SOIL REVIEW Correct your study guide as you answer the following review questions. QUESTION I Name the particle that ranges in size from mm. ANSWER I Name the particle that ranges in size from mm. SAND QUESTION II Name the particle that ranges in size from mm. ANSWER II Name the particle that ranges in size from mm.SILT QUESTION III Name the particle that is less than mm in size. ANSWER III Name the particle that is less than mm in size.CLAY QUESTION 1 What percentages of sand, silt, and clay make up loam? ANSWER 1 What percentages of sand, silt, and clay make up loam? 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay QUESTION 2 What is soil porosity? ANSWER 2 What is soil porosity? A measure of the volume of pores or spaces per volume soil and of the average distances between these spaces QUESTION 3 How does the soil porosity relate to the size of the particles found in that soil? ANSWER 3 How does the soil porosity relate to the size of the particles found in that soil? The larger the particles, the more space between them. The smaller the particles, the less space. QUESTION 4 What would you classify a soil that is composed of 60% sand, 30% silt, and 10% clay? ANSWER 4 What would you classify a soil that is composed of 60% sand, 30% silt, and 10% clay? SANDY LOAM QUESTION 5 What would you classify a soil that is composed of 20% sand, 10% silt, and 70% clay? ANSWER 5 What would you classify a soil that is composed of 20% sand, 10% silt, and 70% clay? CLAY QUESTION 6 What would be the particle composition of a soil that is classified as sandy clay? ANSWER 6 What would be the particle composition of a soil that is classified as sandy clay? 50% sand, 40% clay and 10% silt QUESTION 7 - Part A Identify the layer(s) of soil in which accumulation occurs. ANSWER 7 - Part A Identify the layer(s) of soil in which accumulation occurs. SUBSOIL (Horizon B) QUESTION 7 - Part B Identify the layer(s) of soil in which decomposition occurs. ANSWER 7 - Part B Identify the layer(s) of soil in which decomposition occurs. ORGANIC LAYER (Horizon O) QUESTION 7 - Part C Identify the layer(s) of soil in which leaching occurs. ANSWER 7 - Part C Identify the layer(s) of soil in which leaching occurs. TOPSOIL (Horizon A) QUESTION 7 - Part D Identify the layer(s) of soil in which weathering occurs. ANSWER 7 - Part D Identify the layer(s) of soil in which weathering occurs. WEATHERED BEDROCK (Horizon C) and BEDROCK (Horizon R or D) QUESTION 8 - Part A Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see dark brown to yellow. ANSWER 8 - Part A Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see dark brown to yellow. TOPSOIL (Horizon A) QUESTION 8 - Part B Identify the layer of soil that determines the color of the soil. ANSWER 8 - Part B Identify the layer of soil that determines the color of the soil. BEDROCK (Horizon R or D) QUESTION 8 - Part C Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see black to dark brown. ANSWER 8 - Part C Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see black to dark brown. ORGANIC LAYER (Horizon O) QUESTION 8 - Part D Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see reddish brown to orange. ANSWER 8 - Part D Identify the layer of soil in which you would expect to see reddish brown to orange. SUBSOIL (Horizon B) QUESTION 9 Identify the layer of soil in which you would you find the highest concentration of plant roots. ANSWER 9 Identify the layer of soil in which you would you find the highest concentration of plant roots. TOPSOIL (Horizon A) MECHANICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 1 Name the process that matches each description. Large rocks often fall from mountainsides and as they hit bottom they break into smaller and smaller pieces MECHANICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 1 Name the process that matches each description. Large rocks often fall from mountainsides and as they hit bottom they break into smaller and smaller pieces GRAVITY MECHANICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 2 Name the process that matches each description. Water (usually from powerful waves) rushes into cracks in rocks, but a tiny bit of air is compressed at the crevice of the crack; when the water recedes the air is forcefully released taking away fragments of rock with it. MECHANICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 2 Name the process that matches each description. Water (usually from powerful waves) rushes into cracks in rocks, but a tiny bit of air is compressed at the crevice of the crack; when the water recedes the air is forcefully released taking away fragments of rock with it. HYDRAULIC ACTION MECHANICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 3 Name the process that matches each description. Mosses and lichens attach to rocks and this causes physical as well as chemical breakdown of the rock (plant roots exert physical pressure on rock cracks and plants form an acid on the rocks that further breakdown the rock). MECHANICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 3 Name the process that matches each description. Mosses and lichens attach to rocks and this causes physical as well as chemical breakdown of the rock (plant roots exert physical pressure on rock cracks and plants form an acid on the rocks that further breakdown the rock). ORGANIC ACTIVITY MECHANICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 4 Name the process that matches each description. As roots grow they break rocks apart. MECHANICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 4 Name the process that matches each description. As roots grow they break rocks apart. ROOT ACTION MECHANICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 5 Name the process that matches each description. Especially in deserts, rocks heat up in the day and, as the temperature drops greatly at night, the rocks can flake easily (exfoliate). Freeze/thaw will also deposit water in cracks and when this freezes the ice pushes outward and causes pieces of the rock to break off. MECHANICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 5 Name the process that matches each description. Especially in deserts, rocks heat up in the day and, as the temperature drops greatly at night, the rocks can flake easily (exfoliate). Freeze/thaw will also deposit water in cracks and when this freezes the ice pushes outward and causes pieces of the rock to break off. THERMAL EXPANSION CHEMICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 1 Name the process that matches each description. formed by sulfur and nitrogen compounds; will cause rocks to fall apart CHEMICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 1 Name the process that matches each description. formed by sulfur and nitrogen compounds; will cause rocks to fall apart ACIDS CHEMICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 2 Name the process that matches each description. happens in rocks that contain calcium carbonate (limestone); speeds up as the temperature decreases CHEMICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 2 Name the process that matches each description. happens in rocks that contain calcium carbonate (limestone); speeds up as the temperature decreases CARBONATION CHEMICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 3 Name the process that matches each description. the incorporation of H+ and OH- ions; this addition causes an increase in volume adding stress within the rock CHEMICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 3 Name the process that matches each description. the incorporation of H+ and OH- ions; this addition causes an increase in volume adding stress within the rock HYDRATION CHEMICAL WEATHERING QUESTION 4 Name the process that matches each description. combines oxygen with another substance in the rock; this usually changes the color of the rock CHEMICAL WEATHERING ANSWER 4 Name the process that matches each description. combines oxygen with another substance in the rock; this usually changes the color of the rock OXIDATION QUESTION 10 Sample A Which plant would be best suited for soil with medium N, low P, medium K and pH 7.5? Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med ANSWER 10 Sample A Which plant would be best suited for soil with medium N, low P, medium K and pH 7.5? PEACHES Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med QUESTION 10 Sample B Which plant would be best suited for soil with medium N, high P, high K and pH 6.5? Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med ANSWER 10 Sample B Which plant would be best suited for soil with medium N, high P, high K and pH 6.5? TOMATOES Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med QUESTION 10 Sample C Which plant would be best suited for soil with low N, low P, low K and pH 4? Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med ANSWER 10 Sample C Which plant would be best suited for soil with low N, low P, low K and pH 4? EVERGREEN TREES Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med QUESTION 10 Sample D Which plant would be best suited for soil with high N, high P, high K and pH 7? Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med ANSWER 10 Sample D Which plant would be best suited for soil with high N, high P, high K and pH 7? SWEET CORN Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med QUESTION 11 Which nutrient prevents strawberries from growing well in soil with medium N, low P, and low K? Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med ANSWER 11 Which nutrient prevents strawberries from growing well in soil with medium N, low P, and low K? PHOSPHOROUS (P) Name of PlantNitrogen necessary Phosphorous necessary Potassium necessary pH requirement Strawberry Sweet corn Deciduous trees Evergreen trees Sweet potatoes Peaches Spinach Tomatoes Watermelons String beans Med High Med Low Med Very High Med Low Med High Low Med Low Very High High Med Low High Low High Med Very High High Med QUESTION 12 Besides testing for nutrients, what else could you look for in the soil to see if it is healthy? ANSWER 12 Besides testing for nutrients, what else could you look for in the soil to see if it is healthy? Insects, worms or other soil organisms. These are good soil indicators because if they are present it means that the soil is healthy and has a good amount of nutrients in it. QUESTION 13 What is erosion? ANSWER 13 What is erosion? The movement of soil from one location to another QUESTION 14 Name 4 agents of erosion. ANSWER 14 Name 4 agents of erosion. Wind, water, ice, and gravity QUESTION 15 How do glaciers contribute to erosion? ANSWER 15 How do glaciers contribute to erosion? Glaciers slowly move down the slope they are sitting on, as they move they pick up soil in the ice and snow. This ends up moving the soil from one location to another. QUESTION 16 What is deposition? ANSWER 16 What is deposition? The process by which weathered materials carried by agents of erosion are dropped in new places QUESTION 17 A sign on the side of the road says, Beware of falling rocks. Which agent of erosion is probably at work in this area? ANSWER 17 A sign on the side of the road says, Beware of falling rocks. Which agent of erosion is probably at work in this area? Gravity is causing the rocks to fall down the hill. QUESTION 18 Are the shells on a beach an example of erosion or deposition? ANSWER 18 Are the shells on a beach an example of erosion or deposition? Deposition. The shells are being placed on the beach; it is the new place where they are being deposited. QUESTION 19 What is a negative effect of erosion and deposition? ANSWER 19 What is a negative effect of erosion and deposition? Rivers and streams become shallower, spend millions of dollars rebuilding beaches, destroy lawns, sedimentation of bodies of water. QUESTION 20 What is a positive effect of erosion and deposition? ANSWER 20 What is a positive effect of erosion and deposition? Builds landforms on the Earths surface, helps to form soil LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 1 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Nearly level and very stony, rock outcrop, or frequently flooded LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 1 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Nearly level and very stony, rock outcrop, or frequently flooded CLASS V LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 2 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Strongly sloping, or somewhat poorly drained, or poorly drained, or shallow LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 2 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Strongly sloping, or somewhat poorly drained, or poorly drained, or shallow CLASS III LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 3 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Flooded daily, continuously ponded, >90% rock outcrop, stones or boulders, pits, mine dumps, beaches, or urban land LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 3 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Flooded daily, continuously ponded, >90% rock outcrop, stones or boulders, pits, mine dumps, beaches, or urban land CLASS VIII LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 4 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Moderately steep, or very poorly drained, or occasionally flooded LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 4 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Moderately steep, or very poorly drained, or occasionally flooded CLASS IV LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 5 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Gently sloping, or moderately well drained, or moderately deep LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 5 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Gently sloping, or moderately well drained, or moderately deep CLASS II LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 6 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Very steep with or without a very stony surface or rock outcrop, or very shallow soils LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 6 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Very steep with or without a very stony surface or rock outcrop, or very shallow soils CLASS VII LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 7 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Steep, or gently sloping though steep with a very stony surface or rock outcrop LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 7 Name the land capability class that matches each description. Steep, or gently sloping though steep with a very stony surface or rock outcrop CLASS VI LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES QUESTION 8 Name the land capability class that matches each description. No limiting factors - Nearly level LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES ANSWER 8 Name the land capability class that matches each description. No limiting factors - Nearly level CLASS I QUESTION 21 Explain how perimeter control is used by a construction site to minimize the off- site loss of sediment. ANSWER 21 Perimeter Control devices (usually located at the lowest point of a site) that slow run off and capture sediments; a system of ditches, dikes, or swales can be used to divert running water to these devices; they stop 50-70% of the eroded soils from leaving the site Examples: Basins and traps - holding ponds for running water that rely on the process of settling to control soil loss Straw bales and silt fences filters run off, removing and holding the sediment QUESTION 22 Explain how temporary stabilization is used by a construction site to minimize the off-site loss of sediment. ANSWER 22 Temporary Stabilization reduces the susceptibility of soil to erosive forces; required on all exposed soils not currently undergoing grading; much more effective than perimeter controls Examples: Natural Ground Cover trees, shrubs, grasses; best type Temporary Seeding seed and straw mulch ; 2 nd best type; total coverage is important; can reduce mud pollution by 95%. Crushed Rock for work areas where mulching is not practical, such as roads and access points AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 1 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 1 Name the BMP. Contour farming Follows the hill Farming with row patterns level around the hill AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 2 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 2 Name the BMP. Windbreak Row of trees Trees or shrubs that slow the wind AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 3 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 3 Name the BMP. Crop rotation 5 Year sequence for planting Change the crops grown in a field year by year AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 4 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 4 Name the BMP. Cover crop This technique helps fertility and erosion control Small grain used to uptake nitrogen and prevent soil erosion AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 5 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 5 Name the BMP. Vegetative filter strips multiple strips of plants Strips of vegetation that slow or intercept water flow AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 6 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 6 Name the BMP. Crop residue management Similar to mulching Leaving last years crop residue on the soil surface by limiting tillage AGRICULTURE BMP QUESTION 7 Name the BMP. AGRICULTURE BMP ANSWER 7 Name the BMP. Grassed waterway This path is where water naturally flows Shaping and establishing grass in a natural drainageway to prevent gullies Crossword Puzzle CLUE 2 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 2 Across - In a landfill, clay is often used to form this layer between the garbage and groundwater Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 2 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 2 Across - In a landfill, clay is often used to form this layer between the garbage and groundwater LINER Crossword Puzzle CLUE 6 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 6 Across - A measure of the empty space between the particles of a soil Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 6 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 6 Across - A measure of the empty space between the particles of a soil POROSITY Crossword Puzzle CLUE 8 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 8 Across - A plant grown and harvested Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 8 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 8 Across - A plant grown and harvested CROP Crossword Puzzle CLUE 9 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 9 Across - Soil type that makes up most wetlands Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 9 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 9 Across - Soil type that makes up most wetlands HYDRIC Crossword Puzzle CLUE 10 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 10 Across - The movement of soil by water, wind, ice, or gravity Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 10 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 10 Across - The movement of soil by water, wind, ice, or gravity EROSION Crossword Puzzle CLUE 13 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 13 Across - The removal of water from an area Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 13 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 13 Across - The removal of water from an area DRAINAGE Crossword Puzzle CLUE 14 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 14 Across - Known as calcium carbonate, used to increase the pH of water and soil Crossword Puzzle CLUE 14 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 14 Across - Known as calcium carbonate, used to increase the pH of water and soil LIME Crossword Puzzle CLUE 16 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 16 Across - The process by which soil is formed Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 16 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 16 Across - The process by which soil is formed WEATHERING Crossword Puzzle CLUE 17 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 17 Across - The collection of nutrients in the lower soil horizons Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 17 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 17 Across - The collection of nutrients in the lower soil horizons ACCUMULATION Crossword Puzzle CLUE 19 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 19 Across - An environment that has characteristics of both land and water Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 19 Across Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 19 Across - An environment that has characteristics of both land and water WETLAND Crossword Puzzle CLUE 1 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 1 Down - The speed at which water moves through a specific soil Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 1 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 1 Down - The speed at which water moves through a specific soil PERCOLATION Crossword Puzzle CLUE 3 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 3 Down - Type of soil where water fills all the space in the soil and there is very little oxygen remaining Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 3 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 3 Down - Type of soil where water fills all the space in the soil and there is very little oxygen remaining ANOXIC Crossword Puzzle CLUE 4 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 4 Down - When the base of a tree widens for support because the soil is very wet and roots can not take a firm hold Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 4 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 4 Down - When the base of a tree widens for support because the soil is very wet and roots can not take a firm hold BUTTRESSED Crossword Puzzle CLUE 5 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 5 Down - The loss of plant nutrients from a soil Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 5 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 5 Down - The loss of plant nutrients from a soil LEACHING Crossword Puzzle CLUE 7 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 7 Down - Site for the disposal of waste materials by burial Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 7 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 7 Down - Site for the disposal of waste materials by burial LANDFILL Crossword Puzzle CLUE 11 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 11 Down - Compounds given to plants to promote growth, usually applied to the soil Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 11 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 11 Down - Compounds given to plants to promote growth, usually applied to the soil FERTILIZER Crossword Puzzle CLUE 12 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 12 Down - Produced when rain moves through the layers of a landfill Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 12 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 12 Down - Produced when rain moves through the layers of a landfill LEACHATE Crossword Puzzle CLUE 15 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 15 Down - Compound that is needed for plant growth Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 15 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 15 Down - Compound that is needed for plant growth NUTRIENT Crossword Puzzle CLUE 18 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 18 Down - Final measure for sealing a landfill that is full Crossword Puzzle ANSWER 18 Down Identify the vocabulary word using the clue below: 18 Down - Final measure for sealing a landfill that is full CAP And the winner is