Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org
Transcript of Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org
![Page 1: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil Fertility Dynamics
T. Scott Murrell
Director, Northcentral U.S.
National Alliance of Independent Crop Consultants,
2013 Annual Meeting, Jacksonville, FL. 22-26 Jan. 2013.
![Page 2: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IPNI Nutrient Evaluation Efforts
• Soil Test Summaries
• Nutrient Use GIS
![Page 3: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Median Bray P-1 equivalent
soil test levels, 2010
![Page 4: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Change in median Bray P equivalent soil
test levels from 2005 to 2010
![Page 5: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Soil test P distribution in 2010 compared to
2005 for the Corn Belt (12 states plus Ontario)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Bray P1 Equivalent, ppm
Corn Belt P 2005 2.0 million samples2010 3.0 million samples
(2010) 22 28 (2005)
Median
![Page 6: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1987 P2O5 Balance
![Page 7: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1992 P2O5 Balance
![Page 8: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1997 P2O5 Balance
![Page 9: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
2002 P2O5 Balance
![Page 10: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
2007 P2O5 Balance
![Page 11: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Expected changes in soil test levels
based upon nutrient budgets
Ch
an
ge
in
so
il t
es
t le
ve
l
~ 0
+
-
Application > removal
Application < removal
Application ≈ removal
![Page 12: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Annual change in median soil P level for 12 Corn Belt
states as related to state P balance, 2005-2009
*NuGIS is a GIS nutrient balance model (IPNI, 2010).
y = 0.0897x - 0.063
r² = 0.62
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
An
nu
al c
han
ge i
n m
edia
n P
, p
pm
NuGIS balance*, lb P2O5/A/yr
WI
IL
MI
IA
MN
SD
KS
OH
IN
NE
KY
MO
11 lb P2O5 / ppm
![Page 13: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Median soil test K levels in 2010
![Page 14: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Change in median soil K level from 2005 to 2010
![Page 15: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Soil test K frequency distribution in 2001,
2005 and 2010
![Page 16: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1987 K2O Balance
![Page 17: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1992 K2O Balance
![Page 18: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
1997 K2O Balance
![Page 19: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
2002 K2O Balance
![Page 20: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
nugis.ipni.net
2007 K2O Balance
![Page 21: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Soil Test Potassium:
Difficulties with Identifying Trends
• Changes that occur are not consistently predictable
• What could be contributing to this variability?
![Page 22: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Long-term crop removal and soil test P trends
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Soil
P d
ecre
ase (
ppm
)
P r
em
oval (lb P
2O
5/a
cre
)
Years of corn/soybean rotation
P Removal Soil P decrease
Villavicencio and Mallarino, 2011. Personal communication
43 lb P2O5 / ppm
![Page 23: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Long-term crop removal and soil test K trends
Villavicencio and Mallarino, 2011. Personal communication
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Soil
K d
ecre
ase (
ppm
)
K r
em
oval (lb K
2O
/acre
)
Years of corn/soybean rotation
K Removal Soil K Decrease
12 lb K2O / ppm
![Page 24: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Contributors to soil test K variability:
Sampling variability
![Page 25: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Short-range variability of soil test K:
Across and down
Nutrient stratification
Banding 2 yr. ago
Banding 4 yr. ago
Banding this year
![Page 26: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Depth control:
Important in reduced tillage systems
440 580
330 440
160
330
440
37 in. 37 in.
0
10
Dep
th (
in.)
160 6
Robbins and Voss, 1991 (IA)
8 in.
160 – 580 ppm
4 in.
330 – 580 ppm
No-till field with 10-yr history
Tama silt loam
![Page 27: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Core number: Impact on variability
Soil test P category upper limit (ppm)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
50
to
tal)
0 2
17 20
7 3
1 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
5 cores per sample
0 0
8
34
8
0 0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
20 cores per sample
True average
![Page 28: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contributors to soil test K variability:
Sampling frequency
![Page 29: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sampling frequency: Affects ability to detect trends
Crop year
So
il t
es
t le
ve
l
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Increasing or decreasing?
Sampled every 4 years Sampled every 2 years Sampled every 1 year
![Page 30: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Concept of a monitoring strip
Area where intensive
measurements are taken each
season
• Soil tests
• Plant tissue tests
• Nutrient deficiency
symptoms
• Grain nutrient content
• Diseases
• Insects
• Management practices
• etc.
![Page 31: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Visual symptoms of K deficiency are a
useful diagnostic tool
170
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 50 100 150 200
K v
isu
al d
efic
ien
cy s
ymp
tom
ind
ex
Soil test K (ppm)
Deficiency Symptom Index:
0 = None
1 = Moderate
2 = Severe
Wittry and Mallarino, Iowa State University
![Page 32: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Example of K deficiency symptoms:
soybean
![Page 33: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Contributors to soil test K variability:
Leaching of K from plant residue
![Page 34: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Changes in corn stover K content after
physiological maturity
Oltmans and Mallarino. 2011. Personal communication.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Corn
sto
ver
K c
onte
nt (lb
K2O
/acre
)
Days since physiological maturity
harvest
![Page 35: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Changes in soybean tissue K content
after physiological maturity
Oltmans and Mallarino. 2011. Personal communication.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Soybean tis
sue K
conte
nt (lb
K2O
/acre
)
Days since physiological maturity
harvest
![Page 36: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Water, inches
Pe
rcen
t o
f in
itia
l K
rem
ain
ing
Non-irrigated
Irrigated by overland flow
(2 in. every 7-21 days)
Schomberg, H.H. and J.L. Steiner. 1999. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:607-613
Amount of water affecting K leaching
from residue
![Page 37: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Contributors to soil test K variability:
Soil moisture
![Page 38: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Potassium fixation Dehydrated K ion
Hydrated K ion
Clay mineral layer
Interlayer
positions
Havlin et al., 1999
Planar positions
Edge positions
![Page 39: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Wetting/drying cycles impact variability
Sample Treatment Fixed K Exchangeable K
--------- meq/100g ----------
Drummer (Dekalb)
Dry 72.8 29.6
Wet 66.6 38.6
Drummer (Urbana)
Dry 71.6 33.7
Wet 65.7 39.6
Cisne (Brownstone)
Dry 43.9 30.9
Wet 39.2 42.9
Stucki, 1996 (IL)
![Page 40: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Seasonal variation in soil test K
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
Soil
mois
ture
(%
)
Soil
test
K (
ppm
)
Month of the year
Soil test K
Soil moisture
1994 1997 1996 1995
Ebelhar et al. 1997. Personal communication. Soil test values are ammonium acetate extractable.
![Page 41: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
How the scientific community is
responding to variability in soil test K
Two primary efforts have been underway to address K
variability:
• Conduct new crop response trials
• Re-examine the effect of drying soils prior to analysis
![Page 42: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Scientific response to
soil test K variability:
Updated crop response trials
![Page 43: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Changes in soil test K critical levels:
Categories used previously – Iowa, U.S.
Mallarino, A.P. 2003.
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Co
rn g
rain
rel
ativ
e yi
eld
(%
)
Soil test K (ppm)
Very
low
Low
Optim
um
Hig
h
Very
hig
h
![Page 44: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Changes in soil test K critical levels:
Categories used previously – Iowa, U.S.
Mallarino, A.P. 2003.
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Co
rn g
rain
rel
ativ
e yi
eld
(%
)
Soil test K (ppm)
Many other soils
Canisteo, Colo, Ely, Nicollet, Tama, Webster
Very
low
Low
Optim
um
Hig
h
Very
hig
h
![Page 45: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Changes in soil test K critical levels:
Categories currently used – Iowa, U.S.
Mallarino, A.P. 2003.
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Co
rn g
rain
rel
ativ
e yi
eld
(%
)
Soil test K (ppm)
Many other soils
Canisteo, Colo, Ely, Nicollet, Tama, Webster
Very
low
Low
Optim
um
Hig
h
Very
hig
h
![Page 46: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Scientific response to
soil test K variability:
Re-examining the effect of drying soils
prior to analysis
![Page 47: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Monitoring soil test K over time:
Effects of drying the soil sample
Field moist Air-dried
Mallarino, A.P. Personal communication. Soil test values are ammonium acetate extractable.
K applications
discontinued
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40
Soil
test
K (
ppm
)
Years of corn/soybean rotation
0 lb K2O/acre
108 lb K2O/acre
![Page 48: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Effect of sample drying on soil test K
y = 161.23x-0.543 R² = 0.9527
y = 84.336x-0.278 R² = 0.88
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Soil
test
K (
pp
m)
Soil moisture (%)
Harpster silty clay loam
Clarion loam
Luebs, R.E. et al. 1956. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc 20:45-50. Note: curve fitting and statistics not performed by the authors.
![Page 49: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Initial soil test K levels affect changes as
soils are dried
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Soil
test
K (
pp
m)
Soil moisture (%)
Bedford: no K added
Bedford: K enriched
Dowdy, R.J. and T.B. Hutcheson, Jr. 1963. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:31-34.
![Page 50: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Keeping samples moist may improve the
relationship of soil test K to yield response
Barbagelata and Mallarino. 2005. Personal communication.
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
rn r
elat
ive
yiel
d (
%)
Soil test K (ppm)
Clay loam
Loam
Silty clay loam
Dried
![Page 51: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Keeping samples moist may improve the
relationship of soil test K to yield response
Barbagelata and Mallarino. 2005. Personal communication.
60
70
80
90
100
110
-50 50 150 250 350 450
Co
rn r
elat
ive
yiel
d (
%)
Soil test K (ppm)
Clay loam
Loam
Silty clay loam
Moist
![Page 52: Soil Fertility Dynamics - naicc.org](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61d0566e7c1ebd2e437368ad/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Summary
• Soil test P levels are declining in the Midwest, and these declines can be explained by mass balance
• Soil test K levels are declining in many states in the Midwest, but declines are not explained by mass balance perhaps because of high variability
• Causes of soil test K variability:
– Sampling variability
– Sampling frequency
– Leaching of K from crop residues
– Soil moisture
– Drying of soil samples prior to analysis
• Scientific response:
– Update crop response data
– Investigate drying of soils prior to analysis