Software Project Management€¦ · 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning L5-S2 Planning 2...
Transcript of Software Project Management€¦ · 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning L5-S2 Planning 2...
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L5-S1 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
Dr. M.E. Fayad, Professor Computer Engineering Department College of Engineering, San José State University One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0180 E-mail: [email protected]
Software Project Management
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L5-S2 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Planning
Lesson Title
Session #5
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L5-S3 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Roadmap
Project Phases in Detail
Step-by-Step of Typical Software Project
Lifecycle Planning
Project Plan
Conclusions
Next Week: Lots of Project-ish Details: WBS, PERT, CPM, Scheduling & Estimation
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L5-S4 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Lesson Learning Objectives
Learn more about project phases
Identify potential deliverables by phase
Understand concept exploration
Discuss software/system requirements & the development cycle
Evaluate software development methodologies
Understand planning process
Understand and know how-to development plan template
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L5-S5 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Project Phases
Lesson Title
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L5-S6 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Project Phases
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L5-S7 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Time Allocation by Phase 40-20-40 Rule (Spec., Impl., Test)
Planning Code & Unit Test
Integration & Test
Commercial DP
25% 40% 35%
Internet Systems
55% 15% 30%
Real-time Systems
35% 25% 40%
Defense Systems
40% 20% 40%
Bennatan, E.M, “On Time Within Budget”
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L5-S8 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Time Allocation by Phase
Activity Small Project (2.5K LOC)
Large Project (500K LOC)
Analysis 10% 30%
Design 20% 20%
Code 25% 10%
Unit Test 20% 5%
Integration 15% 20%
System test 10% 15%
McConnell, Steve, “Rapid Development”
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L5-S9 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Activities by % of Total Effort
NASA’s “Manager’s Handbook for Software Development”
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L5-S10 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Potential Deliverables by Phase
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L5-S11 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Concept Exploration (1)
The “Why” phase Not a “mandatory formal” phase
– Sometimes called the “pre-project” phase Collecting project ideas
– Then the “funneling” process Project Justification
– ROI – Cost-benefit analysis – Project Portfolio Matrix
Initial planning and estimates
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L5-S12 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Possibly includes Procurement Management: • RFP Process • Vendor selection • Contract management
Gathering the initial team – Including PM if not already on-board
Identify the project sponsor – Primary contact for approval and decision making
Potential Phase Outputs: – Concept Document, Product Description, Proposal, SOW,
Project Charter
Concept Exploration (2)
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L5-S13 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Characteristics & Issues – Lack of full commitment and leadership – Some frustrations:
• Management only getting rough estimates from development
• Development not getting enough specifics from customer
• Finding a balanced team – Budget sign-off may be your 1st major task – Achieved via:
• Good concept document or equivalent • Demonstration of clear need (justification) • Initial estimates
Concept Exploration (3)
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L5-S14 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Requirements (1)
The “What” phase Inputs: SOW, Proposal Outputs:
– Requirements Document (RD) • a.k.a.Requirements Specification Document (RSD) • Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
– 1st Project Baseline – Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) – Requirements Approval & Sign-Off
• Your most difficult task in this phase
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L5-S15 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Perhaps most important & difficult phase Shortchanging it is a ‘classic mistake’ Can begin with a Project Kickoff Meeting Can end with a Software Requirements
Review (SRR) – For Sponsor and/or customer (s) approval
Requirements (2)
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L5-S16 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Why are Requirements so Important?
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L5-S17 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Characteristics & Issues – Conflict of interest: developer vs. customer – Potential tug-of-war:
• Disagreement on Features & Estimates • Especially in fixed-price contracts
– Frequent requirements changes – Achieving sign-off
Project planning occurs in parallel Requirements are capabilities and
condition to which the system – more broadly, the project – must conform
Requirements (3)
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L5-S18 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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2 Type of Requirements
– Functional (behavioral) – Features and capabilities
– Non-functional (a.k.a. “technical”) (everything else)
– Usability » Human factors, help, documentation
– Reliability » Failure rates, recoverability, availability
– Performance » Response times, throughput, resource usage
– Supportability » Maintainability, internationalization
– Operations: systems management, installation – Interface: integration with other systems – Other: legal, packaging, hardware
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L5-S19 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Other ways of categorizing – Go-Ahead vs. Catch-up
• Relative to competition – Backward-looking vs. Forward-looking
• Backward: address issues with previous version • Forward: Anticipating future needs of customers
Must be prioritized • Must-have • Should-have • Could-have (Nice-to-have: NTH)
Must be approved
Requirements (4)
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L5-S20 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Requirements Analysis Phase Input: User’s Requirements Output: Requirements Specifications
Document (RSD) – Functional Specifications – Prototypes – Analysis Models
Requirements (5)
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L5-S21 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Project Kickoff Meeting Project Brainstorming Meeting
– Clarify goals, scope, facts, context – How-to map from analysis to design – Refine estimates
WBS Meeting
Early Phase Meetings
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L5-S22 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Design (1)
The “How” Phases Inputs: Requirements Document Outputs:
– Functional Specifications Update – Detailed Design Document (SDD) – User Interface Specification Design (UID) – Data Model – Updated Plan (improved estimates; new
baseline)
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L5-S23 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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a.k.a. Top-level design & detailed design Continues process from RD Ends with Critical Design Review (CDR)
– Formal sign-off – Can also include earlier Preliminary Design
Review (PDR) for high level design
Design (2)
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L5-S24 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Characteristics & Issues – Enthusiasm via momentum – Team structure and assignments finalized – Delays due to requirements changes, new
information or late ideas – Issues around personnel responsibilities – Unfeasible requirements (technical
complexity) – Resource Issues
• Including inter-project contention
Design (3)
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L5-S25 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Development (1)
The “Do It” phase Coding & Unit testing Often overlaps Design & Integration
phases – To shorten the overall schedule – PM needs to coordinate this
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L5-S26 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Other concurrent activities – Design completion – Integration begins – Unit testing of individual components – Test bed setup (environment and tools) – Project plans updated – Scope and Risk Management conducted
Development (2)
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L5-S27 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Characteristics – Pressure increases – Staffing at highest levels – Often a “heads-down” operation
Issues – Last-minute changes – Team coordination (esp. in large projects) – Communication overhead – Management of sub-contractors
Development (3)
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L5-S28 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Integration & Test (1)
Evolves from Development Phase Often done as 2 parallel phases
– Partial integration & initial test Starts with integration of modules An initial, incomplete version
constructed Progressively add more components
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L5-S29 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Integration primarily a programmer task Test primarily a QA team task Integration:
– Top-down: Core functionality first, empty shells for incomplete routines (stubs)
– Bottom up: gradually bind low-level modules – Prefer top-down generally
Integration & Test (2)
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L5-S30 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Tests – Integration testing – Black & White-box testing – Load & Stress testing – Alpha & Beta testing – Acceptance testing
Other activities – Final budgeting; risk mgmt.; training;
installation preparation; team reduced
Integration & Test (3)
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L5-S31 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Characteristics & Issues – Increased pressure – Overtime – Customer conflicts over features – Frustration over last-minute failures – Budget overruns – Motivation problems (such as burnout) – Difficulty in customer acceptance
• Esp. true for fixed-price contracts
Integration & Test (4)
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L5-S32 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Deployment & Maintenance (1)
Installation depends on system type – Web-based, CD-ROM, in-house, etc.
Migration strategy How to get customers up on the system
– Parallel operation Deployment typically in your project plan,
maintenance not
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L5-S33 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Deployment & Maintenance (2)
Maintenance – Fix defects – Add new features – Improve performance
Configuration control is very important here Documents need to be maintained also Sometimes a single team maintains
multiple products
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L5-S34 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Deployment & Maintenance (3)
Characteristics & Issues – Lack of enthusiasm – Pressure for quick fixes – Insufficient budget – Too many patches – Personnel turnover – Regression testing is critical
• Preferably through automated tools
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L5-S35 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Lifecycle Planning
Lesson Title
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L5-S36 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Lifecycle Planning (1)
a.k.a. Lifecycle Management or SDLC Greatly influences your chance of
success Not choosing a lifecycle is a bad option Three primary lifecycle model
components – Phases and their order – Intermediate products of each phase – Reviews used in each phase
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L5-S37 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Lifecycle Planning (2)
Different projects require different approaches You do not need to know all models by name You should know how that if given a certain
scenario what sort of SDLC would be appropriate
There are more than covered here A lifecycle is not a design, modeling or
diagramming technique – The same technique (UML, DFD, etc) can be used with
multiple lifecycles
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L5-S38 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model Requirements
Analysis
Design
Coding
Requirements Specifications
Testing
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L5-S39 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Pure Waterfall
The “granddaddy” of models Linear sequence of phases
– “Pure” model: no phases overlap Document driven All planning done up-front
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L5-S40 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Why does the waterfall model “invite risk”?
Integration and testing occur at the end – Often anyone’s 1st chance to “see” the
program
Waterfall Risk
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L5-S41 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Pure Waterfall
Works well for projects with – Stable product definition – Well-understood technologies – Quality constraints stronger than cost &
schedule – Technically weak staff
• Provides structure • Good for overseas projects
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L5-S42 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Pure Waterfall
Disadvantages – Not flexible
• Rigid march from start->finish
– Difficult to fully define requirements up front
– Can produce excessive documentation – Few visible signs of progress until the end
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L5-S43 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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“Code-like-Hell” Specification (maybe), Code (yes),
Release (maybe) Advantages
– No overhead – Requires little expertise
Disadvantages – No process, quality control, etc. – Highly risky
Suitable for prototypes or throwaways
Code-and-Fix
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L5-S44 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Spiral Model (1)
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L5-S45 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Emphasizes risk analysis & mgmt. in each phase
A Series of Mini-projects Each addresses a set of “risks”
– Start small, explore risks, prototype, plan, repeat
Early iterations are “cheapest” Number of spirals is variable
– Last set of steps are waterfall-like
Spiral Model (2)
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L5-S46 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Advantages – Can be combined with other models – As costs increase, risks decrease – Risk orientation provides early warning
Disadvantages – More complex – Requires more management
Spiral Model (3)
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L5-S47 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Modified Waterfall
Overlapping phases Advantages
– Reduces overall schedule – Reduces documentation – Works well if personnel continuity
Disadvantages – Milestones more ambiguous – Progress tracking more difficult – Communication can be more difficult
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L5-S48 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Prototyping
Requirements Specifications
Requirements Analysis
Coding
Demonstration
Design Coding
Testing
Maintenance
Design Prototype
Coding
Design Code
Test
Maintenance
Requirements
Build Prototype
Document Requirements
Test Prototype
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L5-S49 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Design most prominent parts first – Usually via a visual prototype
Good for situations with: – Rapidly changing requirements – Non-committal customer – Vague problem domain
Provides steady, visible progress Disadvantages
– Time estimation is difficult – Project completion date may be unknown – An excuse to do “code-and-fix”
Evolutionary Prototyping
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L5-S50 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Waterfall steps through architectural design Then detailed design, code, test, deliver in stages Advantages
• Customers get product much sooner • Tangible signs of progress sooner • Problems discovered earlier • Increases flexibility • Reduces: status reporting overhead & estimation error
Disadvantages • Requires more planning (for you the PM) • More releases increase effort (and possible feature creep)
How’s this differ from Evolutionary Prototyping?
Staged Delivery
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L5-S51 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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V Process Model (1)
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L5-S52 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Designed for testability – Emphasizes Verification & Validation
Variation of waterfall Strengths
– Encourages V&V at all phases Weaknesses
– Does not handle iterations – Changes can be more difficult to handle
Good choice for systems that require high reliability such as patient control systems
V Process Model (2)
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L5-S53 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Incremental Model
Product Design
Verification
Increment 3
Increment 2
Operations and Maintenance
Revalidation
Detailed Design
Verification
Code Unit Test
Integration Product
Verification
Implementation
System Test
Increment 1
Detailed Design
Verification
Code Unit Test
Integration
Detailed Design
Verification
Code
System Feasibility
Validation
Software Plans & Reqmts
Validation
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L5-S54 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Fountain Model
Coding
Design
Software Requirements Specification
Requirements Analysis
System Testing
Testing
Coding
Module Specification
Maintenance Further
Development
Module Design
Real-World Systems Real-World Entity
[Henderson-Sellers90]
Program Use
Maintenance Further
Development Acceptance into Library
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L5-S55 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Rapid Application Development Popular in the 80’s
– 1. Joint Requirements Planning (JRP) – 2. Joint Application Design (JAD) – 3. Construction
• Heavy use of tools: code generators • Time-boxed; many prototypes
– 4. Cutover
Good for systems with extensive user input available
RAD
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L5-S56 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Commercial Off-The-Shelf software Build-vs.-buy decision Advantages
– Available immediately – Potentially lower cost
Disadvantages – Not as tailored to your requirements
Remember: custom software rarely meets its ideal (so compare that reality to COTS option)
COTS
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L5-S57 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Not a Microsoft product Part of movement called “Agile
Development” A “Lightweight” methodology A bit counter-culture Currently in vogue Motto: “Embrace Change” Highly Incremental / Iterative
eXtreme Programming (1)
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L5-S58 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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eXtreme Programming (2)
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L5-S59 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Suitable for small groups Attempts to minimize unnecessary work Uses an “on-site” customer Small releases Pair programming Refactoring Stories as requirements You want good developers if you use this
eXtreme Programming (3)
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L5-S60 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Agile here means “lite”, reduced docs, highly iterative
Agile Software Development – Alliance , their “manifesto”, their book
SCRUM – Features 30-day “Sprint” cycles
Feature Driven Development (FDD) – XP with more emphasis on docs and process
Other “Agile” Models (1)
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L5-S61 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Adaptive Software Development (ASD) – Book, site
Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) – Popular in Europe
Homegrown: developers often hide their “agile adventures” from management
Other “Agile” Models (2)
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L5-S62 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Pros – Similar to XP, can reduce process overhead – Responsive to user feedback – Amenable to change
Cons – Requires close monitoring by PM – May not “scale” to large projects – Often requires better quality developers
Other “Agile” Models (3)
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L5-S63 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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RUP From Rational Corporation “Generic” version is the Unified Process Commercial Extensive tool support (expensive) Object-oriented Incremental Newer
Rational Unified Process (1)
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L5-S64 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Rational Unified Process (2)
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L5-S65 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Develop Iteratively Manage Requirements Uses UML (Unified Modeling Language) Produces “artifacts” Use component-based architecture Visually model software Complex process A “framework” Suitable for large scale systems
Rational Unified Process (3)
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L5-S66 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Software Stability Model
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L5-S67 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Choosing Your Lifecycle
Varies by project Opt for “iterative” or “incremental” How well are requirements understood? What are the risks? Is there a fixed deadline? How experienced is the team or
customer?
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L5-S68 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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IEEE 1074
A standard for developing software processes – Lifecycle model selection – Project management process – Predevelopment processes – Development processes – Post-development processes – Integral process
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L5-S69 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Planning
“Plans are nothing. But planning is everything.” Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
Preliminary planning starts on day one Even in the pre-project phase Should not be conducted “in secret” Need buy-in and approval
– Very important step – Both from above and below
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L5-S70 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Identify project scope and objectives Identify project organizational environment Analyze project characteristics Identify project products and activities Estimate effort for each activity Identify risk Allocate resources Review and communicate plan
Primary Planning Process
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L5-S71 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Planning
Product
Documents
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L5-S72 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Software Development Plan (SDP) Software Quality Assurance Plan (SQAP) Software Configuration Management Plan
(SCMP) Risk Management Plan Software Process Improvement Plan Communications Management Plan Migration Plan Operations Plan
Planning Documents (1)
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L5-S73 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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You (the PM) need to choose which documents are appropriate
Docs do not have to be lengthy Small Set:
– Software Development Plan – Risk Management Plan – Software Quality Assurance Plan – Software Configuration Management Plan
Planning Documents (2)
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L5-S74 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Project ROI Analysis Statement of Work (SOW) Project Charter Software Project Management Plan
(SPMP) Budget Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) Risk Management Plan
Planning Documents (3)
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L5-S75 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Product Documents
Statement of Need System Interface
Specification Software
Requirements Specification
Software Design Specification
Software Validation & Verification Plan
User Documentation
Support Plan Maintenance
Documentation
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L5-S76 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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How much will it cost? How long will it take? How many people will it take? What might go wrong?
Planning (1)
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L5-S77 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Scoping Estimation Risk Schedule Control Strategy
Planning (2)
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L5-S78 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Plans Evolve Over Time
NASA’s “Manager’s Handbook for Software Development”
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L5-S79 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Software Project Management Plan (SPMP)
Some consider it the most important document in the project (along with SRS Document) – Can be seen as an aggregation of other core
documents Evolves over time as pieces come
together
S/W Development Plan
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L5-S80 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Fundamental Sections – Project overview – Deliverables – Project organization – Managerial processes – Technical processes – Budget – Schedule
SDP/SPMP
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L5-S81 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Often a section of SPMP Describes information flow to all parties
– Gathering and distributing information Status meetings
– Monthly, Weekly, Daily? – Status reports are vital
Communication Mgmt Plan
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L5-S82 Planning 8/25/10© M.E. Fayad 2000 -- 2009 Planning
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Discussion Questions
Questions?