Software Development India Chennai

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Software Development India Chennai | Website Design Solutions India | Web Software DevelopmentServices

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Web Designing and Development

WebDevelopment

TechPark has been working in the field of custom Web development since 2008. Our expert team has taken

part in dozens of application development projects. We are experienced in developing advanced systems

with complex business logic dealing with large amounts of data and transactions. We are able to supply you

with an innovative, trustworthy software solution to complement your most complicated business ideas.

Back-officeAdministration

Depending on your requirements we can integrate different back-office management tools that will give you

efficient control over various site operations. This may include non-technical content creation and publishing,

dynamic structure generation, document management (incl. images, PDFs, video and audio files, etc), user

management, access rights and permissions, business operations management (incl. clients, catalogs,

payments, orders, etc.), site statistics module and others.

ExpertBack-end Programming

Our specialists are able to create dynamic, highly interactive and functional websites, making cutting-edge

technologies effectively back clean interfaces. We offer our clients a full spectrum of back-end development

including dynamic page generation, database design and development (incl. database performance

optimization and tuning), distributed database development for websites dealing with large amounts of data,

data encryption, advanced search mechanism integration, built-in security, real-time payment processing,

audio/video streaming, etc.

ApplicationServices

ApplicationDevelopment

Custom application development tailored to the clients specific business requirements. We deliver rich

internet applications combining our solid cross-domain experience, technological expertise and an
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established development methodology.

Application Migration and Porting

Our migration services include porting applications to a new technology platform, database and server

porting, data migration, standalone-to-web migration of legacy applications.

Application Reengineering and Enhancement

We provide reverse engineering of existing systems to understand their business functionality and technical

architecture and introduce new/enhanced business logic and improved performance.

Application Audit and Testing

Independent software audit and testing of your web application including code reviews, functionality-to-

requirements verification, GUI usabil ity and htmlL standards compliance testing and

performance/security/stability testing.

Application Maintenance

Our web application maintenance and support services are aimed at ensuring stable and uninterrupted

operation of your business system. The services include problems analysis, resolution and application

enhancement.

TechnicalExpertise

TechPark specialists use up-to-date technologies and latest industry trends to deliver technically complex

and yet easy-to-use solutions with the optimal cost/performance ratio.

Technologies our web development mastered in: VB.Net, C#.Net, ASP.Net, ADO.Net Ajax, Java Script, J-

Query, XML ,Web services, .Net Remoting, Dot net Nuke, Windows Share point server, MOSS-2007, Bizz

talk, Silver Light, Ms-Sql server 2005.

Web Designing

TechPark provides professional website design and maintenance services. Our skilled web designers

accomplish various website projects from brochure sites to multi-functional web portals. TechPark has a

large pool of resources and the required business and technical expertise to designing of any complexity.

We provide complete front-end and back-end design and development based on the latest technologies and

industry trends.

Professional Design

Look-and-Feel

With the help of modern design tools our designers create appealing, exclusive designs that highlight your

uniqueness and let you stand out from the crowd. Our designs combine:

Appealing and professional style


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Consistent overall layout

Consistent corporate identity

Colors compatibility

Rational space usage

Usability

Irrespective of the websites functional complexity we aim at keeping interfaces simple and easy-to-use. We

pay attention to various aspects to ensure positive user experience:

User-friendly interface

Intuitive navigational schemes

AJAX-powered interactivity

Task-oriented workflow

Accessibility standards

Comprehensive Functionality

Front-end Functionality

Functionality is what turns your website from a "shop display" into a powerful business tool. By delivering

custom-built solutions TechPark is able to provide the functionality that would completely match your actual

business requirements. Modular approach to development allows us to expand the existing or add new

functionality easily and cost-effectively when your business requirements change. As a result, you will

receive the best return on investment into current solution and decrease your expenditure on future system

extension.

DueApproach

Throughout the entire website development cycle we will help you define, conceptualize and implement your

business web strategy in a cost-effective solution.

DueCommunication

Effective communication is vital for success of any project. We at once establish a two-way knowledge

transfer process that would let us, firstly, clearly understand client requirements, and secondly, provide a

sound and transparent advice on technology and solution options. From the very beginning of development

every project has a project manager involved. The client is able to solve all project related issues through a

single person at TechPark. We use different communication means: e-mail, phone, instant messengers,

Skype, as well as onsite visits, to secure the required level of communication.

DueProcess

we have derived our development methodology from the best industry practices like RUP and Agile

methodology. We follow a practical approach to development process. We know when to apply a light-

weight approach for a small project to get the optimal cost-time balance. We also know how and are able to


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expand it for a complex development project. But regardless of the applied process model all projects go

through stringent quality verification procedures.

DueSolution

by utilizing our extensive cross-domain expertise and technology competence we deliver the right solutions

for specific situations. Prior to project implementation our analysts study your business requirements

thoroughly. The detailed analysis allows us to define the appropriate approach, design consistent

architecture and select the right tools and technologies taking into account the current needs and laying

foundation for future growth.

DueQuality

A dedicated Quality Assurance department is responsible for quality monitoring and testing at all stages of

website development to ensure high quality of the final product. Verification includes various aspects of

entire project including GUI testing and htmlL standards compliance, functionality-to-requirements

conformity, error-free coding, performance and stability testing.

Technical Expertise

TechPark specialists use up-to-date technologies and latest industry trends to deliver technically complex

and yet easy-to-use solutions with the optimal cost/performance ratio.

Technologies our web designers mastered in: htmlL, XhtmlL, MYSQL, PHP, CSS hand-coding, AJAX,

Flash, Ms-SQL, Photoshop-CS3, Dream weaver. Joomla, Majento, Zencart and all open sources.

Tech Park Solutions Focusing IT Forever

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Software Development & Maintenance

Product DevelopmentSoftware Application Maintenance

Application MigrationWeb 2.0 Services

Website MaintenanceWeb Application Development

Web Application MaintenanceSEO & SEM

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Web Application Development

Web Applications have transgressed geographical boundaries thanks to an ever evolving open global

economy. Web apps, allows innovative bright ideas from varied sections of the globe to be floated across

civilizations opening up new vistas to reach out and be recognized. Business ideas have never had more

beneficial breeding grounds, than what is offered now, through progressive thinking applications.

Web application packages

Platforms supporting B2B (Business to Business), B2C (Business to customer) and C2C (Customer to

customer) frameworks provide accessibility to a varied set of applications ranging from simple ecommerce

facilities to complicated stock broking or banking systems. Rapid and deep internet proliferation, across the

globe, boosts the reach and impact of custom web application drastically.

TechPark focus on being proactive technical and functional Consultants to our clients by not merely

delivering quality apps but exploiting our vast experience and expertise to comply it with the end users'

needs.

TechPark is a fully integrated IT consulting and web solutions provider, developing custom web applications,

social platforms, online advertising platforms, web site development, desktop and console applications. Our

team of experienced developers has been working relentlessly to serve our clients globally. We have a

professional team of ASP.NET, PHP, C#, and Flash Programmers, who specialize in web application

development.

TechPark is a comprehensive IT solutions and services include Product Engineering, IT Consulting and

Research & Development services to organizations and institutions globally. To know more about us and our

processes, kindly visit our site at www.techparksolutions.com

Range of competitive offerings include:
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IT Services and Consulting

Product Engineering

Research and development

System application development

Advantages:

We offer consulting services through qualified resource team who work closely with our clients

onsite.

We specialize in developing effective Enterprise software applications.

We offer onsite benefits at offshore costs.

We offer specialized technical and business domain experts.

We service a wide spectrum of vertical markets


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Product Development

Software Application Maintenance


Website MaintenanceWeb Application DevelopmentWeb Application MaintenanceSEO & SEM


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Web Application Maintenance

Our application development team has programming experience in various domains is uniquely positionedto help you with your client server application development outsourcing and solutions. Client/Server

applications have always played a key role in operation of businesses. The ability to input, process, store,

and access data anytime, anywhere and via any device is powering eBusinesses of today. TechPark

Services provides its customers offshore client server application development services, maintenance of

legacy systems, web-enabling of client-server applications, application integration of new applications with

client & server applications, maintenance.

Our key offshore product maintenance services:

Application hosting & hardware maintenance

Application hosting on dedicated server

Managing the continuity and resolving the hardware issues

ApplicationContinuityManagement

Availability=Management

CapacityManagement

SoftwareMaintenance

Corrective Maintenance: To resolve the corrective, incidental issues and errors.

Preventive Maintenance: To plan and implement the action to avoid future problems based upon past

incidents, anticipation, feedback and continuous improvement.

Adaptive Maintenance: adoptions are made to the application as a result of external factors.

Perfective Maintenance: To carry out functional modifications.

Helpdesk & support

Settling the RFC's (Request for change) based on the priority through Corrective, Preventive, Adaptive and

Perfective maintenance. Receipt, acknowledgement, distribution, plan closer of issue / RFC registered by

user. Responsibility will be carried out by Issue coordinator.

For issues communication various tools including Client's application, e-Mail will be used. (3rd level: answer

questions and resolve technical issues reported by client personnel).

Detailed coverage of following activity makes our maintenance service as a unique offering:

IncidentManagement

Modificationmanagement

Maintenanceandrenewal

Configurationcontrol

Programmanagementanddistribution


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Dedicatedteamsupport

Lowercostresources

Focus on core activity with in-house team.

Rapid time to realize and time to market the software product.

TechPark signs a detailed service level agreement (SLA) for software maintenance services for:

Legacy software product maintenance

Component development and upgradation

Support to multiple platform versions

Localization and customization of core products.


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Product Development



Website MaintenanceWeb Application DevelopmentWeb Application MaintenanceSEO & SEM


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SEO

We have designed flexible Search Engine Optimization packages for our business clients offering a value

proposition. Following are the descriptive details of TechPark price packages that you can opt from:

1. Basic Package

2. Intermediate Package

3. Advance Package

4. Project Based Package

5. Comprehensive Project Based Package

Basic Package

You reached us. Now, let your users reach you. SEO services are a set of methods, processes and

practices that TechPark provide.

1. Keyword Research and Optimization

2. Meta Tags Development

3. Content Optimization

4. Alt tags optimization

5. Internal linking structure optimization

IntermediatePackage



1. Keyword Research and Optimization (Targeted number of keywords and phrases).

2. Meta Tags Development.

3. Content Optimization.

4. Alt tags optimization.

5. Internal linking structure optimization.

AdvancePackage



1. Keyword Research and Optimization (Targeted number of keywords and phrases).

2. Meta Tags Development

3. Content Optimization

4. Alt tags optimization

5. Internal linking structure optimization


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Project Based Package

This is a consultative contract based service that TechPark provides. The deliverable includes 5 meetings of

1 hour of our consultation each month for 3 months and a single report, delivered 30 days after contract

signing, containing the following elements:

Keyword Research & Recommendations - what keywords will pull in qualified traffic, how many searches do

these terms/phrases get, how keywords should be used in the site to attract search traffic.

Review of Search Engine Friendliness Issues - URLs, KW Usage, Code, Internal Linking, Metadata, and

Sitemap Use.

Competitive Analysis - who's currently chasing traffic for their terms or targeting the audience they want,

what are these sites doing right or wrong.

Design, Usability & User Experience Suggestions - to help improve the way visitors perceive/use the site,and make it more attractive.

Content Creation Suggestions - what kinds of content would be valuable to add to the site to attract

additional traffic and convert existing users, are there potentials for Link bait.

Link Acquisition Suggestions - a list of some great places to start requesting/buying/building links and

ongoing strategies for a link campaign.

Comprehensive Project Based Package

This is a highly consultative contract based service that TechPark provides. The full project will require 7 -

12 months of effort, followed by 3 months of additional consultation and assistance with implementing

ongoing ideas/projects.

Keyword Research & Recommendations - what keywords will pull in qualified traffic, how many searches do

these terms/phrases get, how keywords should be used in the site to attract search traffic.

New Design for the Site - using CSS and some gorgeous graphics to help them accomplish the design bait

process.

Information Architecture - designing the content flow and wire framing the various site components that will

encompass the usability, user experience & design suggestions.

New Content Components - including, most likely, a blog, a more in-depth tour and many other items.

Construction of the site - Programming, CSS, CMS, domain canonicalization, etc..


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SEO & Keyword Targeting - Figuring out where and how to use relevant keywords to draw in search traffic,

optimizing pages for search engines, etc.

SEM

Search Engine Marketing

What is SEM? Why SEM? SEM Advantage? To answer your SEM questions let's find out how long is your

online tail - the TechPark way of SEM solution is designed to drive traffic and conversions at the time your

prospects or customers are looking for you. We can help you develop and place search ads. Our service

generates traffic to attract more customers to your site with an ability to track conversions that will help in

working out ROI for your business using:

1. Pay per Click Management

2. Lead Generation Campaigns

3. Google Ad Words

4. Google Analytics5. Yahoo and MSN search campaigns

6. Keyword and Competitor Analysis

What do we offer?

An opportunity to position your brand in front of your customers through:

1. Account creation across Google, Yahoo!, and MSN search engines Keyword research

and run campaign

2. Ad copy creation and placement

3. Maintenance of keyword auctions

4. Bid optimizations

5. Reporting


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Product Development

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SEO & SEM

Cascading Style SheetsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromCSS)

"CSS" redirects here. For other uses, see CSS (disambiguation).

For the use of CSS on Wikipedia, see Help:Cascading style sheets.

Cascading Style Sheets

Filename extension .css

Internet media type text/css

Developed by World Wide Web Consortium

Initial release 17 December 1996; 13 years ago

Type of format Style sheet language

Standard(s)Level 1 (Recommendation)

Level 2 (Recommendation)

Level 2 Revision 1 (Candidate Recommendation)

Cascading Style Sheets

CSS Animations
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Dynamic CSS

Comparison of layout engines

Comparison of stylesheet languages

Internet Explorer box model bug

CSS Zen Garden

The Zen of CSS Design

CSSTidy

Style sheet

Tableless web design

WikiBooks: Cascading Style Sheets

This box:viewtalkedit

HTML

HTML andHTML5

Dynamic HTML

XHTML

XHTML Mobile Profile andC-HTML

Canvas element

Character encodings

Document Object Model

Font family

HTML editor

HTML element

HTML Frames

HTML5 video
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Cascading_Style_Sheets)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_stylesheet_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_box_model_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Zen_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zen_of_CSS_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSSTidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CSS1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CSS1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CSS1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HTML.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Cascading_Style_Sheets)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_stylesheet_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_box_model_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Zen_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zen_of_CSS_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSSTidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CSS1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CSS1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video


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HTML scripting

Web browser engine

Quirks mode

Style sheets

Unicode and HTML

W3C and WHATWG

Web colors

WebGL

Web Storage

Comparison of

document markup languages

web browsers

layout engines for

HTML

HTML5

HTML5 Canvas

HTML5 Media

Non-standard HTML

XHTML

This box:viewtalkedit

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation

semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in amarkup language. Its most common

application is to styleweb pageswritten inHTMLandXHTML, but the language can also be applied to

any kind ofXMLdocument, includingSVGandXUL.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar

markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as thelayout, colors,

andfonts.[citation needed] This separation can improve contentaccessibility, provide more flexibility and

control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting,

and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing fortableless web

design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different

rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser

orscreen reader) and onBraille-based, tactile devices. While the author of a document typically links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirks_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_and_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browser_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Canvas)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Non-standard_HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(XHTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HTML&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HTML&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XULhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XULhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_layouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_layouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirks_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_and_HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browser_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Canvas)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Non-standard_HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(XHTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HTML&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XULhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_layouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableless_web_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile


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that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own

computer, to override the one the author has specified.

CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches

against a particular element. In this so-calledcascade, priorities orweights are calculated and assigned

to rules, so that the results are predictable.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C). Internet media

type (MIME type)text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318(March 1998).

The popularity of CSS as a design tool has increased steadily and is now regarded as the premier

system for website design.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME#Content-Typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME#Content-Typehttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2318http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2318http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME#Content-Typehttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2318http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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Contents

[hide]

1 Syntax

o 1.1 Use

o 1.2 Sources

2 History

o 2.1 Difficulty with adoption

o 2.2 Variations

2.2.1 CSS 1

2.2.2 CSS 2

2.2.3 CSS 3

3 Browser support

4 Limitations

5 Advantages

o 5.1 Flexibility

o 5.2 Separation of content from presentation

o 5.3 Site-wide consistency

o 5.4 Bandwidth

o 5.5 Page reformatting

6 CSS framework

7 Positioning

o 7.1 Position: top, bottom, left, and right

o 7.2 Float and clear

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit]Syntax

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various

style properties.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Difficulty_with_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Browser_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Flexibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Separation_of_content_from_presentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Site-wide_consistencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Page_reformattinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Positioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Position:_top.2C_bottom.2C_left.2C_and_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Position:_top.2C_bottom.2C_left.2C_and_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Float_and_clearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Difficulty_with_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Browser_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Flexibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Separation_of_content_from_presentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Site-wide_consistencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Page_reformattinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#CSS_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Positioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Position:_top.2C_bottom.2C_left.2C_and_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Float_and_clearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax


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A style sheet consists of a list ofrules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors and

a declaration block. A declaration-block consists of a list ofdeclarations in braces. Each declaration

itself consists of aproperty, a colon (:), a value, then a semi-colon (;).[1]

In CSS, selectors are used to declare which of the markup elements a style applies to, a kind of match

expression. Selectors may apply to all elements of a specific type, or only those elements that match a

certain attribute; elements may be matched depending on how they are placed relative to each other in

the markup code, or on how they are nested within thedocument object model.

Pseudo-classes are another form of specification used in CSS to identify markup elements, and in

some cases, specific user actions to which a particular declaration block applies. An often-used

example is the :hover pseudo-class that applies a style only when the user 'points to' the visible

element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as

in a:hover or#elementid:hover. Other pseudo-classes andpseudo-elements are, for

example, :first-line, :visited or:before. A special pseudo-class is :lang(c), "c".

Apseudo-class selects entire elements, such as :link or:visited, whereas apseudo-

elementmakes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as :first-line or:first-

letter.

Selectors may be combined in other ways too, especially in CSS 2.1, to achieve greater specificity and

flexibility.[2]

Here is an example summing up the rules above:

selector [, selector2, ...][:pseudo-class]{

property: value;

[property2: value2;

...]

}

/* comment */

[edit]Use

Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the

HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be

explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows authors to move much of thatinformation to a separate style sheet resulting in considerably simpler HTML markup.

Headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc., are defined structurally

using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice offont,size,colorand emphasisfor these elements

ispresentational.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_object_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_object_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_object_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)


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Prior to CSS, document authors who wanted to assign suchtypographic characteristics to, say,

all h2 headings had to use the HTML font and other presentational elements for each occurrence of

that heading type. The additional presentational markup in the HTML made documents more complex,

and generally more difficult to maintain. In CSS, presentation is separated from structure. In print, CSS

can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic

characteristics. It can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-

visual styles such as the speed and emphasis with which text is read out by aural text readers.

The W3C now considers the advantages of CSS for defining all aspects of the presentation of HTML

pages to be superior to other methods. It has thereforedeprecated the use of all the original

presentational HTML markup.

[edit]Sources

CSS information can be provided by various sources. CSS style information can be either attached as

a separate document or embedded in the HTML document. Multiple style sheets can be imported.

Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen

version can be quite different from the printed version, so that authors can tailor the presentation

appropriately for each medium.

Priority scheme for CSS sources (from highest to lowest priority):

Author styles (provided by the web page author), in the form of:

Inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element,

specified using the "style" attribute

Embedded style, blocks of CSS information inside the HTML itself

External style sheets, i.e., a separate CSS file referenced from the document

User style:

A local CSS file the user specifies with a browser option, which acts as an override

applied to all documents

User agent style

Default styles applied by the user agent, i.e., the browser's default settings for

element presentation

The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest

priority source are passed on by a source of lower priority such as the user agent style. This process is

called cascading.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agent


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One of the goals of CSS is also to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds

red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on their browser and

the web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, may remove all

added style and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic

heading style without altering other attributes.

File highlightheaders.css containing:

h1 {color:white;background-color: orange !important;}

h2 {color:white;background-color:green !important;}

Such a file is stored locally and is applicable if that has been specified in the browser options. "!

important" means that it prevails over the author specifications.

[edit]History

Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings ofSGMLin the 1970s.

Cascading Style Sheets were developed as a means for creating a consistent approach to providing

style information for web documents.

As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands

ofweb developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance but at the cost

of HTML becoming more complex to write and maintain. Variations in web browserimplementations

i.e.ViolaWWWandWorldWideWeb[3] made consistent site appearance difficult, and users had less

control over how web content was displayed.Robert Cailliauwanted to separate the structure from the

presentation.[3] The ideal way would be to give the user different options and transferring three different

kinds of style sheets: one for printing, one for the presentation on the screen and one for the editor

feature.[3]

To improve web presentation capabilities, nine different style sheet languages were proposed to

the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) www-style mailing list. Of the nine proposals, two were

chosen as the foundation for what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets (CHSS) andStream-

based Style Sheet Proposal(SSP). CHSS, a language that has some resemblance to today's CSS,

was proposed byHkon Wium Liein October 1994. Bert Boswas working on a browser called Argo,

which used its own style sheet language the SSP.[4]

Lie and Yves Lafon joined Dave Raggett toexpand the Arena browser for supporting CSS as atestbed application for the W3C.[5][6][7] Lie and Bos

worked together to develop the CSS standard (the 'H' was removed from the name because these

style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML).[8]
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Unlike existing style languages likeDSSSL and FOSI, CSS allowed a document's style to be

influenced by multiple style sheets. One style sheet couldinheritor "cascade" from another, permitting

a mixture of stylistic preferences controlled equally by the site designer and user.

Lie's proposal was presented at the "Mosaic and the Web" conference (later called WWW2)

in Chicago, Illinois in 1994, and again with Bert Bos in 1995.[8] Around this time the W3C was already

being established, and took an interest in the development of CSS. It organized a workshop toward

that end chaired bySteven Pemberton. This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables

of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect

of the project, with additional members, including Thomas Reardon ofMicrosoft, participating as well.

In August 1996Netscape Communication Corporation presented an alternative style sheet language

calledJavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS).[8]The spec was never finished and is deprecated.[9]By the end

of 1996, CSS was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in

December.

Development of HTML, CSS, and theDOM had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial

Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups: HTML Working

group, chaired by Dan Connolly of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood ofSoftQuad;

and CSS Working group, chaired by Chris Lilley of W3C.

The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1,

resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C

Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under development

as of 2009.

In 2005 the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly. This

meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors and CSS 3 Text were pulled

back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level.

[edit]Difficulty with adoption

Although the CSS1 specification was completed in 1996 and Microsoft'sInternet Explorer 3[8] was

released in that year featuring some limited support for CSS, it was more than three years before any

web browser achieved near-full implementation of the specification.Internet Explorer 5.0for

the Macintosh, shipped in March 2000, was the first browser to have full (better than 99 percent) CSS1

support[citation needed], surpassing Opera, which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support

15 months earlier. Other browsers followed soon afterwards, and many of them additionally

implemented parts of CSS2. As of August 2010, no (finished) browser has fully implemented CSS2,

with implementation levels varying (see Comparison of layout engines (CSS)).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_and_the_Web&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pembertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pembertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pembertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Connollyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftQuadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftQuadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftQuadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lilley_(W3C)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Machttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Machttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Machttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(CSS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(CSS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_and_the_Web&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pembertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Connollyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftQuadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lilley_(W3C)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-chapter20-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Machttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(CSS)


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Even though early browsers such as Internet Explorer 3[8] and4, andNetscape 4.x had support for

CSS, it was typically incomplete and afflicted with seriousbugs. This was a serious obstacle for the

adoption of CSS.

When later 'version 5' browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still

incorrect in certain areas and were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs and otherquirks. The

proliferation of such CSS-related inconsistencies and even the variation in feature support has made it

difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across platforms. Some authors resorted

toworkaroundssuch asCSS hacksandCSS filtersto obtain consistent results across web browsers

andplatforms.

Problems with browsers' patchy adoption of CSS along with errata in the original specification led the

W3C to revise the CSS2 standard into CSS2.1, which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current

CSS support in HTML browsers. Some CSS2 properties that no browser successfully implemented

were dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with

the predominant existing implementations. CSS2.1 became a Candidate Recommendation on

February 25, 2004, but CSS2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13, 2005,[10]and only

returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19, 2007. [11]

In the past, some web servers were configured to serve all documents with the filename

extension .css[12]as mime typeapplication/x-pointplus [13]rather than text/css. At the

time, the Net-Scene company was selling PointPlus Maker to convert PowerPoint files into Compact

Slide Show files (using a .css extension).[14]

[edit]Variations

CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically adding new

features and typically denoted as CSS1, CSS2, and CSS3. Profiles are typically a subset of one or

more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface. Currently there are profiles for mobile

devices, printers, and television sets. Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were

added in CSS2.

[edit]CSS 1

The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1, published in

December 1996.[15]Among its capabilities are support for:

Font properties such as typeface and emphasis

Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements

Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text
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Alignment of text, images, tablesand other elements

Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements

Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes

The W3C no longer maintains the CSS1 Recommendation.[16]

[edit]CSS 2

CSS level 2 was developed by the W3C and published as a Recommendation in May 1998. A

superset of CSS1, CSS2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed

positioning of elements andz-index, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets and

bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows. The W3C maintains the CSS2

Recommendation.[17]

CSS level 2 revision 1 or CSS 2.1 fixes errors in CSS2, removes poorly-supported features and adds

already-implemented browser extensions to the specification. While it was a Candidate

Recommendationfor several months, on June 15, 2005 it was reverted to a working draft for further

review.[18]It was returned to Candidate Recommendation status on 19 July 2007.

[edit]CSS 3

CSS level 3 has been under development since December 15, 2005.[19][20]The W3C maintains a CSS3

progress report. CSS3 is modularized and consists of several separate recommendations. The W3C

CSS3 Roadmap provides a summary and introduction.[21]

[edit]Browser support

Further information:Comparison of layout engines (Cascading Style Sheets)

Because not all browsers comply identically with CSS code, a coding technique known as aCSS

filtercan be used to show or hide parts of the CSS to different browsers, either by exploiting CSS-

handling quirks or bugs in the browser, or by taking advantage of lack of support for parts of the CSS

specifications.[22] Using CSS filters, some designers have gone as far as delivering different CSS to

certain browsers to ensure designs render as expected. Because very early web browsers were either

completely incapable of handling CSS, or render CSS very poorly, designers today often routinely use

CSS filters that completely prevent these browsers from accessing any of the CSS.Internet

Explorersupport for CSS began with IE 3.0 and increased progressively with each version. By 2008,

the first Beta ofInternet Explorer 8 offered support for CSS 2.1 in its best web standards mode.

An example of a well-known CSS browser bug is theInternet Explorer box model bug, where box

widths are interpreted incorrectly in several versions of the browser, resulting in blocks that are too

narrow when viewed in Internet Explorer, but correct in standards-compliant browsers. The bug can be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignment_(typesetting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignment_(typesetting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-16http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-19http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work#tablehttp://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work#tablehttp://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work#tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Cascading_Style_Sheets)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Cascading_Style_Sheets)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_box_model_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_box_model_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignment_(typesetting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(HTML)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-16http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-19http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work#tablehttp://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work#tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Cascading_Style_Sheets)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_box_model_bug


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avoided in Internet Explorer 6 by using the correctdoctype in (X)HTML documents. CSS hacks

andCSS filtersare used to compensate for bugs such as this, just one of hundreds of CSS bugs that

have been documented in various versions ofNetscape,Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and Internet Explorer

(includingInternet Explorer 7).[23][24]

Even when the availability of CSS-capable browsers made CSS a viable technology, the adoption of

CSS was still held back by designers' struggles with browsers' incorrect CSS implementation and

patchy CSS support. Even today, these problems continue to make the business of CSS design more

complex and costly than it was intended to be, and cross-browser testing remains a necessity. Other

reasons for continuing non-adoption of CSS are: its perceived complexity, authors' lack of familiarity

with CSS syntax and required techniques, poor support from authoring tools, the risks posed by

inconsistency between browsers and the increased costs of testing.

Currently there is strong competition between Mozilla'sGecko layout engine used in Firefox,

the WebKitlayout engine used inAppleSafariandGoogle Chrome, the similarKHTML engine used

inKDE's Konquerorbrowser, and Opera'sPresto layout engineeach of them is leading in different

aspects of CSS. As of August 2009, Internet Explorer 8, Firefox 2 and 3 have reasonably complete

levels of implementation of CSS 2.1.[25]

[edit]Limitations

This article's Criticism orControversy section(s) may mean the article doesnot present a neutral point of view of the subject. It may be better

tointegrate the material in those sections into the article as a whole. (October2009)

This article may contain original research. Pleaseimprove

itbyverifyingthe claims made and adding references. Statements consisting

only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on

the talk page. (March 2009)

Some noted disadvantages of using "pure" CSS include:

Poor layout controls for flexible layouts

While new additions to CSS3 provide a stronger, more robust layout feature-set, CSS is still

very much rooted as a styling language, not a layout language. This problem has also meant

that creating fluid layouts is still very much done by hand-coding CSS, and make the

development of a standards-based WYSIWYG editor more difficult than expected.

Selectors are unable to ascend

CSS offers no way to select a parent or ancestor of an element that satisfies certain criteria. A

more advanced selector scheme (such asXPath) would enable more sophisticated style

sheets. However, the major reasons for the CSS Working Group rejecting proposals for

parent selectors are related to browser performance and incremental rendering issues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konquerorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konquerorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konquerorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath


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Vertical control limitations

While horizontal placement of elements is generally easy to control, vertical placement is

frequently unintuitive, convoluted, or impossible. Simple tasks, such as centering an element

vertically or getting a footer to be placed no higher than bottom of viewport, either require

complicated and unintuitive style rules, or simple but widely unsupported rules.[clarification needed]

Absence of expressions

There is currently no ability to specify property values as simple expressions (such

as margin-left: 10% - 3em + 4px;). This would be useful in a variety of cases, such

as calculating the size of columns subject to a constraint on the sum of all columns. However,

a working draftwith a calc() value to address this limitation has been published by the CSS

WG.[26] Internet Explorer versions 5 to 7 support a proprietary expression() statement,[27] with

similar functionality. This proprietary expression() statement is no longer supported from

Internet Explorer 8 onwards, except in compatibility modes. This decision was taken for

"standards compliance, browser performance, and security reasons".[27]

Lack of column declaration

While possible in current CSS, layouts with multiple columns can be complex to implement.

With the current CSS, the process is often done using floating elements, which are often

rendered differently by different browsers, different computer screen shapes, and different

screen ratios set on standard monitors.

Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position

Scoping rules for properties such as z-index look for the closest parent element with a

position:absolute or position:relative attribute. This odd coupling has undesired effects such

as it is impossible to avoid declaring a new scope when one is forced to adjust an element's

position, preventing one from using the desired scope of a parent element.

Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable

CSS implements pseudo-classes that allow a degree of user feedback by conditional

application of alternate styles. One CSS pseudo-class, ":hover", is dynamic (equivalent of

javascript "onMouseOver") and has potential for abuse (e.g., implementing cursor-proximity

popups),[28] but CSS has no ability for a clie

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