Soil management requirementsSoil management requirementsKSLA November 22, 2011KSLA November 22, 2011

byMats Olsson

Department of Soil and Environment, SLUt l @ lmats.olsson@slu.se

Land use and land management must be sustainable

That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services have to be considered

in a long term perspectiveg p p

Land use and land management must be sustainable

That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services has to be considered

in a long term perspectiveg p p• Use and management must be site adapted

Soil is a diverse concept– and so is soil management

CryosolsLeptosols

Properties are set by:

pCambisolsArenosols Acrisols CalcisolsFerralsolsGl l

p y

1. Topography2 Cli

GleysolsLuvisolsPodzolsKastanozemsLixisolsFluvisols 2. Climate

3. Geology4 Biota and land use

FluvisolsHistosolsVertisolsAlbeluvisolsRegosolsSolonchaks 4. Biota and land use

5. TimeChernozemsAlisolsNitisolsPhaeozemsStagnosolsSolonetzSolonetzPlanosolsAndosolsGypsisolsUmbrisolsPlinthosols

Global: 15 300 MhaDurisolsTechnosolsAnthrosols From: World Reference Base for

Soil Resources, 2006

Land use and land management must be sustainable

That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services has to be considered

in a long term perspectiveg p p• Use and management must be site adapted• A system analyses perspective should be appliedy y p p pp

Wheat production at different N fertilizing rates,S d k /h *Sweden, kg/ha*yr

From Lennart Mattsson, 2004

Wheat production at different N fertilizing rates,S d k /h *Sweden, kg/ha*yr

L i l i• Low marginal impacton production

• High negative environmental• High negative environmentalconsequences

From Lennart Mattsson, 2004

NetherlandsFertilizer use, kg perha*yr

NetherlandsVietnam

JapanUK

ChinaChinaFrance

BrazilUSAIndiaIndia

South AfricaCubaBenin

M l iMalawiEthiopia

MaliBurkina Faso

Ni iNigeriaTanzania

Mozambique GuineaGhana

UgandaKg/ha0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Source: FAOSTAT, July 2003; Norman Borlaug, 2004

M t t iManagment categories

Soils not suitable for production; cold climate, erosion potential and/or should be protected for other reasons (provision of other ecosystem services)

17 %should be protected for other reasons (provision of other ecosystem services)

Soils with too much water; high groundwater table,poor drainage and/or too much precipitationp g p p

Soils with too low water availability; drought, low water retention capacity, thinsoils

Fertile soils with good nutrient availablity, good structure and good waterretentionPoor soils with low nutrient availabilty; caused by climate, mineralogy and/or age

Soils not suitable for production

% areaCryosols 11.8 Too cold (with permafrost) – extensive grazingLeptosols 10.8 Too thin, and erosion sensitive – extensive forestry,

agroforestryPli th l 0 4 T i l il ith h d b il t i iPlinthosols 0.4 Tropical soils with hard subsoil – extensive grazing or

forestrySUM > 23

Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006

Too much water drainage neededToo much water – drainage needed

% areaFluvisols 2.3 Flooded soils. Good natural fertilityGleysols 4.7 High groundwater tableStagnosols 1.1 (Pseudogley) Dense subsoil prevents drainage. Rather

fertile. Drainage/deep ploughing needed.Planosols 0 9 Dense subsoil prevents natural drainage Drainage andPlanosols 0.9 Dense subsoil prevents natural drainage. Drainage and

fertilisation neededHistosols 2.3 Peat soils (bogs and fens). Fertilisation needed.SUM 11.3

Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006

Too low moisture availabilityy– irrigation needed

%% areaChernozem 1.5 Fertile. P fertilization recommendedKastanozem 3 0 FertileKastanozem 3.0 FertileCalcisols 6.0 Fertilization neededSolonetz 0 9 Fertilization and liming neededSolonetz 0.9 Fertilization and liming neededSolonchak 1.7 Strong irrigation and fertilization neededDurisols 0.3 Strong irrigation – otherwise grazing

Gypsisol 0.7Arenosols 8.5 Strong fertilization – otherwise forestry

SUM 22.6

Water availabilityUnmanaged Grazed Cultivated

Water availability

Naturally fertile agricultural soilsNaturally fertile agricultural soils,inherited high nutrient contents

% areaCambisols 9.8Vertisols 2.2Phaeozem 1.2Luvisols 3.6Andosols 0.7 P fertilization may be neededNitisols 1.3 P fertilization may be needed

SUM 19.5

Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006

Nutrient poor soils, inherited or highlyth d S i bl f f d if i dweathered. Suitable for forestry and, if improved,

agriculture% area Needed for agricultural use

Ferralsols 4.9 weathered tropical soils – P and fertilizers needed, OMA i l 6 6 th d t i l il P d f tili d d OMAcrisols 6.6 weathered tropical soils – P and fertilizers needed, OMAlisols 1.3 Tropical soil - Al-toxicity – liming and fertilizationLixisols 2 8 Tropical soil fertilization OMLixisols 2.8 Tropical soil – fertilization, OMAlbeluvisols 2.1 Liming and fertilizersPodzols 3.2 Liming and fertilizersPodzols 3.2 g

Umbrisols 0.7 Liming and fertilizers

Regosol 1.7 Diverse group – needs fertilizers, OM, irregationgSUM 23.3

Nutrient availability

Farm landForestry

Nutrient availability

Spring wheat production data for two regions i Ethi i k /h *

3000

in Ethiopia, kg/ha*yr

2500

1500

2000 North Shewa Zone

1000

1500

South Wollo Zone

500

01995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

From Gizaw Mengistu, data from Central Statistic Agency, Ethiopia

200 Experiments with fertilization on an

trol

)Andosol in south-central Ethiopia

e to

con

t

150

% re

lativ

e

100

grai

n (% B A B C

Mai

ze g 50

0Compost Compost/ Fertilizer Controlp p

fertilizer

From: Workneh Bedada, Mulugeta Leminih, Motuma Tolera & Erik Karltun

THE TIGRAY PROJECT: A Success Story in THE TIGRAY PROJECT: A Success Story in Sustainable AgricultureFrom: Hailu Araya & Sue EdwardsFrom: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards

The main aim of the project is to find out if aThe main aim of the project is to find out if a community-based approach to rehabilitating the land and improving crop production based on ecological principles can improve the livelihoods of poor smallholder farmers.

Managed by the Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BoANR) ofManaged by the Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BoANR) ofTigray Regional State and the Institute for Sustainable Development(ISD) in collaboration with the woreda administrations and

d h i l l i iexperts, and their local communities.

The Tigray project:Relative production rate; controll = 100

200

250

150 ControllCompost

50

100p

FertilizerManure

0Barley Maize Teff Wheaty

From: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards

Variation between villages wheat kg/ha*yrVariation between villages, wheat kg/ha yr

From: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards

Ex. on soils that may best be used for forestry:forestry:

LeptosolsPlinthosols

AcrisolsAlisolsAlisolsLixisols

AlbeluvisolsPodzolsRegosolsArenosols

The annual increment of stem volume in stands of young Norway spruce ( Flakaliden N Sweden)young Norway spruce ( Flakaliden, N. Sweden).

From Bergh et al1999

Control (open circle)Irrigation (open triangle)Irrigation (open triangle)Solid fertilisation (filled circle)Combined irrigation and fertilisation (filled triangle).

Eucalyptus plantation in Brazil: 50 m3/ha*yryp p m y(Acrisols)

Soil: Alisols

Site preparation

NPK added200-600 kg N/ha per200-600 kg N/ha per rotation (5 years)

Lime

Herbicides

Insecticides

CONCLUSIONS

Soils are different – different management

All ecosystem services has to be consideredAll ecosystem services has to be consideredin a long-term perspective

Use and management must be site adaptedUse and management must be site adapted

A system analyses perspective should be applied

Agricultural yields on many soils in developingcountries may get doubled or tripled production rates

id d i d ilprovided improved soil management

Higher effiency in using fertilizers in developingcountries than in developed countries