Soil Moisture Radar – Ongo-02d ABSTRACT During times of increased flood problems, soil moisture...
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Soil Moisture Radar – Ongo-02d ABSTRACT During times of increased flood problems, soil moisture becomes a paramount concern among geologists due to the direct relationship between the moisture content in soil and floods. One of the common ways to determine soil moisture content is to take an actual sample to the lab and test it, which is a very time consuming task. The focus of this team is to use a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) capable of measuring soil moisture content. This radar device, called SOMORA (SO il MO isture RA dar) encompasses both a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter directs an electromagnetic radar pulse toward a section of soil by use of an antenna. This pulse reflects off the soil, and a portion of this reflected pulse scatters towards the receiver through an antenna. By measuring the strength of the scattered signal, the soil moisture will be determined. This method is time and cost efficient compared to the other available options. PROBLEM STATEMENT The current technology used to predict floods is slow and labor intensive. SOMORA will predict floods more efficiently using computers. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT The end product will be installed in an airplane or a weather balloon and subjected to the following conditions. •Vibrations •Extreme temperatures •Rain and moisture INTENDED USERS •Meteorologists •Flood prediction centers •Farmers INTENDED USES •Measure moisture content of soil •Predict floods ASSUMPTIONS •Strength of received signal is proportional to the moisture of the soil •Power supply can provide enough power to run all parts of the radar •Outside signals will not interfere with the transmitted signal •Soil moisture content can be extracted from the received pulse LIMITATIONS •Must weigh less than 25 pounds •Volume must be less than three cubic feet •Must cost less than $1500 EXPECTED END PRODUCT AND OTHER DELIVERABLES SOMORA will be battery operated and capable of detecting moisture levels in soil. The radar will consist of an analog system and digital system. The analog system will be comprised of a transmitter and a receiver. The digital system will consist of an A/D converter and a microcontroller to process the signal and send it to a computer for analyzing. DESIGN OBJECTIVES Analog Team: •Install new equipment (LPFs, VCO, mixer) •Integrate the analog and digital systems •Perform power tests Digital Team: •Incorporate ensemble averaging program to FPGA •Synchronize the A/D to derive soil moisture content FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS •Transmit and receive signals using single antenna •Reduce noise in the signal •Store data in an on-board memory device •Interface with a PC to interpret data DESIGN CONSTRAINTS •Radar must transmit and receive signals accurately •Size is limited to 25 lbs •Low power consumption to minimize battery size •Sturdy design RADAR SYSTEM MEASURABLE MILESTONES •Low frequency VCO, mixer, and LPFs installed •Ensemble averaging program installed to FPGA •Analog and digital systems completely integrated PROPOSED APPROACH •Perform A/D converter simulations •Analyze receiver noise gain •Test radar components independently •Perform circuit analysis PERSONNEL EFFORTS OTHER RESOURCES •Advanced Design System (ADS) •MAXPLUS CLOSING SUMMARY Satellites can not accurately detect moisture content because their spatial resolution is not as high as low altitude radar. A low altitude Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be used to measure the moisture content of soil. Radar reflects off the soil, and a portion of the reflected pulse is picked up by the radar receiver. The amplitude and wave shape of the reflected pulse is used to determine the moisture content of the soil. 100 80 85 85 85 85 85 100 N avpreetR andhaw a Phil Lehtola O nesa Sohel Shannon W anner Adeel M ankee Ahm ed G am al Jonathan Benson Abram Hardinge $50 $90 $80 $130 Poster Mixer 2 Filters VCO VCO Bandpass Filter Sw itch 1 Sw itch 2 FPG A Pulse +29dB Pow erAm plifier Sw itch 4 Sw itch 3 315M H z 315M H z +32.8dB m LN A IF:B aseband IF Am plifier D igital Processing N oninverting O p Am p Inverting O p Am p R F:315M H z M ixerN etw ork A ntenna N etw ork Introductory Materials Project Requirements Contact Information: Iowa State University Spacecraft Systems and Operations Laboratory 2362 Howe Hall, Ames, IA 50011-3231 [email protected] Client: Iowa Space Grant Consortium Advisor: Dr. John P. Basart 2 nd Semester Team Members: Navpreet Randhawa CprE Oneza Sohel CprE Shannon Wanner EE Phil Lehtola EE Adeel Mankee EE 1 st Semester Team Members: Ahmed Gamal CprE Barani Naidu CprE Jonathan Benson EE Abram Hardinge EE Proposed Approach and Considerations TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERATIONS •Pulse Generator •A/D converter •Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) •Basic electrical components TESTING CONSIDERATIONS •Independent component testing •Full system testing •Program testing Estimated Resources and Schedule FINANCIAL RESOURCES Figure 1:A pplication ofSO MORA Transm itted wave A bsorbed w ave Reflected w ave D ry Soil W etSoil Transm itted W ave R eflected W ave PROJECT SCHEDULE
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Transcript of Soil Moisture Radar – Ongo-02d ABSTRACT During times of increased flood problems, soil moisture...
Soil Moisture Radar – Ongo-02d
ABSTRACTDuring times of increased flood problems, soil moisture becomes a paramount concern among geologists due to the direct relationship between the moisture content in soil and floods. One of the common ways to determine soil moisture content is to take an actual sample to the lab and test it, which is a very time consuming task. The focus of this team is to use a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) capable of measuring soil moisture content. This radar device, called SOMORA (SOil MOisture RAdar) encompasses both a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter directs an electromagnetic radar pulse toward a section of soil by use of an antenna. This pulse reflects off the soil, and a portion of this reflected pulse scatters towards the receiver through an antenna. By measuring the strength of the scattered signal, the soil moisture will be determined. This method is time and cost efficient compared to the other available options.
PROBLEM STATEMENTThe current technology used to predict floods is slow and labor intensive. SOMORA will predict floods more efficiently using computers.
OPERATING ENVIRONMENTThe end product will be installed in an airplane or a weather balloon and subjected to the following conditions.
•Vibrations•Extreme temperatures•Rain and moisture
INTENDED USERS•Meteorologists•Flood prediction centers•Farmers
INTENDED USES•Measure moisture content of soil•Predict floods
ASSUMPTIONS•Strength of received signal is proportional to the moisture of the soil•Power supply can provide enough power to run all parts of the radar•Outside signals will not interfere with the transmitted signal•Soil moisture content can be extracted from the received pulse
LIMITATIONS•Must weigh less than 25 pounds•Volume must be less than three cubic feet•Must cost less than $1500
EXPECTED END PRODUCT AND OTHER DELIVERABLESSOMORA will be battery operated and capable of detecting moisture levels in soil. The radar will consist of an analog system and digital system. The analog system will be comprised of a transmitter and a receiver. The digital system will consist of an A/D converter and a microcontroller to process the signal and send it to a computer for analyzing.
DESIGN OBJECTIVESAnalog Team:
•Install new equipment (LPFs, VCO, mixer)•Integrate the analog and digital systems•Perform power tests
Digital Team:•Incorporate ensemble averaging program to FPGA•Synchronize the A/D to derive soil moisture content
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS•Transmit and receive signals using single antenna•Reduce noise in the signal•Store data in an on-board memory device•Interface with a PC to interpret data
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS•Radar must transmit and receive signals accurately•Size is limited to 25 lbs•Low power consumption to minimize battery size •Sturdy design
RADAR SYSTEM
MEASURABLE MILESTONES•Low frequency VCO, mixer, and LPFs installed•Ensemble averaging program installed to FPGA•Analog and digital systems completely integrated
PROPOSED APPROACH•Perform A/D converter simulations•Analyze receiver noise gain•Test radar components independently•Perform circuit analysis
PERSONNEL EFFORTS
OTHER RESOURCES•Advanced Design System (ADS)•MAXPLUS
CLOSING SUMMARYSatellites can not accurately detect moisture content because their spatial resolution is not as high as low altitude radar. A low altitude Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be used to measure the moisture content of soil. Radar reflects off the soil, and a portion of the reflected pulse is picked up by the radar receiver. The amplitude and wave shape of the reflected pulse is used to determine the moisture content of the soil.
100
808585
85
85 85 100
Navpreet Randhawa Phil Lehtola Onesa SohelShannon Wanner Adeel Mankee Ahmed GamalJonathan Benson Abram Hardinge
$50
$90
$80
$130
Poster Mixer 2 Filters VCO
VCO Bandpass Filter Switch 1 Switch 2
FPGA Pulse
+29dB
Power Amplifier
Switch 4 Switch 3
315MHz
315MHz +32.8dBm
LNA
IF: Baseband
IF Amplifier
Digital Processing
Noninverting Op Amp
Inverting Op Amp
RF: 315MHz
Mixer Network
Antenna Network
Introductory Materials
Project Requirements
Contact Information:Iowa State UniversitySpacecraft Systems and Operations Laboratory2362 Howe Hall, Ames, IA [email protected]
Client: Iowa Space Grant Consortium
Advisor: Dr. John P. Basart
2nd Semester Team Members:Navpreet Randhawa CprEOneza Sohel CprEShannon Wanner EEPhil Lehtola EEAdeel Mankee EE
1st Semester Team Members:Ahmed Gamal CprEBarani Naidu CprEJonathan Benson EEAbram Hardinge EE
Proposed Approach and Considerations
TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERATIONS•Pulse Generator•A/D converter•Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)•Basic electrical components
TESTING CONSIDERATIONS•Independent component testing•Full system testing•Program testing
Estimated Resources and Schedule
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Figure 1: Application of SOMORA
Transmitted wave
Absorbed wave
Reflected wave
Dry Soil Wet SoilTransmitted Wave Reflected Wave
PROJECT SCHEDULE
