Sodium Silicates in Grouting Applications

SILICATES FOR GROUND CONSOLIDATIONSilicate based grouts usually contain three main components:

Sodium silicateHardener or reagentWater

CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN SILICATE AND HARDENER

(CH2)m(COOCH3)2 + H2O (CH2)m(COOH)2 + 2 CH3OH

(CH2)m(COOH)2 + SiO2, Na2O n SiO2 + x H2O +

(CH2)m(COONa)2 hydrolysisgel formation

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDEREDInitial grout viscosity and the viscosity profile during gelation

Setting time of the grout

Effect of temperature

Degree of neutralization of the gel

Nature of treatment required e.g. water proofing, short or long term consolidation

Nature of the grout to be treated

GROUT VISCOSITYFor a given temperature, the initial viscosity of a silicate grout depends on:

Type of silicate used (ratio, % solids)

Ratio silicate/water

Amount of hardener

INITIAL VISCOSITY

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295

30 vol% Sodium Silicate




Hardener R100 [vol%]

Alkali Neutralized [%]

% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100

Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315






Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]

Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100

Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706








Compressive Strength [kN/m2]

Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)

Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100

Sodium Silicate [vol%]


Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)

Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706



Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth

Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]

R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time

Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted

SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity

Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s

304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted

SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized

vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%

3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Sheet3

R100

Temperature versus setting time

TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

SETTING TIMEThe grout setting time depends on:

Nature of silicate; the higher the ratio the longer the setting time. The higher the solid content of the silicate the shorter the setting time, assuming a constant degree of neutralization

Concentration of the silicate; at constant volumetric dosages of hardener, the setting time increases with increasing silicate levels.

Type of hardener and concentration of hardener

Grout and soil temperature; the higher the temperature the shorter the setting time

Nature of the soil; acidity of the soil, calcium/magnesium content in the soil could influence the setting time

SETTING TIME

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Chart8

5351605863

4043444853

37.833940.54447

373839.124244.11

35.3636.223840.542.76

3435373941

3234363839.5

30 %vol Sil

35 %vol Sil

40 %vol Sil

50 %vol Sil

60 %vol Sil

R100 [%vol]

Setting time [min]

Sodium Silicate Ratio 3.3Setting times at 20 C

Chart9

51.99061652.39040453.34444456.9152862.703124

43.17039543.8269862544.8884348.22587553.18273

38.25205439.165448540.33429643.4383547.564216

35.96281337.1330107538.40926241.27992544.574802

35.02989236.45689337.84054840.4778242.941708

34.18051135.8643152537.35537439.75925541.392154

32.1418934.082497535.6809637.8514538.65336

30 %vol Sil

35 %vol Sil

40 %vol Sil

50 %vol Sil

60 %vol Sil

R100 [%vol]

Setting time [min]


Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

SilicateHardenerSetting time

%Vol%volmin.

30453

30540

30637.83

30737

30835.36

30934

301032

35451

35543

35639

35738

35836.22

35935

351034

40460

40544

40640.5

40739.12

40838

40937

401036

50458

50548

50644

50742

50840.5

50939

501038

60463

60553

60647

60744.11

60842.76

60941

601039.5

Sheet4

MeasuredPredicted

SilicateR100Setting timeSetting time

% vol% volminmin

3045352.0

30543.2

30637.8338.3

3073736.0

30835.3635.0

3093434.2

30103232.1

3545152.4

3554343.8

3563939.2

3573837.1

35836.2236.5

3593535.9

35103434.1

40453.3

4054444.9

40640.540.3

40739.1238.4

4083837.8

4093737.4

40103635.7

5045856.9

5054848.2

5064443.4

5074241.3

50840.540.5

5093939.8

50103837.9

6046362.7

6055353.2

6064747.6

60744.1144.6

60842.7642.9

6094141.4

601039.538.7

TEMPERATURE VS. SETTING TIME

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

DEGREE OF NEUTRALIZATIONIn general the higher the degree of neutralization the higher the mechanical strength (compressive strength) the higher the durability.

Degree of Neutralization = (VH * dH * 6200)/(VS * dS * NA) * MH

VS = silicate volume (l)dS = density of silicate (S.G)NA = weight % alkali (Na2O) in silicateMH = molecular weight of hardenerVH = volume of hardener (l)dH = density of hardener (S.G.)

DEGREE OF NEUTRALIZATION

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

INITIAL VISCOSITY VS. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

SYNERESISSyneresis is the phenomenon of the reaction ofsilanol groups whereby a siloxane bond will be formed and water will be released. This loss of water leads to shinkage and/or distortion of the silica gel structure.SiO - HSiHOSiSiOH2O

DEGREE OF SYNERESISMain factors influencing degree of syneresis:

Silicate ratio (ratio > = Syn = Syn = Syn >)

DEGREE OF SYNERESIS

Chart1

52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892

73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786

94.328870.170655.866651.4168

99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574

100.07179884.6144873.73468

1498.842295








Chart2

2.262245.128647.9950410.86144

2.891825.758228.6246211.49102

3.52146.38789.254212.1206

3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018

7.45808610.5133613.37976

11.1429414.796315








Chart3

158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896

125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526

110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958

137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228

237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706










Chart4

237.83826125.21846

337.08711238.61956

476.62846315.18816

677.97531376.43726

962.64066443.87986

1352.13751539.02896

1867.97886683.39756

2531.67771898.49866

3364.747061205.84526

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100




Chart5

4.150982.57703

5.584184.01023

7.017385.44343

8.450586.87663

9.883788.30983

11.316989.74303

12.7501811.17623

14.1833812.60943

15.6165814.04263

10 vol% R100

5 vol% R100



Initial Viscosity

Chart6

158.21856

125.21846

110.72638

137.26628

237.83826

274.45011

238.61956

221.29703

242.17603

337.08711

338.42416

315.18816

310.46018

356.52828

476.62846

395.65176

443.87986

510.61598

699.61228

962.64066

502.00536

683.39756

883.29778

1338.62228

1867.97886

829.58896

1205.84526

1600.60958

2445.66228

3364.74706




Chart7

55

45

40

35

28

25

22

Temperature [C]

Setting time [min.]


Sheet1

MeasuredPredicted



304.1502.7542.3

305.7703.2702.8

308.21002.8963.6

354.8503.3503.9

356.7705.7694.5

359.61005965.5

405.5506.4485.6

408.4708.1746.5

40121008.21057.6

506.8506.8478.9

509.6708.3679.8

5014.31008.710111.2

608.25011.85312.2

6011.47015.47013.2

6016.4100169814.8

304532.3

306742.9

308943.5

308.51003.7

404355.1

406535.8

408706.4

4010887.0

4011.41007.5

504278.0

506418.6

508569.3

5010709.9

50128510.5

50149911.1

6042910.9

6064011.5

6085112.1

60106312.8

60127413.4

6016.59914.8

30101154.2

35101005.6

4010887.0

4510788.5

5010709.9

55106511.3

60106312.8

65106214.2

70106515.6

305632.6

355524.0

405445.4

455386.9

505348.3

555339.7

6053511.2

6553912.6

7054514.0

Sheet2

MeasuredPredicted



3041311582.353

3051501252.663

3061591112.974

3081731373.594

30102102384.2115

3542172743.743

3552262394.052

3562292214.362

3582425.081

35103375.6100

4042813385.135

4053313155.444

4063203105.853

4083863576.470

40104004777.088

5044883968.027

5054448.334

5065915118.641

5086617009.356

501010159639.970

60450550210.929

60568311.235

60679088311.540

6081177133912.151

60101986186812.863

70484183013.741

705120614.045

706160114.449

7082510244615.057

70103323336515.665

30102384.2115

35103375.6100

40104777.088

45106788.578

50109639.970

5510135211.365

6010186812.863

6510253214.262

7010336515.665

3051252.663

3552394.052

4053155.444

4553766.938

5054448.334

5555399.733

60568311.235

65589812.639

705120614.045

Chart8

5351605863

4043444853

37.833940.54447

373839.124244.11

35.3636.223840.542.76

3435373941

3234363839.5

30 %vol Sil

35 %vol Sil

40 %vol Sil

50 %vol Sil

60 %vol Sil

R100 [%vol]

Setting time [min]


Chart9

51.99061652.39040453.34444456.9152862.703124

43.17039543.8269862544.8884348.22587553.18273

38.25205439.165448540.33429643.4383547.564216

35.96281337.1330107538.40926241.27992544.574802

35.02989236.45689337.84054840.4778242.941708

34.18051135.8643152537.35537439.75925541.392154

32.1418934.082497535.6809637.8514538.65336

30 %vol Sil

35 %vol Sil

40 %vol Sil

50 %vol Sil

60 %vol Sil

R100 [%vol]

Setting time [min]


Sheet3

R100


TempSetting time

Cmin

1555

1845

2040

2235

2528

2725

3022

SilicateHardenerSetting time

%Vol%volmin.

30453

30540

30637.83

30737

30835.36

30934

301032

35451

35543

35639

35738

35836.22

35935

351034

40460

40544

40640.5

40739.12

40838

40937

401036

50458

50548

50644

50742

50840.5

50939

501038

60463

60553

60647

60744.11

60842.76

60941

601039.5

Chart10

4

20

40

55

59

2

Silicate [% vol]

Degree of Synersesis [%]

Degree of Syneresis vs. %vol Silicate Ratio 3.3 at 70% Neutralization

Sheet5

Syneresis at 70 % Neutralization

SilicateDegree of Syneresis

%vol%

204

3020

4040

5055

6059

702

Sheet4

MeasuredPredicted

SilicateR100Setting timeSetting time

% vol% volminmin

3045352.0

30543.2

30637.8338.3

3073736.0

30835.3635.0

3093434.2

30103232.1

3545152.4

3554343.8

3563939.2

3573837.1

35836.2236.5

3593535.9

35103434.1

40453.3

4054444.9

40640.540.3

40739.1238.4

4083837.8

4093737.4

40103635.7

5045856.9

5054848.2

5064443.4

5074241.3

50840.540.5

5093939.8

50103837.9

6046362.7

6055353.2

6064747.6

60744.1144.6

60842.7642.9

6094141.4

601039.538.7

Sodium Silicates in Grouting Applications

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Transcript of Sodium Silicates in Grouting Applications