has thin strata of gravelbelow a depth of 40 inches.

Columbus Series

The Columbus series consists of very deep,moderately well drained soils that formed in loamyalluvium. These soils are on low stream terraces andare subject to occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Columbus soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Annemaine, Bigbee, Cahaba, andMyatt soils. Annemaine soils are in the slightly lowerpositions on the low terraces and have a clayeyargillic horizon. Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in theslightly higher, more convex positions on the lowterraces. Bigbee soils are sandy throughout. The welldrained Cahaba soils have hue of 5YR or redder in theupper part of the argillic horizon. The poorly drainedMyatt soils are in slightly lower, more concavepositions than the Columbus soils and have a grayishsubsoil.

Typical pedon of Columbus loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.5 miles east ofPleasant Grove, 3,100 feet north and 3,500 feet eastof the southwest corner of sec. 16, T. 22 S., R. 13 W.

Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; manyfine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clearsmooth boundary.

Ap2—3 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;weak medium granular structure; friable; many fineand medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

E—6 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid;clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay


loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;friable; common fine roots; common mediumdistinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irondepletions; few fine prominent dark red (2.5YR 4/6)masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—29 to 38 inches; 50 percent yellowish brown(10YR 5/6), 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR6/2), and 20 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) loam;weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;common fine roots; areas of light brownish gray areiron depletions; areas of yellowish red are massesof iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradualwavy boundary.

Btg—38 to 44 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; many coarse distinct yellowish brown(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; verystrongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—44 to 65 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray(10YR 6/2), 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6),and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandyloam; massive; friable; few thin strata of gray(10YR 5/1) sand; areas of yellowish brown andstrong brown are masses of iron accumulation;areas of light brownish gray are iron depletions;very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to 60inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acidthroughout the profile, except in areas where lime hasbeen applied.


The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, valueof 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is sandyloam, fine sandy loam, or loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has fewor common redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofred, yellow, and brown and few or commonredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The lowerpart of the horizon has a range in color similar to thatof the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix colorand is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and red.The texture of the Bt horizon is loam, clay loam, orsandy clay loam.

The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2. It has few tomany redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofbrown, yellow, or red. The texture is loam or sandy clayloam.

The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray.The texture is sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand. In

most pedons the horizon has thin strata of finer- orcoarser-textured materials.

Faunsdale Series

The Faunsdale series consists of very deep,somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in alkaline,clayey sediments and the underlying soft limestone(chalk). These soils are on concave side slopes and ontoeslopes in the Blackland Prairie. Slopes range from 0to 3 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermicAquic Hapluderts.

Faunsdale soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Okolona, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, andVaiden soils. Okolona and Sumter soils are in slightlyhigher positions than the Faunsdale soils. Okolonasoils are moderately well drained. Sumter soils aremoderately deep over bedrock. Sucarnoochee soils areon flood plains adjacent to areas of the Faunsdale soilsand are subject to frequent flooding. Vaiden soils are inlower positions than the Faunsdale soils and are acid inthe upper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Faunsdale silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes; about 1 mile north of Dancy, 800 feet north and1,400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 27, T.24 N., R. 3 W.

Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) siltyclay; moderate medium granular structure; firm;many fine roots; slightly alkaline; clear wavyboundary.

Ap2—4 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) siltyclay; moderate fine angular blocky structure; firm;common fine roots; common medium faint lightolive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of ironaccumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavyboundary.

Bss—9 to 24 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay; coarsewedge-shaped fragments that part to moderatemedium angular blocky structure; firm; commonfine roots on faces of slickensides; common largeintersecting slickensides that have distinct,polished and grooved surfaces; common fine andfew medium nodules and soft black masses of ironand manganese oxides; common medium faintlight olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of ironaccumulation; slightly effervescent; slightlyalkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

Bkss1—24 to 33 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay;coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part to strongfine and medium angular blocky structure; veryfirm; few fine roots on faces of slickensides;common large intersecting slickensides that havedistinct, polished and grooved surfaces; few fineblack nodules and soft black masses of iron and

90 Soil Survey

manganese oxides; common fine nodules ofcalcium carbonate; common medium distinct lightolive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation on faces of peds and in peds;common medium faint olive gray (5Y 4/2) irondepletions on faces of peds and in peds; stronglyeffervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smoothboundary.

Bkss2—33 to 49 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)clay; coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part tostrong fine and medium angular blocky structure;very firm; few fine roots on faces of slickensides;common fine and medium nodules and softmasses of calcium carbonate; common fine andmedium distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses ofiron accumulation on faces of peds and in peds;common fine and medium faint dark grayish brown(2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions on faces of peds and inpeds; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline;clear wavy boundary.

Bkss3—49 to 62 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)clay; coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part tostrong medium angular blocky structure; very firm;many large intersecting slickensides that haveprominent, polished and grooved surfaces;common fine and medium nodules and softmasses of calcium carbonate; many fine distinctolive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of ironaccumulation on faces of peds and in peds; manyfine and medium faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) irondepletions on faces of peds and in peds; stronglyeffervescent; moderately alkaline.

The thickness of the solum is more than 40 inches.The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, valueof 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Reaction is neutral orslightly alkaline.

The Bss horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y andvalue and chroma of 4 to 6. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown andolive and few to many redoximorphic depletions inshades of gray. It has few to many soft masses ornodules or both of iron and manganese oxides.Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.The texture is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, orclay.

The Bkss horizon has the same range in color asthe Bss horizon. It has few to many soft masses ornodules or both of iron and manganese oxides. Ithas common or many soft masses or nodules orboth of calcium carbonate. Reaction is slightlyalkaline or moderately alkaline. The texture is siltyclay or clay.

Iuka Series

The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderatelywell drained soils that formed in stratified loamy andsandy alluvium. These soils are on the flood plainsalong the Sipsey River and are subject to frequentflooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soilsare coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermicAquic Udifluvents.

Iuka soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bigbee, Kinston, and Ochlockoneesoils. Bigbee and Ochlockonee soils are in slightlyhigher positions than the Iuka soils. Bigbee soils aresandy throughout. Ochlockonee soils are well drainedand do not have low-chroma redoximorphic depletionsin the upper part of the substratum. The poorly drainedKinston soils are in lower, less convex positions thanthose of the Iuka soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Iuka silt loam, in an area ofOchlockonee-Kinston-Iuka complex, 0 to 2 percentslopes, frequently flooded; about 0.75 mile southeastof Benevola, 2,030 feet north and 2,640 feet east ofthe southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 22 S., R. 14 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;weak fine granular structure; very friable; stronglyacid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)masses of iron accumulation; common mediumdistinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions;very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—10 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandyloam; massive; very friable; few fine and mediumroots; common medium distinct dark yellowishbrown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation;common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Cg1—24 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots;few fine flakes of mica; common fine black andbrown nodules of iron and manganese oxides;common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Cg2—41 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR6/2) loamy sand; massive; very friable; commonthin strata of sandy loam; common fine flakes ofmica; common medium distinct yellowish brown(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;strongly acid.


Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acidthroughout the profile, except for the surface layer inareas where lime has been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is silt loam orloam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, andchroma of 3 to 6. It has redoximorphic depletions thathave chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 20 inches.The texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam,or loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,or yellow. The texture is loamy sand, fine sandy loam,loam, or silt loam.

Kinston Series

The Kinston series consists of very deep, poorlydrained soils that formed in stratified loamy and sandyalluvium. These soils are on low parts of flood plainsand are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods inwinter and spring in most years. Slopes are 0 to 1percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,semiactive, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents.

Kinston soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Iuka and Mantachie soils andFluvaquents. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents arein depressions on the flood plains and are ponded forlong or very long periods. The moderately well drainedIuka and somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils arein slightly higher, more convex positions than those ofthe Kinston soils. Iuka soils are coarse-loamy.Mantachie soils are brownish in the upper part of thesubsoil.

Typical pedon of Kinston clay loam, in an area ofKinston-Mantachie complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes,frequently flooded; about 2.5 miles southwest of Gordo,600 feet west and 175 feet north of the southeastcorner of sec. 19, T. 20 S., R. 13 W.

A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam;moderate fine granular structure; friable; commonfine and medium roots; common fine soft blackmasses of iron and manganese oxides; commonmedium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) siltloam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;common fine and medium roots; few fine soft blackmasses of iron and manganese oxides; fewmedium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; common mediumfaint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions;strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—8 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) siltloam; massive; very friable; few fine and mediumroots; common medium distinct yellowish brown(10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) massesof iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradualwavy boundary.

Cg2—25 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam;massive; firm; few fine roots; common mediumprominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowishbrown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg3—45 to 55 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) loam; massive;very friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct lightolive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and prominent strong brown(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg4—55 to 65 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamysand; massive; very friable; few fine roots;common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very stronglyacid.

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to stronglyacid throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, andchroma of 1 to 3. The texture is clay loam or silt loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or commonredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,and yellow. The number of soft black masses of ironand manganese oxides ranges from none to common.The upper part of the horizon is sandy loam, loam, siltloam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. The lower part isloamy sand, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clayloam, or silty clay loam. In some pedons the horizonhas gravelly strata below a depth of 40 inches.

Lucedale Series

The Lucedale series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in loamy sediments. Thesesoils are on broad summits of high stream terraces.Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults.

The Lucedale soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bama, Savannah, and Smithdale soils.Bama soils are in positions similar to those of theLucedale soils. They do not have chroma 3 colorsthroughout the argillic horizon. Savannah soils are inlower positions than the Lucedale soils and have hueof 7.5YR or yellower in the upper part of the argillic

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horizon. Smithdale soils are on side slopes adjacent toareas of the Lucedale soils and do not have chroma 3colors throughout the argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Lucedale loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes; about 2.3 miles northwest of Aliceville, 3,045feet north and 625 feet east of the southwest corner ofsec. 11, T. 22 S., R. 16 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) loam;weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fineand medium roots; strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

Bt1—7 to 16 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) loam; weakmedium subangular blocky structure; friable; manyfine and medium roots; few faint clay films onfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smoothboundary.

Bt2—16 to 39 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay loam;moderate medium subangular blocky structure;friable; many fine and medium roots; common faintclay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—39 to 72 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clayloam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films onfaces of peds; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reactionranges from very strongly acid to moderately acidthroughout the profile, except for the surface layer inareas where lime has been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, valueof 3, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3,and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is sandy clay loam,clay loam, or loam.

Luverne Series

The Luverne series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in stratified clayey and loamysediments. These soils are on ridgetops and sideslopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 5 to 35percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,thermic Typic Hapludults.

Luverne soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Sacul, Savannah, and Smithdale soils.Sacul and Smithdale soils are in positions similar tothose of the Luverne soils. Sacul soils have low-chroma redoximorphic depletions in the upper part ofthe argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are fine-loamy.Savannah soils are in higher positions than theLuverne soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Luverne sandy loam, in an area ofSmithdale-Luverne-Sacul complex, 15 to 35 percent

slopes; about 2.3 miles east of Carrollton, 2,435 feetwest and 1,845 feet south of the northeast corner ofsec. 2, T. 21 S., R. 15 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;weak medium granular structure; very friable; manyfine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavyboundary.

Bt1—5 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;common fine roots; few faint clay films on faces ofpeds; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clearwavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 27 inches; dark red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam;strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;few fine and medium roots; common faint clayfilms on faces of peds; common mediumprominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses ofiron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bt3—27 to 41 inches; dark red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;few faint clay on faces of peds; many fine flakes ofmica; common medium prominent yellowish brown(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; verystrongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—41 to 65 inches; thinly stratified red (2.5YR 5/8)sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loamy sand,and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy clayloam; massive; friable; many fine flakes of mica;areas of light brownish gray are iron depletions;very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid tostrongly acid throughout the profile, except for thesurface layer in areas where lime has been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, valueof 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loamysand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number ofredoximorphic features in shades of brown, red, yellow,and gray ranges from none to common. These featuresare assumed to be relict. The texture is clay loam,sandy clay, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar tothose of the Bt horizon. It has coarse or very coarsestructure and weakly expressed bedding planes. Thetexture is clay loam or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon consists of stratified, loamy to clayeysediments that have a high content of mica. Thetexture of individual strata ranges from loamy sand to


clay, and the thickness of individual strata ranges froma few millimeters to several centimeters. In somepedons the horizon has few or common thin strata ofclayey shale or ironstone. The colors are variable, butthe sandy and loamy strata commonly have hue of2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8.The clayey strata generally are grayish.

Mantachie Series

The Mantachie series consists of very deep,somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamyalluvium. These soils are on flood plains along streamsthroughout the county and are subject to flooding forbrief periods one or more times in most years. Slopesare 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts.

Mantachie soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Kinston and Ochlockonee soils andFluvaquents. The poorly drained Kinston soils are inslightly lower, less convex positions on the flood plainsthan the Mantachie soils and are grayish throughoutthe subsoil. The well drained Ochlockonee soils are inslightly higher, more convex positions than those of theMantachie soils and are coarse-loamy. The very poorlydrained Fluvaquents are in depressions and are pondedfor long or very long periods.

Typical pedon of Mantachie loam, in an area ofKinston-Mantachie complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes,frequently flooded; about 4 miles north of Carrollton,2,030 feet north and 800 feet west of the southeastcorner of sec. 32, T. 19 S., R. 15 W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weakmedium granular structure; friable; common fineroots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clearsmooth boundary.

A—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weakmedium subangular blocky structure; friable;common fine roots; common medium distinct lightbrownish gray (10YR 6/2) and grayish brown (10YR5/2) iron depletions on faces of peds and in peds;very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—12 to 24 inches; 50 percent yellowish brown(10YR 5/4) and 50 percent light brownish gray(10YR 6/2) sandy clay loam; weak mediumsubangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;areas of light brownish gray are iron depletions;very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg1—24 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blockystructure; friable; few fine roots; common mediumdistinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg2—41 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clayloam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; few medium black stains of iron andmanganese oxides on faces of peds; commonmedium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) andyellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bg3—52 to 62 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blockystructure; friable; many fine black nodules of ironand manganese oxides; common mediumprominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strongbrown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acidthroughout the profile, except for the surface layer inareas where lime has been added.


The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4or 5, chroma of 3 to 6, and common or manyredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray; or it has nodominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades ofgray, brown, red, and yellow. The texture is loam, clayloam, or sandy clay loam.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,yellow, or red. The texture is clay loam, loam, sandyloam, or sandy clay loam.

Mooreville Series

The Mooreville series consists of very deep,moderately well drained soils that formed in loamyalluvium. These soils are on the flood plains along theTombigbee River and are subject to frequent floodingfor brief periods during winter and spring in most years.Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic FluvaquenticDystrochrepts.

Mooreville soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bigbee, Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils.Bigbee and Riverview soils are in slightly higher, moreconvex positions on the flood plains than theMooreville soils. Bigbee soils are sandy throughout.Riverview soils do not have low-chroma redoximorphicdepletions in the upper part of the subsoil. Una andUrbo soils are in slightly lower, more concave positions

94 Soil Survey

on the flood plains than the Mooreville soils. They areclayey and have grayish colors throughout the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Mooreville loam, in an area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequentlyflooded; about 1.8 miles west of Aliceville, 1,220 feetnorth and 3,500 feet east of the southwest corner ofsec. 21, T. 22 S., R. 16 W.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weakfine granular structure; friable; many fine andmedium roots; strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

Bw1—6 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blockystructure; friable; few fine and medium roots;common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bw2—25 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandyclay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; few fine and medium roots; common fineprominent dark red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of ironaccumulation; common medium distinct lightbrownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; verystrongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—37 to 51 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown(10YR 5/6), 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR6/2), 25 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 10percent red (2.5YR 5/6) clay loam; weak coarsesubangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots;very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—51 to 65 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy loam; massive; friable; common mediumprominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fineprominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acidthroughout the profile, except for the surface layer inareas where lime has been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR,value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number ofredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray andredoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,brown, or red ranges from none to common in theupper part of the horizon. The lower part commonly hasno dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shadesof brown, gray, yellow, and red; or it has hue of 10YR,value of 4 or 5, chroma of 4 to 8, and common or manyredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The textureof the Bw horizon is loam, clay loam, or sandy clayloam.

The Cg horizon commonly has a grayish matrix andfew to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofbrown, yellow, or red; or it has no dominant matrix colorand is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, andyellow. The texture is dominantly sandy loam, loam,sandy clay loam, or clay loam. In most pedons thehorizon has thin strata of finer- or coarser-texturedmaterials.

Myatt Series

The Myatt series consists of very deep, poorlydrained soils that formed in stratified loamy alluvium.These soils are on low stream terraces and are subjectto occasional flooding. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent.These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermicTypic Endoaquults.

Myatt soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Annemaine, Cahaba, Columbus, andSavannah soils. These associated soils are in slightlyhigher, more convex positions on the stream terracesthan the Myatt soils. Annemaine soils have a clayeyargillic horizon. The well drained Cahaba soils have areddish argillic horizon. The moderately well drainedColumbus and Savannah soils have a brownish argillichorizon.

Typical pedon of Myatt fine sandy loam, in an areaof Myatt-Columbus complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,occasionally flooded; about 1.7 miles northeast ofJena, 2,640 feet north and 1,220 feet west of thesoutheast corner of sec. 11, T. 22 S., R. 13 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) finesandy loam; weak fine granular structure; veryfriable; many fine and medium roots; few finewormcasts; common medium distinct darkyellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of ironaccumulation; moderately acid; clear smoothboundary.

Eg—4 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) finesandy loam; weak coarse subangular blockystructure; very friable; common fine and mediumroots; few fine black nodules of iron andmanganese oxides; common medium distinctyellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and dark yellowishbrown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation;strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btg1—9 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangularblocky structure; firm; common fine and mediumroots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.


Btg2—29 to 37 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clayloam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; firm; few fine and medium roots;common faint clay films on faces of peds;common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Btg3—37 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clayloam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint clayfilms on faces of peds; many medium prominentstrong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very stronglyacid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—50 to 70 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam;massive; very friable; few fine roots; commonmedium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid tostrongly acid throughout the profile, except for thesurface layer in areas where lime has been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Eg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The textureis fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,or yellow. The texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, orloam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of gray, yellow, red,and brown. The texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam,sandy clay loam, or clay loam. In some pedons thehorizon has thin strata of finer- and coarser-texturedmaterials.

Ochlockonee Series

The Ochlockonee series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in stratified loamy and sandyalluvium. These soils are on high parts of the naturallevee on the flood plains along the Sipsey River. Theyare subject to frequent flooding for brief periods inwinter and spring in most years. Slopes range from 0 to2 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous,active, acid, thermic Typic Udifluvents.

Ochlockonee soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bigbee, Iuka, and Kinston soils. Bigbeesoils are in slightly higher positions on the natural

levees than the Ochlockonee soils and are sandythroughout. The moderately well drained Iuka soils arein slightly lower, less convex positions than those ofthe Ochlockonee soils. The poorly drained Kinstonsoils are in lower, more concave positions on the floodplains than the Ochlockonee soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Ochlockonee sandy loam, in anarea of Ochlockonee-Kinston-Iuka complex, 0 to 2percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 0.75 milesoutheast of Benevola, 2,230 feet north and 2,845 feeteast of the southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 22 S., R. 14W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;weak fine granular structure; very friable; commonfine and medium roots; moderately acid; clearsmooth boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clearwavy boundary.

C1—11 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)sandy loam; massive, weak thin bedding planes;very friable; few fine and medium roots; stronglyacid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—32 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)loamy sand; massive; very friable; common thinstrata of pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; common fineflakes of mica; common medium distinct darkyellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acidthroughout the profile, except for the surface layer inareas where lime has been added.


The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture is dominantlysandy loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, loam, loamysand, or loamy fine sand. In most pedons the horizonhas thin strata of finer- and coarser-textured materials.

Okolona Series

The Okolona series consists of very deep,moderately well drained soils that formed in alkaline,clayey residuum derived from soft limestone (chalk).These soils are on broad ridgetops in the uplands ofthe Blackland Prairie. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic OxyaquicHapluderts.

Okolona soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Faunsdale, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, andVaiden soils. The somewhat poorly drained Faunsdale

96 Soil Survey

soils are in slightly lower positions than the Okolonasoils. The somewhat poorly drained Sucarnoocheesoils are on flood plains adjacent to areas of theOkolona soils and are subject to frequent flooding.Sumter soils are in higher positions or on lower sideslopes than the Okolona soils and are moderately deepover bedrock. Vaiden soils are in slightly lowerpositions than the Okolona soils and are acid in theupper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Okolona silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes; about 0.5 mile east of Dancy, 2,000 feet northand 2,500 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 34,T. 24 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)silty clay; moderate medium granular structure;firm; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smoothboundary.

A—4 to 16 inches; black (5Y 2.5/2) clay; strongmedium angular blocky structure; firm; commonfine roots; few fine black nodules of iron andmanganese oxides; few fine nodules of calciumcarbonate; common medium faint light olive brown(2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation on facesof peds; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bkss1—16 to 22 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay; weakcoarse angular blocky structure parting to strongfine angular blocky; very firm; common fine roots;common large intersecting slickensides that havefaint, slightly grooved surfaces; few fine blacknodules of iron and manganese oxides; few finenodules of calcium carbonate; common mediumfaint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of ironaccumulation on faces of peds; slightlyeffervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavyboundary.

Bkss2—22 to 38 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay;coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part to strongfine and medium angular blocky structure; veryfirm; few fine roots; common large intersectingslickensides that have prominent, polished andgrooved surfaces; common fine black nodules ofiron and manganese oxides; few fine nodules ofcalcium carbonate; common fine faint light olivebrown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; fewfine faint light gray iron depletions on faces ofpeds; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bkss3—38 to 50 inches; 60 percent olive (5Y 5/4) and40 percent olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay; very coarsewedge-shaped fragments that part to strong fineand medium angular blocky structure; very firm;few fine roots; common large intersectingslickensides that have prominent, polished andgrooved surfaces; few fine black nodules of ironand manganese oxides; few fine nodules and

common fine soft masses of calcium carbonate;common fine faint light gray (5Y 7/1) irondepletions on faces of peds; strongly effervescent;slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bkss4—50 to 65 inches; 35 percent olive brown (2.5Y4/4), 35 percent olive gray (5Y 4/2), and 30 percentdark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; very coarsewedge-shaped fragments that part to strong coarseand medium angular blocky structure; commonlarge intersecting slickensides that haveprominent, polished and grooved surfaces; few fineblack nodules of iron and manganese oxides;common fine nodules and soft masses of calciumcarbonate; few fine faint light gray iron depletionson faces of peds; strongly effervescent;moderately alkaline.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to morethan 60 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid tomoderately alkaline in the Ap and A horizons and isslightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the B horizon.The number of nodules of iron and manganese oxide isfew or common throughout the profile.

The A and Ap horizons have hue of 2.5Y or 5Y andvalue and chroma of 2 or 3. The number of softmasses and nodules of calcium carbonate ranges fromnone to common.

The Bkss horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4; or it has no dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of olive, brown, andgray. It has few or common redoximorphic depletions inshades of gray and few or common redoximorphicaccumulations in shades of yellow, brown, and olive. Ithas few to many soft masses and nodules of calciumcarbonate. The texture is silty clay or clay.

Riverview Series

The Riverview series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in loamy alluvium. Thesesoils are on high parts of the natural levee on the floodplains along the Tombigbee River and are subject tofrequent flooding for brief periods in winter and spring inmost years. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Thesesoils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic FluventicDystrochrepts.

Riverview soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bigbee, Mooreville, Una, and Urbosoils. Bigbee and Mooreville soils are in positionssimilar to those of the Riverview soils. Bigbee soils aresandy throughout. Mooreville soils are moderately welldrained. Una and Urbo soils are in lower, less convexpositions than those of the Riverview soils and areclayey throughout.

Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent


slopes, frequently flooded; about 0.5 mile southwest ofVienna, 1,825 feet south and 1,015 feet east of thenorthwest corner of sec. 4, T. 23 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;many fine and medium roots; moderately acid;abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam;weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;many fine and medium roots and common coarseroots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—16 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots;common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid;clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—23 to 42 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandyclay loam; weak medium subangular blockystructure; friable; few fine roots; common fineflakes of mica; common medium distinct yellowishbrown (10YR 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) masses of iron accumulation; very stronglyacid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw4—42 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)sandy clay loam; weak very coarse subangularblocky structure; friable; few fine roots; commonthin strata of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandyloam; common fine flakes of mica; commonmedium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) massesof iron accumulation; common medium faint palebrown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; very stronglyacid; clear wavy boundary.

C—51 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandyloam; massive; very friable; few thin strata of palebrown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; common fine flakes ofmica; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common fineand medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)iron depletions; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid tomoderately acid throughout the profile, except forthe surface layer in areas where lime has beenadded.


The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number ofredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,yellow, and red ranges from none to common. Atdepths of 24 inches or more, the number ofredoximorphic depletions having chroma of 2 or lessranges from none to common. The texture is clay loam,

sandy clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, orsilty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few or commonredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,and yellow and few or common redoximorphicdepletions in shades of gray. The texture is dominantlyloam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand,loamy sand, or sand. In most pedons the horizon hasstrata of finer- or coarser-textured materials.

Sacul Series

The Sacul series consists of very deep, moderatelywell drained soils that formed in stratified loamy andclayey sediments. These soils are on ridgetops andside slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 35percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, thermicAquic Hapludults.

Sacul soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Luverne and Smithdale soils. Theseassociated soils are in positions similar to those of theSacul soils. Luverne soils do not have low-chromaredoximorphic depletions that are caused by currentwetness in the upper part of the subsoil. Smithdalesoils are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Sacul sandy loam, in an area ofSmithdale-Luverne-Sacul complex, 15 to 35 percentslopes; about 2.5 miles east of Kirk, 600 feet southand 2,840 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 13,T. 21 S., R. 13 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandyloam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;common fine and coarse roots; few gravel-sizedfragments of ironstone; moderately acid; clearsmooth boundary.

E—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;common fine, medium, and coarse roots; stronglyacid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—12 to 21 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; strong fineand medium angular blocky structure; commonfine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint clay filmson faces of peds; few fine distinct grayish brown(10YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; clearwavy boundary.

Bt2—21 to 33 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; strongmedium angular blocky structure; common fine andmedium roots; few faint clay films on faces ofpeds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR5/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavyboundary.

Bt3—33 to 48 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam;

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moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm;few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces ofpeds; many medium distinct light brownish gray(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clearsmooth boundary.

Btg—48 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;moderate coarse angular blocky structure; firm;common faint clay films on faces of peds;common medium prominent dark yellowish brown(10YR 4/6) and dark red (2.5YR 4/8) masses ofiron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to morethan 80 inches. Reaction ranges from very stronglyacid to moderately acid in the A and E horizons andfrom extremely acid to strongly acid in the Bt and Btghorizons and in the C horizon, if it occurs.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, andchroma of 2 to 4. The Ap horizon, if it occurs, has hueof 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, valueof 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture is sandyloam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,and brown and few to many redoximorphic depletionsin shades of gray. The texture is clay loam, clay, siltyclay, or sandy clay.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,and brown. The texture is clay loam, sandy clay loam,or sandy clay.

The C horizon, if it occurs, is multicolored in shadesof gray, red, or brown and commonly is stratified. Thetexture is clay loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam.In some pedons the horizon has thin strata of soft,clayey shale.

Savannah Series

The Savannah series consists of very deep,moderately well drained soils that formed in loamysediments. These soils are on broad summits of highstream terraces and on narrow ridgetops in theuplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soilsare fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic TypicFragiudults.

Savannah soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bama, Lucedale, Luverne, Myatt, andSmithdale soils. Bama and Lucedale soils are inlandscape positions similar to those of Savannah soilsbut are at higher elevations. They have a reddish

argillic horizon and do not have a fragipan. Luverne andSmithdale soils are on side slopes adjacent to areas ofthe Savannah soils. Luverne soils have a clayeyargillic horizon. Smithdale soils have a reddish argillichorizon and do not have a fragipan. The poorly drainedMyatt soils are in slightly lower, more concavepositions than those of the Savannah soils and have agrayish subsoil.

Typical pedon of Savannah loam, 0 to 2 percentslopes; about 4 miles northeast of Carrollton, 1,500feet south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest cornerof sec. 18, T. 20 S., R. 14 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;many fine and medium roots; moderately acid;clear smooth boundary.

E—7 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;many fine and medium roots; moderately acid;clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—12 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)loam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable; common fine and medium roots;few faint clay films on faces of peds; very stronglyacid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—19 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)loam; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clayfilms on faces of peds; few fine brown and blacknodules of iron and manganese oxides; few finefaint pale brown iron depletions; very strongly acid;clear wavy boundary.

Btx1—26 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure;firm, brittle in about 65 percent of the mass; fewfine roots in seams between prisms; few faint clayfilms on faces of peds; thin seams of lightbrownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam between prisms;common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) masses of iron accumulation; light brownishgray areas are iron depletions; very strongly acid;clear wavy boundary.

Btx2—37 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)clay loam; moderate very coarse prismaticstructure; firm, brittle in about 70 percent of themass; few fine roots in seams between prisms; fewfaint clay films on faces of peds; thin seams oflight brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam betweenprisms; common fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6)masses of iron accumulation; light brownish grayareas are iron depletions; very strongly acid;gradual wavy boundary.

Btx3—49 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure;


firm, brittle in about 60 percent of the mass; fewfaint clay films on faces of peds; common mediumprominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of ironaccumulation; many fine and medium distinct gray(10YR 6/1) iron depletions in peds and in seamsbetween peds; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to morethan 80 inches. The depth to the fragipan ranges from20 to 30 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid orstrongly acid throughout the profile, except for thesurface and subsurface layers in areas where lime hasbeen applied.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, valueof 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture is silt loam,loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number ofredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,yellow, and red ranges from none to common. Thetexture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam.

The Btx horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, andchroma of 4 to 8. It has few to many redoximorphicaccumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and red andfew to many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray.The texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam.

Smithdale Series

The Smithdale series consists of very deep, welldrained soils that formed in loamy sediments. Thesesoils are on narrow ridgetops and on side slopes in theuplands. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Thesesoils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic TypicHapludults.

Smithdale soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Bama, Lucedale, Luverne, Sacul, andSavannah soils. Bama and Lucedale soils are in higherpositions than the Smithdale soils. Bama soils have anargillic horizon that does not have a significantdecrease in clay content within a depth of 60 inches.Lucedale soils have a dark red argillic horizon. Luverneand Sacul soils are in positions similar to those of theSmithdale soils. They have a clayey argillic horizon.Savannah soils are in higher positions than theSmithdale soils and have a fragipan.

Typical pedon of Smithdale sandy loam, 5 to 8percent slopes; about 2 miles southwest ofNewtonville, 2,000 feet south and 1,800 feet west ofthe northeast corner of sec. 11, T. 18 S., R. 13 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandyloam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few

fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

Bt1—7 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay loam;weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films onfaces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavyboundary.

Bt2—17 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) loam;weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces ofpeds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—29 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) loam; weakmedium subangular blocky structure; friable; fewfine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—38 to 57 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces ofpeds; few thin streaks of uncoated sand; verystrongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt5—57 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy loam;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; veryfriable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; fewthin streaks of uncoated sand; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 inchesto more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acidor strongly acid throughout the profile, except for thesurface layer in areas where lime has been added.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Thetexture is loamy sand or sandy loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YRor 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Thetexture is clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam.

The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar tothose of the upper part. It commonly has streaks orpockets of uncoated sand. The texture is sandy loam,loam, or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It ismassive and commonly has thin bedding planes. Thetexture is sandy loam or loamy sand. In most pedonsthe horizon has thin strata of finer- and coarser-textured materials.

Sucarnoochee Series

The Sucarnoochee series consists of very deep,somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in alkaline,clayey alluvium. These soils are on floods plains in theBlackland Prairie. They are subject to flooding for briefperiods one or more times during late winter and early

100 Soil Survey

spring in most years. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. Thesesoils are fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts.

Sucarnoochee soils are commonly associated onthe landscape with Faunsdale, Okolona, Sumter, andVaiden soils. These associated soils are on uplandsadjacent to areas of the Sucarnoochee soils and arenot subject to flooding. Faunsdale and Okolona soilshave olive or brownish colors in the subsoil. Sumtersoils are moderately deep over bedrock. Vaiden soilsare acid in the upper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Sucarnoochee silty clay, 0 to 1percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 1.6 milesnorthwest of Memphis, 3,485 feet west and 1,230 feetsouth of the northeast corner of sec. 16, T. 22 S., R. 17W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)silty clay; moderate medium granular structure;firm; many fine roots; slightly alkaline; clearsmooth boundary.

AB—10 to 23 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure;firm; common fine roots; few fine black nodules ofiron and manganese oxides; common mediumdistinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of ironaccumulation; slightly effervescent; moderatelyalkaline; gradual smooth boundary.

Bssg1—23 to 36 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay;coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part to strongfine and medium angular blocky structure; veryfirm; few fine roots on faces of peds; commonlarge intersecting slickensides that have distinct,polished and grooved surfaces; few fine nodules ofcalcium carbonate; few fine black nodules of ironand manganese oxides; common fine and mediumdistinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strongbrown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavyboundary.

Bssg2—36 to 65 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay;coarse wedge-shaped fragments that part to strongmedium angular blocky structure; very firm; fewfine roots on faces of peds; common largeintersecting slickensides that have distinct,polished and grooved surfaces; few fine nodules ofcalcium carbonate; few fine soft black masses ofiron and manganese oxides; many fine andmedium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) andstrong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; moderately effervescent; slightlyalkaline.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reactionranges from neutral to moderately alkaline throughoutthe profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, valueof 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The AB horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y,value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It has few orcommon redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofbrown or olive. The texture is silty clay or clay.

The Bssg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of brown, olive,yellow, and gray. It has few to many redoximorphicdepletions in shades of gray and few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown andolive. The texture is silty clay or clay.

The Bkss horizon, if it occurs, generally has nodominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades ofolive, brown, and gray. It has few to many soft massesor nodules of calcium carbonate.

Sumter Series

The Sumter series consists of moderately deep,well drained soils that formed in alkaline, loamy andclayey residuum derived from soft limestone (chalk).These soils are on ridgetops and side slopes in theuplands of the Blackland Prairie. Slope ranges from 1to 12 percent. These soils are fine-silty, carbonatic,thermic Rendollic Eutrochrepts.

Sumter soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Faunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee,and Vaiden soils. Faunsdale and Okolona soils are verydeep and have vertic properties. Faunsdale soils are inslightly lower positions than the Sumter soils. Okolonasoils are in slightly higher positions than the Sumtersoils. Sucarnoochee soils are on flood plains adjacentto areas of the Sumter soils and are subject to frequentflooding. Vaiden soils are in lower positions than theSumter soils. They are very deep and are acid in theupper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Sumter silty clay loam, 1 to 5percent slopes, eroded; about 3 miles west ofCochrane, 1,000 feet north and 200 feet east of thesouthwest corner of sec. 10, T. 24 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) silty clay loam;moderate medium granular structure; friable; manyfine and medium roots; few fine soft masses ofcalcium carbonate; strongly effervescent; neutral;clear smooth boundary.

Bk1—5 to 10 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4) clay; moderatemedium subangular blocky structure; common fineand medium roots; common fine nodules and softmasses of calcium carbonate; stronglyeffervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavyboundary.


Bk2—10 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)clay; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; firm; common fine roots; common finenodules and soft masses of calcium carbonate;few fine fragments of chalk; few medium distinctyellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; few fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y5/2) iron depletions; strongly effervescent; slightlyalkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

Bk3—19 to 27 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay;weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;common fine nodules and many soft masses ofcalcium carbonate; common fine fragments ofchalk; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline;abrupt wavy boundary.

Cr—27 to 65 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) softlimestone (chalk); strong medium and thick platyrock structure; very firm; few fine roots in fractures;violently effervescent; slightly alkaline.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to softlimestone (chalk) range from 20 to 40 inches. Reactionranges from neutral to moderately alkaline in thesurface layer and is slightly alkaline or moderatelyalkaline in the subsoil.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, valueof 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to7, and chroma of 3 to 6. The number of redoximorphicaccumulations in shades of olive and brown rangesfrom none to common. The horizon has common ormany nodules and soft masses of calcium carbonate.In most pedons it has fragments of soft limestone(chalk). The content of these fragments ranges from 2to 15 percent, by volume, and generally increases withdepth. The texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Cr horizon is level-bedded, soft limestone(chalk). It is massive or has platy rock structure. Itrestricts plant roots, but it can be cut with hand toolsand is rippable by light equipment. It has hue of 2.5Y or5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. In someareas it has discontinuous lenses of hard limestone.

Una Series

The Una series consists of very deep, poorlydrained soils that formed in acid, clayey alluvium.These soils are in depressional areas on the floodplains along the Tombigbee River and are subject tofrequent flooding and ponding for long periods in winterand spring in most years. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent.These soils are fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic TypicEpiaquepts.

Una soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo soils.Mooreville and Riverview soils are in slightly higher,more convex positions on the flood plains than the Unasoils. They are fine-loamy. Urbo soils are in slightlyhigher positions than the Una soils and are somewhatpoorly drained.

Typical pedon of Una silty clay loam, in an area ofUrbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating,frequently flooded; about 2.5 miles southwest ofAliceville, 1,420 feet north and 1,025 feet east of thesouthwest corner of sec. 5, T. 24 N., R. 16 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)silty clay loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;many fine roots; common fine soft black massesof iron and manganese oxides; strongly acid; clearsmooth boundary.

Bg1—4 to 18 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay;weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;common fine and medium roots; common fineblack nodules of iron and manganese oxides;common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very stronglyacid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—18 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;firm; few fine roots; common fine black nodulesand soft black masses of iron and manganeseoxides; common medium distinct dark yellowishbrown (10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;gradual wavy boundary.

Bg3—42 to 53 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; firm; commonfine black nodules and soft black masses of ironand manganese oxides; many medium prominentyellowish red (5YR 5/6) and common mediumdistinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) massesof iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradualwavy boundary.

Bg4—53 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weakcoarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fineblack nodules of iron and manganese oxides;common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction isvery strongly acid or strongly acid throughout theprofile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. The number ofredoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow andbrown ranges from none to many.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 or

102 Soil Survey

6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,or yellow. The texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, orclay.

Urbo Series

The Urbo series consists of very deep, somewhatpoorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium.These soils are on the flood plains along theTombigbee River and are subject to frequent floodingfor brief periods in winter and spring in most years.Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine,mixed, active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts.

Urbo soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Mooreville, Riverview, and Una soils.Mooreville and Riverview soils are in slightly higher,more convex positions than those of the Urbo soils.They are fine-loamy. Una soils are in slightly lower,more concave positions on the flood plains than theUrbo soils and are poorly drained.

Typical pedon of Urbo silty clay loam, in an area ofUrbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating,frequently flooded; about 2.5 miles west of Aliceville,2,435 feet north and 2,030 feet west of the southeastcorner of sec. 29, T. 22 S., R. 16 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) siltyclay loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smoothboundary.

Bw—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay;weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;common fine roots; few fine faint dark brown (10YR3/3) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;clear wavy boundary.

Bg1—12 to 20 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay;weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;few fine and medium roots; common fine blacknodules of iron and manganese oxides; commonmedium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)masses of iron accumulation; common fine faintdark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions; verystrongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg2—20 to 32 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) siltyclay; moderate medium subangular blockystructure; firm; few fine roots; few fine and mediumblack nodules of iron and manganese oxides;common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of ironaccumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavyboundary.

Bssg1—32 to 46 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) siltyclay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;firm; few fine roots; few large intersecting

slickensides that have faint, slightly groovedsurfaces; few fine and medium black nodules ofiron and manganese oxides; common mediumdistinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strongbrown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bssg2—46 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay;weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; fewlarge intersecting slickensides that have distinct,polished and grooved surfaces; few fine blacknodules of iron and manganese oxides; commonmedium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) andstrong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of ironaccumulation; strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction isvery strongly acid or strongly acid throughout theprofile, except for the surface layer in areas where limehas been added.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has fewto many redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofbrown and yellow and few to many redoximorphicdepletions in shades of gray. The texture is silty clayloam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It hascommon or many redoximorphic accumulations inshades of brown, red, or yellow. The texture is siltyclay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

Vaiden Series

The Vaiden series consists of very deep,somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in acid,clayey sediments and the underlying alkaline clay orsoft limestone (chalk). These soils are on broadridgetops and gentle side slopes in the uplands ofthe Blackland Prairie. Slopes range from 0 to 3percent. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, thermicAquic Dystruderts.

Vaiden soils are commonly associated on thelandscape with Faunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee,and Sumter soils. Faunsdale and Okolona soils are inslightly higher positions than the Vaiden soils. Theyhave a dark surface layer and are alkaline in the upperpart of the solum. Sucarnoochee soils are on floodplains adjacent to areas of the Vaiden soils and arealkaline throughout. Sumter soils are in higher positionsthan the Vaiden soils and are moderately deep overbedrock.

Typical pedon of Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percentslopes; about 2.5 miles southwest of Cochrane, 1,210


feet north and 800 feet west of the southeast corner ofsec. 16, T. 24 N., R. 17 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) siltyclay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;firm; many medium and fine roots; strongly acid;abrupt smooth boundary.

Btss1—7 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structureparting to strong medium angular blocky; very firm;common fine roots on faces of peds; few largeintersecting slickensides that have faint, slightlygrooved surfaces; few fine prominent red (2.5YR4/6) masses of iron accumulation; many mediumdistinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and gray(2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clearwavy boundary.

Btss2—19 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structureparting to strong fine and medium angular blocky;very firm; few fine roots on faces of peds; commonlarge intersecting slickensides that have distinct,polished and grooved surfaces; common mediumdistinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of ironaccumulation; many fine and medium distinct gray(10YR 6/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid;gradual wavy boundary.

Bss1—35 to 45 inches; clay, yellowish brown (10YR5/6) interior and gray (5Y 6/1) exterior; moderatecoarse and very coarse angular blocky structure;very firm; common large intersecting slickensidesthat have prominent, polished and groovedsurfaces; common fine prominent yellowish red(5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in peds;common fine and medium distinct light brownishgray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; areas of gray onfaces of peds are iron depletions; strongly acid;gradual wavy boundary.

Bss2—45 to 65 inches; clay, yellowish brown (10YR5/6) interior and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)exterior; moderate coarse and very coarse angularblocky structure; very firm; common largeintersecting slickensides that have prominent,polished and grooved surfaces; common fine blacknodules of iron and manganese oxides; many fine

distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in peds;areas of light brownish gray on faces of peds areiron depletions; slightly acid.

The depth to horizons that have secondarycarbonates ranges from 36 to 80 inches. The depth tosoft limestone (chalk) is more than 60 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction is very strongly acidor strongly acid, except in areas where lime has beenadded.

The Btss horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it does not have adominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades ofbrown, gray, red, and yellow. It has common or manyredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray andcommon or many redoximorphic accumulations inshades of brown, red, and yellow. Reaction is verystrongly acid or strongly acid.

The Bss horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y andvalue of 5 or 6 and has chroma of 4 to 8 in pedinteriors and 1 or 2 on ped exteriors and on faces ofslickensides; or it does not have a dominant matrixcolor and is multicolored in shades of gray, brown,olive, and red. It has common or many redoximorphicdepletions in shades of gray and common or manyredoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,olive, and red. Reaction ranges from very strongly acidto slightly acid.

The Bkss horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR,2.5Y, or 5Y and value of 4 to 6. It has chroma of 4 to 6in ped interiors and 1 or 2 on the exterior of peds andon faces of slickensides. It has few to manyredoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and fewto many redoximorphic accumulations in shades ofbrown and olive. It has few to many nodules and softmasses of calcium carbonate. Reaction ranges fromneutral to moderately alkaline. The texture is clay orsilty clay.

The 2C horizon, if it occurs, is highly weathered softchalk or alkaline clay. It is massive or has platy rockstructure. Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon below adepth of 60 inches. It is soft limestone (chalk). It canbe dug with hand tools and is rippable by lightequipment.

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In this section, the factors of soil formation arerelated to the soils in Pickens County, the processesof horizon differentiation are explained, and the surfacegeology of the county is described.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on theearth’s surface that supports plants. Soil forms throughweathering and other processes that act on depositedor accumulated geologic material. The kind of soil thatforms depends on the type of parent material; theclimate under which soil material has existed sinceaccumulation; the relief, or lay of the land; the plantand animal life in and on the soil; and the length of timethat the forces of soil formation have acted on the soilmaterial. The relative importance of each of thesefactors differs from place to place; in some areas, onefactor is more important, and in other areas anothermay dominate. A modification or variation in any of thefactors results in a different kind of soil.

Climate and living organisms are the active factorsof soil formation. They act on parent material andchange it to a natural body with definite characteristics.The effects of climate and living organisms areconditioned by relief, which influences surfacedrainage, the amount of water that percolates throughthe soil, the rate of erosion, and the kind of vegetationthat grows on the soil. The nature of the parent materialalso affects the kind of soil profile that is formed. Timeis needed for the parent material to change into a soil.The development of a distinct soil horizon normallyrequires a long period of time.

Parent Material

The soils of Pickens County formed mainly in threekinds of parent material; loamy and clayey marinesediment that has undergone considerable weatheringin place, water-deposited material on stream terracesand flood plains, and materials weathered from softlimestone (chalk). Luverne, Sacul, and Smithdale soilsformed in the weathered, loamy and clayey marinesediment. Annemaine, Bama, Bigbee, Cahaba,Columbus, Iuka, Kinston, Lucedale, Mantachie,Mooreville, Myatt, Ocholokonee, Riverview, Savannah,

Sucarnoochee, Una, and Urbo soils formed in thewater-deposited material on stream terraces and floodplains. Faunsdale, Okolona, Sumter, and Vaiden soilsformed in the materials weathered from soft limestone(chalk).

Climate

The climate of Pickens County is warm and humid.Summers are long and hot. Winters are short and mild,and the ground rarely freezes to a depth of more than afew inches. The climate is fairly even throughout thecounty and accounts for few differences between thesoils. Rainfall averages 54 inches a year.

This mild, humid climate favors rapid decompositionof organic matter and hastens chemical reaction in thesoil. The plentiful rainfall leaches large amounts ofsoluble bases and carries the less soluble fineparticles downward, resulting in acid soils that have asandy surface layer and that are low in natural fertility.The large amount of moisture and the warmtemperature favor the growth of bacteria and fungi andspeed the decomposition of organic matter, resulting insoils that have a low content of organic matter.

Relief

Relief influences the formation of soil through itseffect on drainage, runoff, and erosion. In PickensCounty, the topography ranges from nearly level tosteep. The elevation ranges from about 120 to 580 feetabove sea level. Large flat areas and depressionsgenerally are poorly drained, and accumulated water,received mainly as runoff from adjacent areas, retardssoil formation. As slope increases, the hazard oferosion becomes greater, and runoff increases, butless water soaks into the soil and leaching decreases.In places, erosion nearly keeps pace with soilformation; therefore, soils on steep slopes aregenerally thin and weakly developed.

The aspect of slope affects the microclimate. Soilsthat have slopes facing the south or southwest warmup somewhat earlier in spring and generally reach ahigher temperature each day than those facing north.As a result, soils that have south- or southwest-facingslopes have accelerated chemical weathering. Soilsthat have north-facing slopes retain moisture longer

Formation of the Soils

106 Soil Survey

because they are shaded for longer periods and have alower temperature. In Pickens County, differencescaused by the direction of slope are slight and of minorimportance in soil formation.

Plants and Animals

Living organisms greatly influence the processes ofsoil formation and the characteristics of the soils.Trees, grasses, earthworms, rodents, fungi, bacteria,and other forms of plant and animal life are affected bythe other soil-forming factors. Animal activity is largelyconfined to the surface layer of the soil. The soil iscontinually mixed by this activity, which improveswater infiltration. Plant roots create channels throughwhich air and water move more rapidly, therebyimproving soil structure and increasing the rate ofchemical reactions in the soil.

Microorganisms help to decompose organic matter,which releases plant nutrients and chemicals into thesoil. These nutrients are either used by the plants orare leached from the soil. Human activities thatinfluence the plant and animal populations in the soilaffect the future rate of soil formation.

The native vegetation in the uplands of PickensCounty consisted of coniferous and deciduous trees asthe dominant overstory. The understory species wereholly, panicums, bluestems, American beautyberry,Indiangrass, longleaf uniola, and flowering dogwood.These species represent only a very limited varietythat once grew in the county and can be used as aguide to plants presently in the county.

The species distribution of fauna also reflect theplant communities. Animals have an impact on the soilproperties of a particular area. For example, worms,moles, armadillo, and gophers can improve aeration ina compacted soil. Microbes that thrive in a particularplant community will react to various soil conditionsand consequently influence the soil profile by providingdecayed organic matter and nitrogen to the soilmatrix.

Time

If all other factors of soil formation are equal, thedegree of soil formation is in direct proportion to time.If soil-forming factors have been active for a long time,horizon development is stronger than if these samefactors have been active for a relatively short time.

Geologically, the soils in Pickens County arerelatively young. The youngest soils are the alluvialsoils on active flood plains of streams and rivers.These soils receive deposits of sediment and areundergoing a cumulative soil-forming process. In mostcases, these young soils have very weakly definedhorizons, mainly because the soil-forming processes

have only been active for a short time. The Bigbee,Iuka, Kinston, Mantachie, Mooreville, Ochlockonee,Riverview, Sucarnoochee, Una, and Urbo soils areexamples of young soils.

Soils on terraces along the Tombigbee and SipseyRivers are older than soils on flood plains but are stillrelatively young. They formed in material deposited bythe rivers, but the river channels are now deeper andthe overflow no longer reaches these soils asfrequently. Many of these soils have relatively stronghorizon development. The Annemaine, Bama, Cahaba,Columbus, Lucedale, Myatt, and Savannah soils areexamples of soils on stream terraces of varying age.

The oldest soils in the county are on uplands andformed in marine sediment that has undergoneconsiderable weathering. The Luverne, Sacul, andSmithdale soils are examples. Soils on uplands of theBlackland Prairie have undergone considerableweathering but are relatively weakly developedbecause of the high content of smectitic clays.Examples are Faunsdale, Okolona, Sumter, and Vaidensoils.

Processes of Horizon Differentiation

The main processes involved in the formation of soilhorizons are accumulation of organic matter, leachingof calcium carbonate and bases, reduction and transferof iron, and formation and translocation of silicate clayminerals. These processes can occur in combination orindividually, depending on the integration of the factorsof soil formation.

Most soils have four main horizons. The A horizon isthe surface layer. It is the horizon of maximumaccumulation of organic matter. The E horizon, usuallycalled the subsurface layer, is the horizon of maximumloss of soluble or suspended material. Sacul andSavannah soils have both an A horizon and an Ehorizon. Other soils have an A horizon but do not havean E horizon. The Mantachie soils are an example.Organic matter has accumulated in the surface layer ofall soils in Pickens County to form an A horizon. Thecontent of organic matter varies in different soilsbecause of differences in relief, wetness, and naturalfertility.

The B horizon, which is usually called the subsoil, isimmediately below the A or E horizon. It is the horizonof maximum accumulation of dissolved or suspendedmaterial, such as iron or clay. The B horizon has notyet developed in very young soils, such as Bigbee andIuka soils.

The C horizon is the substratum. It has beenaffected very little by the soil forming processes, but itmay be somewhat modified by weathering.


The chemical reduction and transfer of iron, calledgleying, is evident in the wet soils in the county.Gleying results in gray colors in the subsoil and graymottles in other horizons. The gray color indicates thereduction and loss of iron and manganese. Thehorizons of some soils have brownish or reddishmottles, which indicate a segregation of iron. TheSavannah soils are an example.

Leaching of carbonates and bases has occurred inmost of the soils in the county. This processcontributes to the development of distinct horizons andto the naturally low fertility and acid reaction of mostsoils in the Coastal Plain. Some soils of the BlacklandPrairie formed in materials weathered from softlimestone (chalk). They are high in natural fertility andare alkaline throughout the profile. Examples areFaunsdale, Okolona, Sucarnoochee, and Sumter soils.

In uniform materials, natural drainage generally isclosely associated with slope or relief. It generallyaffects the color of the soil. Soils that formed undergood drainage conditions have a subsoil that isuniformly bright in color. Examples are Bama andLucedale soils. Soils that formed under poor drainageconditions are grayish. Examples are Kinston, Myatt,Una, and Urbo soils. Soils that formed where drainageis intermediate have a subsoil that is mottled in shadesof gray and brown. Examples are Columbus andMantachie soils. The grayish colors persists even afterartificial drainage is provided. The dark grayish browncolors in the upper part of the Sucarnoochee soils areassumed to be inherited from the color of the parentmaterial.

In steep areas, the surface soil erodes. In low areasor depressions, soil materials often accumulate andadd to the thickness of the surface soil. In some areas,the rate of formation of soil material and the rate ofremoval are in equilibrium. The eluviation of clay fromthe E horizon to the Bt horizon is also related to thedegree of relief.

Surface Geology

The geological formations in Pickens County aresedimentary and range in age from late Cretaceous toRecent. These formations consist mainly ofunconsolidated sediments of sand, silt, clay, andgravel and layers of soft limestone (chalk) and shale.The geologic units in the county, listed from oldest toyoungest, include the Coker and Gordo Formations ofthe Tuscaloosa Group; the McShan and EutawFormations; the Mooreville and Demopolis Chalks ofthe Selma Group; high terrace deposits of PleistoceneAge; and low terrace and alluvial deposits of Recentand Holocene Age. All of the formations, except the

terrace and alluvial deposits, crop out in northwest- tosoutheast-trending belts across the county (21, 22).

The Coker Formation is in the lower part of theTuscaloosa Group and is the oldest geological unitexposed in Pickens County. It crops out in thenortheastern part of the county. It is about 450 feetthick in the area of outcrop. The upper part of theformation consists of carbonaceous clay andcrossbedded micaceous sand containing some chertgravel. The next part consists of alternating thin bedsof fine-grained glauconitic sand and laminated clay. Thelower part consists of sand and gravel and irregularbeds of carbonaceous clay. Soils that formed inmaterial weathered from this formation includeLuverne, Sacul, and Smithdale soils.

The Gordo Formation overlies the Coker Formationand crops out in the eastern part of the county. It isabout 270 feet thick in the area of outcrop. The upperpart of the formation consists of lenticular, mottled clayand beds of crossbedded fine to coarse sand. Thelower part consists of gravelly, poorly sorted sandcontaining thin lenses of carbonaceous clayey sandand purplish clay. Soils that formed in materialweathered from this formation include Luverne, Sacul,and Smithdale soils.

The McShan Formation overlies the GordoFormation. It was originally considered the lower part ofthe Eutaw Formation and has lithology similar to that ofthe Gordo Formation. It crops out diagonally across thecentral part of the county and is about 250 feet thick. Itconsists of alternating thin beds of crossbedded tolaminated and rippled, fine to coarse-grained,glauconitic sand and light gray, laminated clay. Soilsthat formed in material weathered from this formationinclude Luverne, Sacul, and Smithdale soils.

The Eutaw Formation overlies the McShanFormation and crops out diagonally across the westernpart of the county. It is divided into two parts. Theupper part, the Tombigbee Sand Member, consists of amassive bed of glauconitic sand containing fossilshells and layers of calcareous sandstone. Sumtersoils formed in material weathered from this member.The lower part of the Eutaw Formation consists ofalternating beds of crossbedded fine- to medium-grained, glauconitic sand and gray, laminated clay.Soils that formed in material weathered from the lowerpart of the Eutaw Formation include Luverne, Sacul,and Smithdale soils.

Units of the Selma Group overlie the EutawFormation. The Mooreville and Demopolis Chalks arethe lower two units of the Selma Group. TheMooreville Chalk crops out near Pickensville, andthe Demopolis Chalk crops out in the uplandssouthwest of the Tombigbee River. These two units

108

consist mainly of dense, grayish chalk or softlimestone. Soils that formed in material weathered fromthese units include Faunsdale, Okolona, Sumter, andVaiden soils.

High terrace deposits, primarily of PleistoceneAge, lie unconformably on older formations along theTombigbee and Sipsey Rivers and some of thelarger tributaries. They are remnants of older floodplains formed by streams that occupied the valleysduring earlier stages of development. They consistof poorly sorted deposits of reddish brown, yellowishbrown, yellowish red, and gray gravel, sand, silt,and clay. The soils that formed in this material

include Bama, Lucedale, Savannah, and Smithdalesoils.

Alluvial deposits of Recent age and low terracedeposits of Holocene age are along the Tombigbee andSipsey Rivers and in stream valleys throughout thecounty. They overlie older geologic units and aregenerally 1 to 60 feet thick. They consist of deposits ofbrownish, reddish, and grayish sand, gravel, clay, andsilt. Bigbee, Iuka, Kinston, Mantachie, Mooreville,Ochlockonee, Riverview, Sucarnoochee, Una, andUrbo soils are on active flood plains. Annemaine,Cahaba, Columbus, and Myatt soils are on lowterraces.

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(1) Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. 1992. Alabama agriculturalstatistics.

(2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986.Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling andtesting. Ed. 14, 2 vol.

(3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soilsfor engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(4) Broadfoot, W.M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites.U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Occas. Pap. 176.

(5) Broadfoot, W.M. 1963. Guide for evaluating water oak sites. U.S. Dep. Agric.,Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. SO-1.

(6) Clanahan, James F. 1940. The history of Pickens County, Alabama. ClanahanPublications, Carrollton, Alabama.

(7) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index curves for young stands ofloblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51.

(8) Hajek, B.F., F. Adams, and J.T. Cope, Jr. 1972. Rapid determination ofexchangeable bases, acidity, and base saturation for soil characterization. SoilSci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 36.

(9) Johnson, William M. 1961. Transect methods for determination of composition ofsoil mapping units. Soil Surv. Tech. Notes, U.S. Dep. of Agric., Soil Conserv. Serv.

(10) O’Neal, A.M., Jr., J.L. Andress, J.M. Moore, and E.H. Stevens. 1917. Soil surveyof Pickens County, Alabama. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bureau of Soils.

(11) Steers, C.A., and B.F. Hajek. 1979. Determination of map unit composition by arandom selection of transects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 43.

(12) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system ofsoil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv.,U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(13) United States Department of Agriculture. 1976. Volume, yield, and stand tablesfor second growth southern pines. Forest Serv. Misc. Publ. 50.

(14) United States Department of Agriculture. 1982. Status of conditions of land andwater resources in Alabama. Soil Conserv. Serv., Econ. Res. Serv., and ForestServ.

References

110

(15) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Forest statistics for Alabamacounties in 1990. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., Resour. Bull. SO-158.

(16) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1991. Soilsurvey laboratory methods manual. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 42.

(17) United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep.Agric. Handb. 18.

(18) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources ConservationService. 1996. Keys to soil taxonomy. 7th ed. Soil Surv. Staff.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources ConservationService. Nation soil survey handbook. Soil Survey Staff. (Available in the StateOffice of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama)

(20) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1995. 1994Census of population and housing. Summary of population and housingcharacteristics in Alabama.

(21) Wahl, Kenneth D. 1965. Ground-water resources of Pickens County, Alabama.Geol. Surv. of Alabama, Bull. 83.

(22) Wahl, Kenneth D. 1966. Geologic map of Pickens County, Alabama. Geol. Surv. ofAlabama, Map 40.

111

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium oron steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air fromthe atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil issimilar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorlyaerated soil is considerably higher in carbondioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a singlemass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such asgranules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clodsare aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where itissues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributarystream near or at its junction with its main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in1N ammonium acetate is used to detect thepresence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. Apositive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphicfeature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of foragerequired by one mature cow of approximately 1,000pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterizedby saturation, reduction, and redoximorphicfeatures.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaimafter the removal of soil for construction and otheruses. Revegetation and erosion control areextremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized byan accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold wateravailable for use by most plants. It is commonlydefined as the difference between the amount ofsoil water at field moisture capacity and theamount at wilting point. It is commonly expressedas inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, ininches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer isexpressed as:

Very low ........................................................... 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high ............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms thesteepest inclined surface and principal element ofmany hillsides. Backslopes in profile arecommonly steep, are linear, and may or may notinclude cliff segments.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,generally referring to the section at breast heightand measured outside the bark. It is a measure ofstand density, commonly expressed in square feet.

Base saturation. The degree to which material havingcation-exchange properties is saturated withexchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),expressed as a percentage of the total cation-exchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimetersthick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,or marine sediment.

Bedding system. A drainage system made byplowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surfaceof a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridgesseparated by shallow, parallel dead furrows.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil andother unconsolidated material or that is exposed atthe surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape wherethe configuration and relief of the landforms aredetermined or strongly influenced by the underlyingbedrock.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip ofearth constructed on or nearly on a contour,supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,and designed to make the soil suitable for tillageand to prevent accelerated erosion.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each ofwhich consists of an illuvial horizon and theoverlying eluvial horizons.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,subject to flooding.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the

Glossary

112 Soil Survey

ground surface; the point on a tree where diametermeasurements are ordinarily taken.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to anearby central area for transport to a processingfacility. Most cable yarding systems involve use ofa drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangementsimilar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. Toreduce friction and soil disturbance, felled treesgenerally are reeled in while one end is lifted or theentire log is suspended.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calciumcarbonate (commonly combined with magnesiumcarbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated withcold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (SeeCrown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soilparticles and in tiny spaces between particles.Surface tension is the adhesive force that holdscapillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscapethat formed in similar kinds of parent material buthave different characteristics as a result ofdifferences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount ofexchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some otherstated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, issynonymous with base-exchange capacity but ismore precise in meaning.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetationthrough the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one ormore soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosenhard, compacted layers to a depth below normalplow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles lessthan 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil texturalclass, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a lowcontent of iron, manganese, and clay because ofthe chemical reduction of iron and manganese andthe removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A typeof redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on thesurface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or rootchannels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant coverreproduces itself and does not change so long asthe environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or

establishing terraces, diversions, and other water-control structures on a complex slope is difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soilor miscellaneous areas in such an intricate patternor so small in area that it is not practical to mapthem separately at the selected scale of mapping.The pattern and proportion of the soils ormiscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in allareas.

Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease involume of soft soil under load.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internalsymmetry organized around a point, a line, or aplane. They typically take the form of concentriclayers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,iron oxide, and manganese oxide are commoncompounds making up concretions. If formed inplace, concretions of iron oxide or manganeseoxide are generally considered a type ofredoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops incombination with needed cultural and managementpractices. In a good conservation cropping system,the soil-improving crops and practices more thanoffset the effects of the soil-depleting crops andpractices. Cropping systems are needed on alltilled soils. Soil-improving practices in aconservation cropping system include the use ofrotations that contain grasses and legumes andthe return of crop residue to the soil. Otherpractices include the use of green manure crops ofgrasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequatefertilization, and weed and pest control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does notinvert the soil and that leaves a protective amountof crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesionand adhesion of soil material and its resistance todeformation when ruptured. Consistence includesresistance of soil material to rupture and topenetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickinessof puddled soil material; and the manner in whichthe soil material behaves when subject tocompression. Terms describing consistence aredefined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips thatfollow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growingcrops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled cropsor summer fallow.


Control section. The part of the soil on whichclassification is based. The thickness variesamong different kinds of soil, but for many it is thatpart of the soil profile between depths of 10 inchesand 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemicalaction that dissolves or weakens concrete oruncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily toimprove and protect the soil between periods ofregular crop production, or a crop grown betweentrees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to aplanned system of rotation and managementpractices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue tothe soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,organic matter content, and fertility and helps tocontrol erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farmingoperations on sloping farmland in such a way thattillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including theliving branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).The average annual increase per acre in thevolume of a stand. Computed by dividing the totalvolume of the stand by its age. As the standincreases in age, the mean annual incrementcontinues to increase until mortality begins toreduce the rate of increase. The point where thestand reaches its maximum annual rate of growthis called the culmination of the mean annualincrement.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavationstend to cave in or slough.

Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax rangeplants. Because they are the most palatable, theyare the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or restinggrazing land for a prescribed period.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer thathas a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams percubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease ofdigging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil overbedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60inches deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60inches; moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches;shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, lessthan 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near thesurface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslopeareas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping inwhich crops are grown in a systematicarrangement of two strips, or bands, across theslope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. Onestrip is in a close-growing crop that providesprotection from erosion, and the other strip is in acrop that provides less protection from erosion.This practice is used where slopes are not longenough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to beused.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency andduration of wet periods under conditions similar tothose under which the soil formed. Alterations ofthe water regime by human activities, eitherthrough drainage or irrigation, are not aconsideration unless they have significantlychanged the morphology of the soil. Seven classesof natural soil drainage are recognized—excessively drained, somewhat excessivelydrained, well drained, moderately well drained,somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and verypoorly drained. These classes are defined in the“Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,from an area.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface ofmineral soils. It consists of fallen plant materialthat is in the process of decomposition andincludes everything from the litter on the surface tounderlying pure humus.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solutionor colloidal suspension from one place to anotherwithin the soil. Soil horizons that have lost materialthrough eluviation are eluvial; those that havereceived material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil inwhich all horizons between the upper boundary ofsaturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,that flows only in direct response to precipitation. Itreceives no long-continued supply from meltingsnow or other source, and its channel is above thewater table at all times.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating aperched water table in a soil in which saturatedlayers are underlain by one or more unsaturatedlayers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface bywater, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and bysuch processes as gravitational creep.Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologicprocesses acting over long geologic periods and

114 Soil Survey

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and thebuilding up of such landscape features as floodplains and coastal plains. Synonym: naturalerosion.Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapidthan geologic erosion, mainly as a result of humanor animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slopeor cliff breaking the general continuity of moregently sloping land surfaces and resulting fromerosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in thesoil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel orsand for construction purposes.

Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soilthat restrict the growth of some plants.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restoreproductivity through accumulation of moisture.Summer fallow is common in regions of limitedrainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilledfor at least one growing season for weed controland decomposition of plant residue.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of waterinto the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provideplant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in properbalance, for the growth of specified plants whenlight, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growthfactors are favorable.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of asoil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendryweight, after the gravitational, or free, water hasdrained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3days after a soaking rain; also called normal fieldcapacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillarycapacity.

Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavatedsoil material from a road cut. It commonly is on thedownhill side of the road.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop

or help control creeping or running fires. It alsoserves as a line from which to work and tofacilitate the movement of firefighters andequipment. Designated roads also serve asfirebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders astream and is subject to flooding unless protectedartificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by riveraction, as a fluvial plain.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical andbiological factors by which it may be differentiatedfrom other stands.

Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged byuse or disturbance.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low inporosity and content of organic matter and low ormoderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higherbulk density than the horizon or horizons above.When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly underpressure rather than to deform slowly.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refersespecially to the processes or soil-forming factorsresponsible for the formation of the solum, or truesoil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins andmicroknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleysand microridges parallel with the slope. Typically,the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swellconsiderably with changes in moisture content.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,resulting in the reduction of iron and otherelements in the profile and in gray colors.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips thatgrade toward a protected waterway.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway,typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass asprotection against erosion. Conducts surface wateraway from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as muchas 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) indiameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35percent, by volume, rounded or angular rockfragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving cropgrown to be plowed under in an early stage ofmaturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores ofthe material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut byrunning water and through which water ordinarilyruns only after rainfall. The distinction between agully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generallyis an obstacle to farm machinery and is toodeep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is


of lesser depth and can be smoothed over byordinary tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavatedexcept by blasting or by the use of specialequipment that is not commonly used inconstruction.

Head out. To form a flower head.High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residuefrom these crops can be used to control erosionuntil the next crop in the rotation is established.These crops return large amounts of organicmatter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising asmuch as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,commonly of limited summit area and having awell defined outline; hillsides generally have slopesof more than 15 percent. The distinction between ahill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent onlocal usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel tothe surface, having distinct characteristicsproduced by soil-forming processes. In theidentification of soil horizons, an uppercase letterrepresents the major horizons. Numbers orlowercase letters that follow represent subdivisionsof the major horizons. An explanation of thesubdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.”The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows:O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decayingplant residue.A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near thesurface in which an accumulation of humifiedorganic matter is mixed with the mineral material.Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which wasoriginally part of a B horizon.E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the mainfeature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, orsome combination of these.B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an Ahorizon. The B horizon is in part a layer oftransition from the overlying A to the underlying Chorizon. The B horizon also has distinctivecharacteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder orbrowner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) acombination of these.C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excludingindurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil-forming processes and does not have theproperties typical of the overlying soil material.The material of a C horizon may be either like orunlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes theletter C.Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneaththe soil.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stablepart of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils groupedaccording to their runoff potential. The soilproperties that influence this potential are thosethat affect the minimum rate of water infiltration ona bare soil during periods after prolonged wettingwhen the soil is not frozen. These properties aredepth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltrationrate and permeability after prolonged wetting, anddepth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slopeand the kind of plant cover are not considered butare separate factors in predicting runoff.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from onehorizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,material is removed from an upper horizon anddeposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, orroots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil isabsolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation thatincrease in amount as the more desirable plantsare reduced by close grazing. Increaserscommonly are the shorter plants and the lesspalatable to livestock.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into theimmediate surface of soil or other material, ascontrasted with percolation, which is movement ofwater through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which watercan infiltrate into a soil under a given set ofconditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates thesurface of the soil at any given instant, usuallyexpressed in inches per hour. The rate can belimited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or therate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soilunder irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate;the rate decreases with application time. Therefore,intake rate for design purposes is not a constantbut is a variable depending on the net irrigationapplication. The rate of water intake, in inches perhour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 .............................................. very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ........................................ moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

116 Soil Survey

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,that flows for prolonged periods only when itreceives ground-water discharge or long, continuedcontributions from melting snow or other surfaceand shallow subsurface sources.

Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an areaand grow after the climax vegetation has beenreduced by grazing. Generally, plants invadefollowing disturbance of the surface.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a lowcontent of iron and manganese oxide because ofchemical reduction and removal, but having a claycontent similar to that of the adjacent matrix. Atype of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist inproduction of crops. Methods of irrigation are:Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervalsfrom closely spaced field ditches and distributeduniformly over the field.Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closelyspaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growingcrops or in orchards so that it flows in only onedirection.Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and underlow pressure to the surface of the soil or into thesoil through such applicators as emitters, poroustubing, or perforated pipe.Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made bycultivation implements. Furrows are used for treeand row crops.Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surfacethrough pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacentlandforms.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake waterand exposed when the water level is lowered or theelevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass ofsoil and loose rock, generally when wet orsaturated. The speed and distance of movement,as well as the amount of soil and rock material,vary greatly.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil orother material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soilpasses from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clayparticles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and lessthan 52 percent sand particles.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used forsilage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion untilthe next crop in the rotation is established. Thesecrops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to supportloads.

Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consistingchiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay inapproximately equal amounts.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soilmatrix that do not have a clearly defined boundarywith the surrounding soil material and cannot beremoved as a discrete unit. Common compoundsmaking up masses are calcium carbonate, gypsumor other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganeseoxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide ormanganese oxide generally are considered a typeof redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipmentfor seeding, brush management, and othermanagement practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, siltloam, or silt.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material andlow in organic material. Its bulk density is morethan that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to cropproduction and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or nonatural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam,sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clayloam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surfacehorizon (or horizons) that has high base saturationand pedogenic soil structure. It may include theupper part of the subsoil.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,including the texture, structure, porosity,consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,and biological properties of the various horizons,and the thickness and arrangement of thosehorizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors thatvary in number and size. Descriptive terms are asfollows: abundance—few, common, and many;size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and prominent. The sizemeasurements are of the diameter along thegreatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of


three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma.For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color withhue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internalstructure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, andmanganese oxide are common compounds makingup nodules. If formed in place, nodules of ironoxide or manganese oxide are considered types ofredoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plantessential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainlynitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air andwater.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil invarious stages of decomposition. The content oforganic matter in the surface layer is described asfollows:

Low ............................................... 0.5 to 2.0 percent

Medium ........................................ 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High .............................................. 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes themovement of water and the growth of roots. Forexample, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, andtraffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic andmineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as agranule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”A pedon is three dimensional and large enough topermit study of all horizons. Its area ranges fromabout 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10square meters), depending on the variability of thesoil.

Percolation. The downward movement of waterthrough the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of waterthrough the soil adversely affects the specifieduse.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables wateror air to move downward through the profile. Therate at which a saturated soil transmits water isaccepted as a measure of this quality. In soilphysics, the rate is referred to as “saturatedhydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “SoilSurvey Manual.” In line with conventional usage inthe engineering profession and with traditionalusage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Termsdescribing permeability, measured in inches perhour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................ 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ....................................... 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow .................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................ 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................ more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based onfeatures that affect its use and management, suchas slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity andalkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels orpipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between theliquid limit and the plastic limit; the range ofmoisture content within which the soil remainsplastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soilchanges from semisolid to plastic.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highlyweathered mixture of clay with quartz and otherdiluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstonehardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeatedwetting and drying, especially if it is exposed alsoto heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite canbe cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directlybelow the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closeddepressions. Unless the soils are artificiallydrained, the water can be removed only bypercolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapidpermeability, the soil may not adequately filtereffluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soilmaterial consisting mainly of particles of nearly thesame size. Because there is little difference in sizeof the particles, density can be increased onlyslightly by compaction.

Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where surfaceor subsurface drainage outlets are difficult orexpensive to install.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).Depth to which roots could penetrate if the contentof moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

118 Soil Survey

no properties restricting the penetration of roots tothis depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area forspecific management purposes, under theappropriate conditions of weather and soil moistureand at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producinga specified plant or sequence of plants underspecific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extendingthrough all its horizons and into the parentmaterial.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity thatmaintains enough cover to protect the soil andmaintain or improve the quantity and quality of thedesirable vegetation. This practice increases thevigor and reproduction capacity of the key plantsand promotes the accumulation of litter and mulchnecessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of asoil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests topH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reactionbecause it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degreesof acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values,are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid ......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ....................................................... 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline ........................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ........................ 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and otherfeatures resulting from the accumulation of iron ormanganese oxide. An indication of chemicalreduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones fromwhich iron and manganese oxide or a combinationof iron and manganese oxide and clay has beenremoved. These zones are indications of thechemical reduction of iron resulting fromsaturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphicconcentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reducedmatrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features indicating thechemical reduction and oxidation of iron andmanganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma insitu because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).The chemical reduction results from nearlycontinuous wetness. The matrix undergoes achange in hue or chroma within 30 minutes afterexposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). Atype of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weatheredrock and soil material on the earth’s surface; theloose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,weathered or partly weathered mineral material thataccumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated inplace.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from acceleratederosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep andnot wide enough to be an obstacle to farmmachinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanicalmeans during road construction. It is commonly onthe uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having adiameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soilis shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetratedby plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into streamchannels from an area. The water that flows off thesurface of the land without sinking into the soil iscalled surface runoff. Water that enters the soilbefore reaching surface streams is called ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineralfragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters indiameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As asoil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or moresand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantlysand-sized particles.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positivepressure of the soil water. Under conditions ofsaturation, the water will flow from the soil matrixinto an unlined auger hole.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normalflood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particlesdeposited from suspension in water. The chiefkinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;shale, formed from clay; and limestone or chalk,


formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate.There are many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water throughthe soil. Seepage adversely affects the specifieduse.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizonand the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that arealmost alike, except for differences in texture ofthe surface layer. All the soils of a series havehorizons that are similar in composition, thickness,and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of aclay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer ofsoil material from the land surface by the action ofrainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dryand the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swellingcan damage roads, dams, building foundations,and other structures. It can also damage plantroots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. Themineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particlesthat range in diameter from the upper limit of clay(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very finesand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soilthat is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12percent clay.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnosticcriteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,and have similar conservation needs ormanagement requirements for the major land usesin the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest sitebased on the height of the dominant stand at anarbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the averageheight attained by dominant and codominant treesin a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfacesproduced by one mass sliding past another. Insoils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slipsurfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces ofblocks, prisms, and columns; and in swellingclayey soils, where there is marked change inmoisture content.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible tomovement downslope when loaded, excavated, orwet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from thehorizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, thenmultiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is adrop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. Inthis survey, classes for simple slopes are asfollows:

Level ................................................... 0 to 1 percent

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Very gently sloping ............................ 1 to 3 percent

Gently sloping .................................... 2 to 5 percent

Moderately sloping ............................ 5 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping ............................... 8 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ........................... 15 to 25 percent

Steep .............................................. 25 to 35 percent

Classes for complex slopes are as follows:

Level ................................................... 0 to 1 percent

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Gently undulating ............................... 0 to 3 percent

Undulating .......................................... 3 to 8 percent

Gently rolling .................................... 5 to 15 percent

Steep .............................................. 15 to 35 percent

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that specialpractices are required to ensure satisfactoryperformance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of waterinto the soil.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stonesadversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated withtrenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, andother equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’ssurface. It is capable of supporting plants and hasproperties resulting from the integrated effect ofclimate and living matter acting on earthy parentmaterial, as conditioned by relief over periods oftime.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2millimeters in equivalent diameter and rangingbetween specified size limits. The names andsizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized inthe United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ...................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand .............................................. 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ......................................................... 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

120 Soil Survey

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the Chorizon, in which the processes of soil formationare active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics ofthe material in these horizons are unlike those ofthe material below the solum. The living roots andplant and animal activities are largely confined tothe solum.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematicarrangement of strips or bands that providevegetative barriers to wind erosion and watererosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soilparticles into compound particles or aggregates.The principal forms of soil structure are—platy(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregateslonger than horizontal), columnar (prisms withrounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), andgranular. Structureless soils are either singlegrained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) ormassive (the particles adhering without any regularcleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left onthe soil or partly worked into the soil. It protectsthe soil from wind erosion and water erosion afterharvest, during preparation of a seedbed for thenext crop, and during the early growing period ofthe new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part ofthe solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its

equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depthfrom 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,considered collectively. It includes all subdivisionsof these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a seriesrecognized in the classification system. Such soilsare named for a series they strongly resemble andare designated as taxadjuncts to that seriesbecause they differ in ways too small to be ofconsequence in interpreting their use and behavior.Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when oneor more of their characteristics are slightly outsidethe range defined for the family of the series forwhich the soils are named.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across

sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle tothe contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoffso that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly toa prepared outlet. A terrace in a field generally isbuilt so that the field can be farmed. A terraceintended mainly for drainage has a deep channelthat is maintained in permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flator undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, andclay particles in a mass of soil. The basic texturalclasses, in order of increasing proportion of fineparticles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam,loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam,silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classesmay be further divided by specifying “coarse,”“fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil materialthat is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as relatedto tillage, seedbed preparation, seedlingemergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the baseof a hill; part of a footslope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the mostfavorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarilyrich in organic matter and is used to topdressroadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soilsin extremely small amounts. They are essential toplant growth.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing onbanks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than thealluvial plain or stream terrace; land above thelowlands along streams.

Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited instream valleys by glacial meltwater. Innonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited byheavily loaded streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colorsassumed to be inherited from the parent materialrather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressionalareas that are excavated at an angle across asloping road. They are used to reduce thedownward velocity of water and divert it off andaway from the road surface. Water bars can easilybe driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changesproduced in rocks or other deposits at or near theearth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These


changes result in disintegration and decompositionof the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting ofcoarse grained particles that are well distributedover a wide range in size or diameter. Such soilnormally can be easily increased in density andbearing properties by compaction. Contrasts withpoorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). Themoisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, atwhich a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts somuch that it does not recover when placed in ahumid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees bythe wind.

123

Tables

124 Soil Survey

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Soil Survey of Pickens County, Alabama · Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee; and the...

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