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Soft X-ray scattering and imaging of quantum electronic solids · quantum electronic solids...
Transcript of Soft X-ray scattering and imaging of quantum electronic solids · quantum electronic solids...
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Soft X-ray scattering and imaging of quantum electronic solids
Riccardo CominMassachusetts Institute of Technology
FUSEE workshopTrieste, 11 Dec 2019
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Outline
Intro:
o Density-wave phenomena
o Resonant X-ray scattering
Coherent soft X-ray imaging:
o Resonant scanning nanodiffraction: scale-invariant nanoscale magnetic textures in rare earth nickelates
o Coherent diffractive phase contrast imaging of antiferromagnetic domain textures
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scattering.mit.edu
Jonathan PelliciariZhihai Zhu
Mingu KangJiarui LiAbe LevitanQian SongConnor OcchialiniLuiz MartinsDavid Rower
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Acknowledgments
C. MazzoliS. Wilkins
S. CatalanoM. Gibert
J.-M. Triscone
F. SimmonsE. Carlson
S. Ramanathan
Collaborators
Funding
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Density-wave phenomena in strongly-correlated matter
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Strongly-interacting quantum matter
Fundamental building blocks
Many-bodyphenomena
Interactions
“More is different” (P.W. Anderson, 1972): Interactions foster new organizing principles and collective
behavior in many-body systems
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Density-wave phases
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Mott-Hubbard ground state
Superconductivity (Cooper pairing)
Density-wave (particle-hole pairing)
Instabilities of a strongly-interacting electron system
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+ +
Charge-density-wave Spin-density-wave
Density-wave phases
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E. Dagotto, Science 309, 257 (2005)
Strongly-interacting quantum matter
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Phase segregation
Quantum matter is often granular and inhomogenous
at the nanoscale
Strongly-interacting quantum matter
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Phase segregation
Y. Tomioka, et al., Physics of Manganites(1999)
Colossal resistive switching
Percolation phenomena
A. S. McLeod, Nat. Physics 13, 80 (2017)
Strongly-interacting quantum matter
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Emergent nanoscale textures
Macroscale quantum
phenomena
Strongly-interacting quantum matter
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Soft X-ray scattering probes of density waves
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Structure factor
Correlation function(density-density, spin-spin, …)
MomentumEnergy
ElectronsNeutronsIonsX-rays…
Scattering probes
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Orbital
Lattice
Spin
Charge
ElectronsNeutronsIonsX-rays (resonant)…
Scattering probes
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Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu292722 23 24 25 26 28
Resonant scattering
Strongly energy-dependent X-ray scattering amplitude
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Resonant scattering
Charge order in copper oxide high-temperature superconductors
A. Achkar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 167001 (2012)
Cu L3 resonance
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Resonant scattering
Antiferromagnetic order in rare earth nickelates
M. Hepting et al., Nature Physics 14, 1097 (2018)
Cu L3 resonance
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Resonant scattering
Orbital (+ magnetic) ordering in layered ruthenate Ca2RuO4
I. Zegkinoglou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 136401 (2005)
Cu L3 resonance
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Nanoscale electronic textures and coherent X-ray imaging
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Scanning nanodiffraction (50 nm)
HOW
Electronic orders at the nanoscale
Full-field lensless imaging (10 nm)
Sample
Detector
Sample
Detector
Reciprocal space (scattering)
Recover real-space information
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Scanning nanodiffraction (50 nm)
HOW
Electronic orders at the nanoscale
Full-field lensless imaging (10 nm)
Sample
Detector
Sample
Detector
Nanoscale granularity: Intrinsic (phase competition & segregation)Extrinsic (disorder, defects, doping, …)
Scale-invariant phenomena:Extended range of length scales (10 nm to 10 µm)
Emergent physics at the edge or boundary:
Domain walls; lateral interfaces; nanoengineered structures
WHY
NeedCOHERENCE
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Spin-density-waves and scale-invariant spin textures in nickel oxides
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Rare earth nickelates
RNiO3Jiarui Li
Johnny Pelliciari
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Quantum tuning parameter
Torrance et al. PRB 1992
Metal insulator transition
P21/n(insulator)
Pbnm(metal)
Rare earth nickelates
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Metal insulator transition
P21/n(insulator)
Pbnm(metal)
Goal: map the charge and spin textures across the metal-insulator/Neel transition
Magnetic order
Rare earth nickelates
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Resonant scattering at the nanoscale
Spin textures in nickelates
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Resonant scattering at the nanoscale
Spin textures in nickelates
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1um x 1um
Spin textures in nickelates
Domain pinning = return-point memory effect
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Scale-invariant (power-law) domain distributions
Spin textures in nickelates
Domain map
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Non-Euclidean scaling between geometrical descriptorsFractal magnetic texture
Spin textures in nickelates
Hull fractal dimension
Volume fractal dimension
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Increasing pair connectivity correlation length near the Neel transition
Spin textures in nickelates
J. Li, …, RC, Nature Comm. 10, 4568 (2019)
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Resonant coherent diffractive imaging at 4th generation X-ray facilities
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Coherent Lensless Imaging
J. Miao & D. Sayre, Acta Cryst. A56, 596 (2000)
D. Sayre, Acta Cryst. 5, 843 (1952)
J. Miao, et al., Nature 400, 342 (1999)
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Coherent magnetic Bragg diffraction
RECIPROCAL SPACE
We need to recover the phases of the
exit waves
Coherent Lensless Imaging
From measurement
COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING
REAL SPACE
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Coherent Lensless Imaging
Measurements on NdNiO3[111] films at QAFM = (1/4,1/4,1/4)
Bragg ptychography
55º
110º
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Coherent Lensless Imaging
Measure overlapping regions and enforce a single-valued real field
Bragg ptychography
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Magnetic domain structure and nanoscale strain in rare earth nickelates
Coherent Lensless Imaging
Bragg ptychography
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Phase
Object reconstruction
Amplitude
Probe reconstruction
Phase + Amplitude Phase + Amplitude
Measurements on NdNiO3[111] thin films at QAFM = (1/4,1/4,1/4)
Coherent Diffractive Imaging
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Phase Amplitude
Phase
Amplitude
< 30 nm resolution
Coherent Diffractive Imaging
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Bragg ptychography
Phase mapAmplitude map
30 nm pixel size
Coherent Lensless Imaging
5 µm scale bar
Phase (rad)
0
0.8
Am
plitu
de
ORDER PARAMETER
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Bragg ptychography
Phase map
30 nm pixel size
Coherent Lensless Imaging
5 µm scale bar
Phase (rad)
Edge dislocations in magnetic domain texture
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Defects in magnetic order parameter
Coherent Lensless Imaging
Phase (rad)
Line domain wall Edge dislocation Point defect
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Coherent Diffractive Imaging
Metal-insulator transition in VO2
(~40 nm resolution)
Resonant holography
Vidas et al., Nano Letters 18, 3449 (2018)
Imaging charge/spin texturesaround Q~0 (forward
scattering)
Moving forward to single-shot imaging
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Coherent Diffractive Imaging @ CXFEL
Typical probing conditions for resonant soft X-ray CDI:
500-1000 eV range, tunable
Polarization control
Single mode probe improves quality and robustness of reconstruction
1012 ph/s flux yields peak count rate: ~10-100 kHz/pix
Transverse (longitud.) coherence length > 10 µm (500 nm)
Need focusing down to ~1-5 µm
SX seeded FEL @ FERMI possible targets?:
Hopefully!
YES
Seeded beam is more ideal than SASE
1011-12 ph/pulse for single shot experiments
Long. OK – λ/ λ > 1000Transv. presumably also OK
sub-µm with appropriate optics
vs.
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Summary
Spatiotemporal imaging requires a full-field, single-shot probe of real-space textures with stable wavelength. New opportunities for soft X-ray diffractive
imaging to reveal the nanoscale dynamics of collective states of matter
REAL SPACERECIPROCAL SPACE
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