Socrates Phil Politics

7/29/2019 Socrates Phil Politics

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ideas y valores vol. lxin.o 149 agosto de 2012 issn 0120-0062 (impreso) 2011-3368 (en lnea) bogot, colombia pp. 103 - 123

:

nterpretations

Filosoa y poltica en Scrates: interpretacionesantiguas y contemporneas

J. zz*Dm f Phlhy

Uvy f Ow - Cd

Abstract

Sc c b d hv l h ubqu hlhcl d wh h

problem f h l bw hlhy d lc. Aldy h Republic

h l f hlh-kg m h dy.

Whl Al d by g h dc bw lc d

hlhcl wdm, h dc v cl xm much l

h h mgh . Hdgg chcz hlhy h ly uh-

c lc d h hlh ulg ju by vu f bg hlh. I

c, Fucul h, f hlhy c ly l in relationto lc byfmg h ubjc wh lv lclly, ly l within lc. I h

c c b h fllu f h bquhd by Sc hugh

bh Pl d Al.

Keywords: Al, M. Fucul, M. Hdgg, Pl, lcl hlhy.

Resumen

Pd dc qu Sc l dj l dc lc l problema

d l lc lf y lc. Y l Repblica l u dl y l-f m u qu u ddd. M qu l u d

Al u cl dc l lc y l bdu lc,

u xm cudd dmu qu dc m cl d l qu -

c. Hdgg ccz l lf cm l c lc uc y l lf

cm gb l m hch d lf. E c, Fucul

qu b l lf ud dm u l en relacin con l lc l

fm l uj qu vv lcm, qull dm l lgu

dentro de l lc. E c lu l uld d l lgd

Sc v d Pl y Al.

Palabras clave: Al, M. Fucul, M. Hdgg, Pl, lf lc.

* [email protected]


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departamento de filosofa facultad de ciencias humanas universidad nacional de colombia

[104] Francisco J. Gonzalez

Wh h l h hlh bcm ul h ulbcm hlh, Sc h Republic c b d hv lh ubqu hlhcl d wh h problem f h l- bw hlhy d lc. I h f h , I

wh hw h ldy h Republic h l m - h dy. If h hlh d h ul huld b hm , h Republic d y hd h x whchh w l cc, clly h ccu f h h-lh dc h Cv d h ccu h bgg fbk f hw h dl cy wll m d. I h cd fh , I cd Al Pl. D dcghmlf cucl wy fm h d f hlh-kg, Al,

wll b gud, h h lv h blmc d uy f hlhy d lc xd by h d. I h l f h , I u w vy d cmy d-ings/appropriations of the philosopher-king ideal, those of Martin

Hdgg d Mchl Fucul. If I ch h w hk, bcu hy wll b h dl dmcllyd wy. Hdgg f h dl h m fh vlvm wh Nl Sclm ul dc fhlhy d lc. Fucul , c, ld

h cclu h hlhy d lc b y l chh ly mg bluly dc. w vy dlgc f Pl dl clfy cclu wh u h fu dy.

So o Philooph-Kig d f ul bcmg hlh hlh bcm-

g ul ducd by Sc cd f h bly

f h dl cu h h b dcbg u hugh bk d hu h dxcl l whch h h w dd,i.e., h l f h m jb f d x d h lf wv d chld cmm. fmu lg h fl-lw bk - xlcly m llu h kd fduc d kwldg h wll dguh h hlh fm-hlhcl gud. Bu cly bcu h lg m xl ly wh m b hlh, bul wh m b philosopher-ruler, hy dcb lyh hlh c kwldg, bu l dc, u h c f ly h h qu f kwldg hd lvbhd. Such dc xlc h lgy cm-g h Gd h Su h h c, bu h fc h hulm bjc f uddg f h hlh dd


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[105]


Socrates on Philosophy and Politics: Ancient and Contem porary...

wh h Gd by whch l ll h hg dd gd dbcl (cludg, umbly, cy d cz; , 5053-4), culd b k mly h lc f wh h hlh

udd lcl cx. lgy f h Dvdd L, c, whl dcbg h hlh c v dlcc ulm cl byd hyh, l xlcly dcb hd f dc bck dw fm h cl (511b). Y h lgy h ccu f h dc m vy bc d xlcly ld h dmd f ulg. w lg, h wd, dcb hlhy wy h bc fm l-c v whl gug, h mlcly xlcly, h dc

h wuld b qud by h hlh lcl ggm.u h mc d dbly f h hd lgy: hlgy f h Cv.

I cm h cdg lg, h Cv gly h- h c bw h mvm f c d h mvmf dc. Idd, g f oppose hm. hlhwh h cdd u f h Cv d ully, m fcu, dcd bck dw , f h w mly h x h hlhzg. d f h hlh hlh

m ud h Cv, i.e., cu h xcluv dv- h uu f uh. y mu hf b udd u h Cv. ly gum uv ugh ljustice (R. 5201), m bc d f juc, bu vy c-c cl f lcl juc: hvg b ducd by h cyd bg hu dbd f hvg bcm hlh, hymu y h db, v h c f ccg h full jymf h hlhcl lf whch h duc h md bl. I

ly ju f hm gv bck h cy wh h cy gv hm byumg h bud f ul (520-).

Wh hu hw by Sc ccu f h dc, d whd b d h, h v hlh-kg, hl-hy d lc are not the same thing.1 Whl g uy bwh w dubl bg md, h wh h uy l xd. Phlhy wh m wh h uh ud hCv, lcl juc dmd u h Cv; hlhy d bjc lcd ud h Cv; gvg qu ug

1 I h , h fllwg by Gg Lux h mk: C qu u

d l lm, c qu l hlh l ubu d lc l-

qu, m dgm; , lu d l hlh, l dcu mhyqu

l ubu du dcu lqu u lglf, m fdm (46).


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wy fm h ld hlhy d dclly d- ld f xc. Idd, h dx h Sc h hlh mk h b ul cly bcu hy wyhg bu ul; f h d f hlh-kg h y m

ll, ly bcu hlhy h ccd l lc.O culd h bjc h w ly kg f wh

hlh desire. I h c h h dl f hlh-kg mk hlhcl knowledge dcl lcl knowledge?Whl hlh my h c l h d b ul, dhy l h c vyhg hy d kw b ul-? O h cy, wh Sc ll u bu h xc f hlh wh h dcdd bck h Cv ugg h

h hlhcl kwldg cqud ud f h Cv qu df-f fm h lcl kll dd f ucc wh h Cv: ubl h hlh dc d mk gd judgm buh l wh h cy, uuccful h yg -ud d ld h cz, h h u dg f bg klld(R.516-517). Ad h hd : hg kwh c f juc d qu h b bl dc d judgcc d mfc c xml f juc; fc, kwldgf h c c lly bld h hlh h cul

( , 5164-5) by v-g hm fm g h cul yhg bu h dk bcf h c. hlh mu hf dju h dk- bf h c y lgh ll, d hf y dcblfu, h bjc wh whch h mu dl ul. Whuh cclmz d hbu, whu cuu cc dlg wh h l f h cy, h hlh wll ly b gd ul, bu l du . Fuhm, Sc ll

u h h m dd f h hbu wll b h (5172). wd gv x fc by h wh k hm.Sc dd ly h k, bu h dc f h h-lh h Cv ubl dfd hmlf cu (517d-) dulmly u dh umkbl fc Sc wf. Bu h c w hv Sc h xml f hlhwh never h cu f lg lf bcm hbud h Cv,wh yd u f lc vd gg klld d ll dd ubg klld, wh w, h, h vy d.2 Wh -c mgh h h hlh hv f bcmg djud lcl ly bf hy d? I y c, wh cl h h-

2 Nghgl bv h hlhc ul , cucl wy, fg

h w cy (91).


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[107]



lh lly by vu f h hlhcl kwldg gd v cm ul; h djum d bl qud. h wll b cmd wh w lk Sc ldf f h hlh-kg dx.

bw hlhy d lc ly bcmm ucd f w h wy whch h Cv lgyg byd h w cdg lg: wh dcb h h-lh fg hmlf fm h c d ug fh u f ulg dcly lcl ly. A h b d, h hdw h wll f h Cv, i.e., h wy whchhg lk juc d h gd h , ducdd clld byother human beings cyg m-md -

f juc d h gd bhd wll ud bw h d h h c h hdw (R. 514b3-5154). Dh lll dw bw h d vu h ud f h cv, h hd, d h bl wld vu h llgbl -d h h w mj lg (5178-b7), h d f hcv simplyh bl wld, bu h lcl wld: wldwh wh u duc mly f h , buh f , judc, d d gv ccul by h-, , hc d h h f ublc . I bk

Sc dcb h f ul d hcl duc- d cll h h Cv lgy ducd dcf u u wh gd duc () d lck f duc(5141-2) g dg f h mgg hlh:

Wh g umb f l gh ul m-

bly, h cu, h h y g m ghg, d wh much

blm wd d dd, kg bh xc, yllg

d clg [. . .] mu h b dv h h m -

bu h bl d h hmful [ ], d hm m d bcm lk h m? (R. 492b5-c8)

I g h cly f h bjc whch c hdw h Cv ( , R. 5151), ug h bjc h hd f hum bg wlkg bhd h bck f h ,d by dcbg h l kg uch wy h h - mk wh hy y f wh h bjc hy k b lhmlv y (5152-3, 515b7-9), Sc bgg h Cvh c f h cy h dcbd bk : c f wh bl d ju whch, f fm bg ul c m-g fm h hg hmlv, cl ducd hdu lgu bw h g m d h clv mu-l f h h d h. Lk wh kw h md


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d d f wld b, u Sc xml (493- d), hl bhd h wll h cv umbly kw whch mg duc wh: hy kw hw u hw h wll lkd h h wdm.

Bu f h f duc, h lck f l duc, fc bg dcd by Sc h Cv, h h f bcl d dg ly f h mgg h-lh bu l f h hlh ug h Cv ul. hlh mu cd ly wh gc, bu lwh h cl d judc cd h uullcl l bw h chd d h uhdd bhd hm. f cu w Sc w f: w

gc, v h mlc f fw dvdul, h klldSc, bu, h Apology , judc uhd by cul, bu mly h d mld h l fAh fm vy ly g (18-).

I gc h h hlh wh u ul hCv dcbd gg bhd h d umg c-l f h u; d, lk Sc hmlf, h ly gdcly h d gg hm cv.I lly dcbg h d f h Cv, Sc ll u h i

h culd cv wh h ( , R. 515b4), hy wuld judg wh hy b h bg hmlv. mlc h h fchy d cv; hy h m hdw, d blmh m hg by yllg d clg, bu f cly h h cc d f gu cv bw hm.I h hlh wh k h y wh ch hg ( , 515d5), hby ducg gu cv-

h Cv f h m. I dg , h hlh wkg ly g h cl f h mfcud h mg bf hm, bu l g h mulf h mg. I c f cu b bjcd h h hlh whu ul c d by mly cvg wh h ;h my b h ly wy f cvg h hlh, bu ulhy mu ulmly k v h whl ym f mg-duc h Cv. I umbly h c f ul h bg dcbd h cc l f ch b fud bk d : ul, hlh mu ly b f h uh, buhy mu l, gv h h m by u uhlhcl(4944-5), b cl f h mg h wll uc d gudhw m l wh h cy bhv. g hw hw d- d v d h dmd f hlhy d lc m


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[109]



v h dl : dd, ul, hlh wuld -ly d d wh m d h u hlh(485b10-d4): lie (389b7-9). Bu, h lgy f h Cv, uch c-l f h cy by hlh v dcbd d

md m vy d c: h hlh ug h Cv qu lg d f cclmz ju b bl lk wh h whu bg klld; d h cl llu Sc f f cu cdc.

If w u w h vy f bk , w h Sch, dg hlh h wh kw h Fm,mk fcly cl h uch kwldg by lf, bcfm dcul cm, uc f lcl ul. Whl

Sc d Gluc g h hlh wll b b ulh h lv f gh d ud, hy d only on the conditionh hlh wll fll h h otherqum: h d b experience ( R. 484d6) d h fccl vu uch juc, mc d cug (484d7, 485c.). Whl Sc h cd dduc h ccl vufm h lv f wdm h d hlh, h blbcu h love f wdm lf d f chc d mly bu f .3 Fuhm, mu b clld

h much f h f bk , bf w v h h clml, dvd ddg h cu-vdc f hul d vcu f hlh: h bc gumdmg h hlh hv kwldg f h Fm dh dduc f h vu fm h lv f wdm cu fhg h dcu ul c b xld why in realityhlh v ul vcu. xl u hwh bcmg uful d vuu hlh dd much

m h v llgc d kwldg. Idd, h vu

3 I huld b d h h h bw hlhy d lc -

bw hlhy d practice. Phlhy hly ccl wh gd

h c h h hlh chc d c. A u h h-

lhy l h lc f gvg . A Nghgl bv, Pl

d , h, h contemplative hpracticallf; h, h d

bw hphilosophicald hpoliticallf v h bg hm gh

u cx (133). I huld l b d h k f bw

hlhy d lc dy h hlhy hly lcl hcc whch Scc hlhy d lcl h Apology

d h Gorgias, i.e., bg h wll lf d hby -

g f ul v lf wll v h. I k f h h

bw hlhy d h cc f gvg S. I w h m-

clc d qulc h ghful ccm f Cl Aj.


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f h hlhcl u c bcm h g vc ud hwg xl cd (491b7-11).

d f hlh-kg hf h v d hhlh mly uch wll mk h b ul, bu h h

d h hy culd mk h b ul ud h gh cl dccl cd. I h, f cu, h w u g h f-mu dx: ly h dl culd vd h gh cl dccl cd f hlh bcmg uccful ul, buuch bl ly wh hlh hv bcm uccfulul (R. 497-d). I ccu f h mgly vcu ccl hSc mu dly l the divine dfdg h -bly f hlhcl ul: dv hl dd v h

hlhcl u fm cu bf g h chc ul(4925, 4931-2); cu kg chld f kg wuld d bdivinely inspiredwh lv f hlhy (499c1). wuld ugg h uld by hlh humanlylzbl.Bu wh d b mhzd w mly h: ly mwh g h bulk f bk d h ccu f h dc hCv bk culd h d f hlh-kg h vblf h hlh d hg bu h hcl kwldg d b gd ul h hlhy lf lc.4

iol o Philoophy d PoliiOc Pl cld h wy, h c wh

Al bcm much l cl. ugh I c -bly h h h c d juc h dc bwPl d Al h l bw hlhy d lc,I w lk by x h mgh ugg dc hwh h dc g mgh .

If w lk Al cqu f h Republic bk f hPolitics, w mu b uck by h fc h fcug h cqu h cd f Sc dxcl l, i.e., h f hvg wvd chld cmm, Al v lc h lf hlh-kg. Hw w h lc? I c-dmg lc, f ugg h h l f hlh-kg

4 O culd f cu gu, d wh m juc, h f Pl hlhy

uly hcl bu hly ccl mu ully k lz lf

lc. Bu wh h kg h wy whch h Republic mhz, gubly xgg, h hcl chc f hlhy d ubqu

lc h m m h gu f bgg h w gh

. f h xgg, I wuld ugg, v u fm

lg gh f h h mu bw hlhy d lc v

h mu dl ccl.


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[111]



bud v m cmm?5 O vg lc?Y h h bly: h Al d cd ccu f h kwldg d by h ul gm h quy h cc h cu d lw f .

lv g h Politics 1264b39-12651 wh, m -l, Al, fg Sc ccu f h ducf h gud, dm xu m: Bu f h , h h lld h dcu wh xu m, bu wh h duc f h gud huld b lk (1997).6 mgh ugg h Al dguh bw hlhy dlc much m hly h Pl d, wh h ul h hidea of philosopher/kings ceases to be germane to the study of politics.

Hwv, Ch Zuck h uggd, Al culd b

5 Ev f Al w jc h d, h h wuld d bud uggd

by h w df f h d h l Protrepticus (B46-51);h h

gu h h lwmk mu b hlh, bg h c hcl

kwldg f u d h dv. S Bbch (153-75; clly 163-64); l

Sh V d M: Il u c d c ch qu l g hqu

l cc l cd c d lc lqu, cc lu

lc qulc, cmm l f mqu d

(123 f. 1). Ad Wl Nghgl l h Plc dc fmh Al wll dfd h (196-97). Mcll Z, c-

, gu bh 1) h h dfdd h Protrepticus h d

of philosopher/kings because the knowledge said to be necessary is not of separate

Fm bu ly f h u f h d h gd (219, 296, f. 119) d 2) h

h c wh h hughu Al wk f d-

guh lc cc h h hpolis bjc fm wh Z cll

lc chc (294-295 f. 115) whch fm gd cy d gd cz

h b f kwldg f h u f h gd d h. Z hby

bg h f Pl d Al vy cl dd, clly c h

m bd h : h f h gd h kw -

lv h h h hlh huld b kg. A wll blw,

h gc dc bw Pl d Al h (d h hv

hg d wh h f Fm) whch Z vlk, bu

my gum wll g wh h h x f mkg h f Pl d

Al much cl h hy uully k b.

6 Rckhm m h h l clu fg h duc f h gud-

mlcd d d g wh h fc xu m (1944

98). Jw Oxfd l d fllw Rckhm bu m mbguu

h Sm: md f h wk lld u wh dg fg h m ubjc, d wh dcu bu h duc f h gud. W. L.

Nwm lkw l: Bu f h , w d h h h lld h dlgu

wh xu dcu, d wh dcu bu h duc f h gud-

; Nwm ugg h xu m culd b h hcl dcu,

uch h juc, (2010 265).


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h mly fllwg h ld f Sc wh h ummy hgv f h Republic h imaeus (17c-19b)l lv u h h-lh-kg; h Zuck ugg h hy my hv cdd h l f hlh-kg b f h gm

cu lf (c. 425 f. 14). Rcll h Sc duc hhlh-kg cd f h dl cy cmg bg,d gubly fmg f h d f h cy. u h m I wh mk: h h Republic hm dc bw lc d hlhy. u, um-mzg h lcl l h imaeus, Sc c lv uh hlhcl g d kwldg f h ul whch, f wh qul h ul ul d hu wh mk h cy bl,

ll l ud f h cy, ju h dc bw h udf h Cv d h d wll v b vcm.If w u x h Ethics, whch Al hmlf cll l-

cl cc d hu d hly dguh fm h Politics,w d d mlc cqu f h d f hlh-kg h xlc cqu f h Id f h Gd bk , chx. Rcll h Sc duc h Id f h Gd h bjcf h g udy b udk by h hlhcl ul.Fuhm, Al cqu bg qu -

cly h mvm f dc, h mvm f lc h ccl Sc ccu f h l bw hlhy dlc. I hd h h fllwg g fc h ccu f h Id f h Gd h Republic:

Ph, hwv, m mgh hk whwhl hv

kwldg f [h Id f h Gd] wh vw h gd h are

bl d chvbl; f hvg h f w hll

kw b h gd h gd f u, d f w kw hm hll

hm. (1096b35-10973)

A gcly dmg h h vw h m lubly,Al bjc h uch wvg, cy d mdcd k uch kwldg ly qu ducgh dcv gd. Bu lc b fud mg hxml Al l h bjc. D lc md kwldg f m cd gd (f h u-bly f h Gd h u h bjc, h h huvly u h h bjc) h d mdc?

If w mv hd bk f h Ethics, w ly dthere another critique of the idea of philosopher/kings in the sharp

dc Al dw bw lcl cc d h kwl-dg f h hgh hg:


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[113]



wuld b g hk h lcl cc h

l kd f kwldg, c m h b hg h wld

[] [W]dm kwldg, cmbd wh llgc f h hg

h hgh by u. (114120-22, 1141b2-3)

S hw much f du d w hv h fm Sc - h Republic? O h hd, w hv h v hideal of philosopher/kings Socrates does not identify philosophical

kwldg wh lcl kwldg: h l qu dc dh w dcv qum. lwy, hf, - bw h w. Bu Al g fuh: h wfm f kwldg d h bjc dc h h

c b l lk f dc fm h h f lyg h h. kwldg bv lc mly d kd fkwldg wh d bjc d hu lv h kwldgf u w hum gd.

M, hwv, f fm bg ml. If w u hccu f wdm h Metaphysics, u u h hghbjc, i.e., gd my ubc d umvd mv, lygood bu gd cly h w d d uw lv, ly dvdully bu umbly l cllcvly. O

uch cl, h, dd h hv d h wld f u.Ad lf uch h b whch w jy, d jy bu f h m (Met. 1072b14-16). I h c hd hw hcd lcl cc wuld notb gudd hlhy dmhyc. T kw h cl f h hv d h wld kw h gd whch w ulv . I h wd, lc wh w hlh culd fully kw h gd whch hum bg d hu culd fully kw wh

cu gd ., d h cqu f h Id f h Gd Ethics

ubl d mccl, h ulm bjc f hc u uf Al b cd d dv gd md cl ly hMetaphysics bu bk X f h Ethics lf. Idd, whAl cclud h bk fcly m wh d hMetaphysics, hu hwg hw hc d mhyc ulmlybl f Al. b hum lf ccludd b lvd ccdg h divine lm u, h , lf fcud dcvly hum gd, bu h h hgh, dv hgh h bjc f wdm. dv lm f whch Alk dd u, bu h m m cd u cm- u. Idd, wh b cl llu Scdc h Republic f h cdc f h Gd byd


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bg w d h (R. 509b9), Al dcb u dvlm ug vyhg l w d h (N11781).

Ph h b dc h h dc bw Pld Al h l bw hlhy d lc my

b g hy m h bk X f h Ethics Al fcd wh blm ml h llud by h Cv lgy h Republic: h bw [g] vy v lv ccdc wh h b hg u [i.e., h dv lm] (N1177b34) d h fc h f h m d lv wh umb f l, h ch d vuu c [i.e., h cclvu d ] (1178b5-7). Hw h - f h dlmm fcg h hlh ud h Cv? O

xc lcl ml d hu lc dmd hg,whl h hlhcl kwldg f h hgh dv gd whch lc lf dd dmd mhg l. wh bkw h gd whch hum wll l w lv dcly hum, lcl lf. W hu b l wh ,blmc lh bw lc (hc) d hlhy, d fm h cud h Republic. If Pl, mg ccl lc d hlhy l hw hm b cc, Al, mg k hm hly dc, l

hw hm b mlcd h.7

f cu dy y dc bw h w. Ev f Pl w f h bw hy dcc, w d d Pl h h dc bw d whch Al hf h -c h h fm d cc lf wh h hum gd.8Hwv, h dc bcm l g h mgh wh w dd h f Al is lf h hgh hum gd

d h hgh bjc bg (h dv) h mbd hgd. f, hcl hlhy f Al h

7 T h h ml bw lc d hlhy Al

d Pl f cu dy h dc, . g., dc h -

m f dmccy. Ev h u, hwv, h dc much m

mbguu h . Mkg cly h , Fucul (c. 2009 50-

51) dw h ch h Politics whch Al, dfdg

h juc f cm, cclud h f m f xcl vu ud u h

cy, h ul hg wuld b cz hm bu by hm, h hywuld bcm kg f ll m (Pol. , x 1284b30-35).

8 O h dc Nghgl (189 .). I gm wh h gum f h

, Nghgl vhl Pl d Al agreeing h dc

bw hlhy d lc: Lk Pl, Al c h hlh d

h lc, d hm lvg d kd f lv (205).


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[115]



hgh m f lc h m h hgh hum gd. kgly vd bk f h Politics wh c hwh h cy huld k m bv ll ym f duc- useless kwldg ( clly 13389-13). Cdgly,

wh cfg h db ccg whh h cmlv h lcl lf b, Al ch h fm bu ly g h h m gulyactive: praxis h xc mg m d xl lf l uly cv, h hm cv, h praxis h uud ly f w k(1325b16-23). If h gum mk hcl cml ( ) m uly cv ()h h cv, l mk m cv cy h m

uch cml d ll dd bl xlgd d h c. I h cx f h gum h hPolitics mu l h Metaphysics: h cvy, whh f dvdul f cy, l cv, bu dd m , wh h xl d duc, cmd by h cvy f gd:w wuld hdly w dy h h dv cv, bu h dvcvy clly c hv d ul byd lf ( , 1325b28-30). I c-clu, culd h b x h dc bw Pl

d Al fllw: whl f bh f hm hlhy d l-c m dc, f Pl hlhy c v lc whl fAl lc v hlhy.

Hidgg Philooph-KigI cu fm h 1920 Hdgg cd Al wh

vdg h cfu bw hc d lgy udlyfud Pl Id f h Gd.9 O mgh hf xc

nd in Heidegger a rejection of the idea of philosopher/kings. Anddd 1937-1938 cu ld Grundragen der Philosophie,10Hdgg dcb h mkg f hlh kg hRepublic h l dgd [Herabsetzung] f hlhy.(Hdgg 1992 180). Y wh Hdgg fu y l umh Rch f Fbug Uvy d j h Nl SclPy, h g vy d u. Dlvg cu ld TeEssence o ruth [Vom Wesen der Wahrheit],11h f whch

9 S Hdgg ( 19 123-24). S l myPlato and Heidegger: A Question o Dialogue

(30-35).

10 All l my w.

11 Publhd gh wh cu fm h umm m f 1933, Die Grundrage der

Philosophie, Gesamtausgabe 36/37, Sein und Wahrheit(2001). A l v f h


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dvd f h Cv Algy, Hdgg k h dl f hlh-kg juc f h w lclvlvm.

Hdgg bv h h d d m h hlhy

f huld bcm Reichskanzler, mhg h wuld vfm h u mfu (Unglck, c. 36/37 194). One can cer-ly g wh h m d c cly mg Plgg, c h wuld m lkly u hlhy f that class of vicious and/or useless sophists and thinkers described

bk . Hwv, bcm cl fm wh Hdgg y hf hm h d f hlh-kg d m y kd fcul vlvm cc lc h f hlh

f y y. Wh h d y, hvg chczd h Id h ul (Herrscha) d h g (Ursprung) f bg, hh rule f h bg-wh--h f hum bg h mu b lly dmd hugh hlhcl m dhlhcl kwldg (id.). Bu wh d h m, f d m hlh cully ulg h ? fllwg cvd h w:

Pl d h qu f h c f kwldg [W],

bcu blg chl-cc [Schulbg] f h hy f

kwldg, bu bcu knowledge [d Wissen] fm h m

dug ubc fpolitical being [d Bd d sta-

atlichen Seins], f h ree one, h , h m m

fc h binds l. ( 36/37 195)

Phlh d d cully ul bcu hlh-cl kwldg, i.e., kwldg f das Wesen f uh d bg, ldy lf h dug m f lcl ly. why

Hdgg, dmg h d f hlhy f bcm-g Reichskanzler, cm by g h hlh cywh hmlv ( ch g) h ul f h ( 36/37 194).H w cl h cml dc f hlhyd lc , m cly, h cml b f lc hlhy: h dug ubc f lcl ly hlhclkwldg d hlh in themselves ul f h .12

course was given in 1931/32 and published as Vom Wesen der Wahrheit, Gesamtausgabe

34 (1988). O hg h dguh h l v f h cu ud dcu h duc f lcl, d cclly Nl Scl, hc.

12 dc f hlhy d lc l cl Hdgg

f Al dc f m h lcl ml: D Mch lch

Lbw, d v Hu u zughg mMiteinander im Staat[] l m-

d zughg dm S, u dm S hu xd; ud zw vllzh


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[117]



Hdgg f h Cv lgy, whch c lyb lludd h, ccdgly lm h dc udd lcl qum. If h hlh mu u h Cv,h dmd f juc, bu ly llu f h fc

h uh v fully bl fm uuh (c. 36/37 187) andh hf h hlh, d m uch, x lwy bw uh d uuh (c. ibid.). Ad f Sc dcb hhlh wh u h Cv dg f bg klld, hf Hdgg d bw hlhy d l-c bu ly h hlh bg mudd (c.id. 182). OHdgg dg, h, h dc fm hlhy lc, uggl d dg h hlh m

bcm lclly cv. hlh hmlf d uchkg; h l mu cm hm.Oc w udd h, w h Hdgg jc f h

philosopher/king idea in 1937-1938 is less of a reversal than might at

. Hdgg m h hlh-kg dl h xh lc c mly b dd wh hlhy; h x,hwv, h lc v b mhg qu d dmuch m my, dub dd dug Hdgg Rektorat,Hdgg dm y c bw hlhy d lc

dgd f h fm. Whh Hdgg bg lc uf h Cv dm dc d dbm, h ch m ud h Cv. Wh h dcb ll h l 1930 h uh d g f Nl Sclm13 ll h vw h mvm; wh chgd w ly h m f hx whch h Nl Scl y d mmb lvdu h uh d g.14 flu f h Nl

ud gl ch d Exz duch d Rd, d . D Wch, d

ch uf d Rdk bzh, d Rhetorik, d Gudwch vm

Mch, dpolitische Wch ( 36/37 158).

13 d Whh ud G d Bwgug (Hdgg 40 208).

14 I h Beitrge zur Philosophie, w 1936-38, Hdgg, clmg h wl-

gchchlch Bgbh c dm l Echdug,

qul: W b hlb d Bgbh ud z. T. ch hm Sl

Smmlug d Vlk bzw. Bd uf lb gch wd, k

d ch Wg d Nh d Echdug ch ? Gw, b m d hch-

Gfh zuglch d vllg Vfhlug h Bch ( 65 98). W hv h

cl fc Hdgg dllum wh Nl Sclm: md, h vw, h lm f l dc. Rfg mk Hdgg u-

dly md E Jg h c h Hl hd l hm (Hdgg) dw d

hf wd hm lgy, Wl mk: By h clm, Hdgg m h

w h wh hd d by ug h Nz wh h u; w Nzm

lf h hd g y by flg lv u u hlhcl l (180).


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Scl mvm d h flu f Hdgg w bf l-cl vlvm hmlv bluly lv Hdggm. Rvlg h gd Hdgg dc f hRektorat lf gc c (f ch bduugl

Fll) (1983 39). flu f Hdgg Rektorat, d v h c-h f Wld W II, w l bcu d hgbu h flu f h wh h Cv h y wh l. T ccz Hdgg f h flu lcl ld, dmd h hlh bcm lcl ld h dy, m wh l d dgd hlhy. lcHdgg dd wh hlhy md uuchd by h -vl d uhvl f l lc. Wh Hdgg hvg

b ccud f Pvlzlmu h Rektoratsrede(ibid. 30), mu g h h ccu ghful dlf. A f hw c hv v lc, h f cucly h blm.

Fol o Polii d h Cog of ThI cclu, Hdgg lv h blm f h l

bw lc d hlhy by mly cllg h fm h l: by, h wd, chczg hlhy ( h fm f

lgy) h ly uhc lc d h hlh ulgju by vu f bg hlh. I c, Mchl Fuculdg f h Republic h 1982-1983 cu, Le Gouvernement deSoi et des Autres, h h hlh-kg l, clm-g ly h h m huld cc hlhy d lc,k h w cmlly dc. u Fucul dvl h wvw h, f hlhy c ly l in relation to lc by -fmg h ubjc wh lv lclly, ly l within lc.

Fucul h h d f hlh-kg h Republic ly h d h h wh cc hlhy huld b hwh xc lcl w d not c f hlhcl d-cu d kwldg wh lcl cc (c. 2008 271). Fucul h cclu ud by cful d fhful l- f h x 473c-d. Fucul u h wh h gdcb hlh bcmg kg kg bcmg h-lh ( u hhd f hlh-kg ugg), bu hhlh bgg ul c cu ul bgg hlhz uhc d gu m. T y h ulwll hlhz d hlh wll ul y h hl-hzg d ulg wll bcm h m hg. Y m lf h ky c hv g cly uch dy.Tus, in the Grube/Reeve translation we read that cities will have no


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[119]



fm vl ul lcl w d hlhy ly c-cd. Wld l lkw d: ul lcl wd hlhy ccd. Gk qu h f l-cl w ( ) d hlhy () h

(R. 473d2-3). llly y mhg lk:this falls together towards the same. Te Grube/Reeve translation

k h x dy d qulfy lcl w dhlhy, h wh bg d h cml ccdcf lcl w d hlhy. l m bl dc l f u h u f ml h Teaetetus160d dcb h l h h b dmd bw hd f kwldg c, h Hcl ux hy d

Pg lvm. Hwv, fllwg Chmby Bud l-, Fucul d d dg: u d l mm ujl uc lqu l hlh.15 u Fucul c k hm m h lcl w d hlhy wll cmdw h m hg mu h m hg, bu h hhy wll cm gh h m ubjc . I h wd,h dy bw lcl w d hlhy, bu h h ubjc wh xc bh.

llw Fucul d h hlh-kg l

vg h dc f lcl w d hlhy. A h ,

Bu fm h fc h h wh cc hlhy h wh

xc w d h h wh xc w l m wh

cc hlhy, fm h c ll f h wh h

kw f hlhy wll b h lw f h c d f h lcl

dc. (2008 271-72)

Phlhy mu k uh l lcl c, bu hd m h huld k uhorlcl c h f dmg hw gv, wh lw d, c. (c. 2008 265)Fucul c hu d Pl h w vw h qu fhlhy, h h qu f lc, h qu f hubjc lc (id. 295). Phlhy c mk m why fulg, c dvl h h kd f chc w w

15 Kl Vk h Rclm d ml l: w ch

Hd zummfll lch Mch ud Phlh, d Gg Lux: m [] qu v ccd lu vc lu uv lqu h-

lh. Jm Adm, hugh cdg h kd f l fllwd by

Foucault, still adopts something weaker than the Grube/Reeve translation in taking

h m h cmg bu f cl clcc bw lcl

w d hlhy (1982 330).


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ul (id. 273), bu ulg lf wll qu kd f kwldgd ly dc fm hlhy. A Fucul h m cclly, h ul mu l hugh hlhy gvhmlf d b h kd f wh c july gv h-

(id. 272; hu h l f h cu: l guvm d etdu).

dc bw hlhy d lc bcm cl Fucul cu f h cu 1984, cly ublhdud h l Le Courage de la Vrit.16 A cl hm f hcu h f h cug f uh h Gk clldfm gl lcl h dc hlhclh. Fm kg f uh w, whh h Ambly h

c f dmccy h Pc h c f mchy, bcm vc h dvdul kw hmlf, dcvh uh wh hmlf (, .g., h xl Fucul 2009215). ul h h hpolis bcm h cl f (c.id. 61). m m gu h Sc wh hApology, Fucul u, dcb h dv m fkg h uh h fllw cz turning away rom politics.(31c-32) If Sc hlhcl ud h hd fh d ulmly uld h cu d dh, h ll u

h h wuld hv m h d much d wuld hv bbl ccmlh yhg f h hd d lc (c. id. 74). FSc, h wd, h cug f uh lgbl h lcl h d mu hf b d hdm f h dvdul ul d kg c f lf. Fucul -cd dfy hd fm f whch h d wh hcyc: h w hv cug k h uh bu cug live h uh whch, whl ccbl h h lvl f gl

cl, cdlz hm fm f lf (c. id. 215-16). Phlhy uch wy f lf h lwy other(c. id. 226-27), h clc cfm, b clly d lc.17

16 Tl my w.

17 D, c u f chmqum, qu u v d l c d cy-

qu u md d du d-v hlhqu lc lqu qu

f u l fm d lx, du d d l d, l qu v v chz

Pl u du d-v hlhqu l qu [lqu] qu lud ld d lc, d l dgg d ldc du uj hl-

h du uj x l uv (Fucul 2008 265). I h ubqu cu

Le Courage de la Vrit, Fucul mk ml c, h chczg h

Cyc, dc fm Pl hlh-kg, l -, qu m-

cmb l mch d v, llu c (2009 252).


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[121]



If Hdgg c hlhy d lc, culd guh Fucul m fhful Sc l mkg h-lhy d lc mgly cclbl. Hwv 473d2-3, d Fucul dg hd dfd,18 m cl

h f Sc h kwldg h hlh uch willbh lw f h lcl c d dc. Hwv, Fucul cl b dvlg bw lc d hlhyh h b b ldy h Pl x. Fuhm, fFucul ly h h ugh jc h d f h-lh-kg, h bcu v f hm hlhy d lcd dvg uch x h hy c hv yhg dwh ch h. A h 1984 cu Fucul dcb h-

lhy xg bw h l f , , d ,wh f h h ducbl h h (c. 2009 63, 65).If hlhy c v b lc, vhl lwy x l l lc. A Fucul h c f Sc,f h h cc lcl, l h c h x l l h gd f h cy (c. 2009 83). All, Sc dcb h hlhcl m g gd h cy d hu g f h gd (Ap. 30). Ad Fucul d-g f h Laches h f Sc h duc cug f

uh dc fm lcl , hd dlgu whw m lcl m. Phlhy mu k lc, bulwy fm h ud. Ev f hlh bcm kg, b hlh v h m b kg.

F Fucul, ulk Hdgg, h dl f h hlh-kg hf noth dl f dy bw hlhy d l-c. Fucul c dd b d vd dg f Hdgg wh h bu wh h cll h mfu d h quv-

c h l bw hlhy d lc h fch hlhy udd lf, llw lf b udd, m f ccdg wh h c f lcl ly(2008 266). Y, Fucul cu, h mfu c l wh vly h c f lcl ly hv ugh jufy hmlv hugh mkg f hmlv hlhcl dc- (id. 266-67). m h cx bcu,

h lc f h w h m m chczd h ulc f h wld (id. 278).

18 I hd, f v mbl, jufy l f h m

ubjc. Cl Aj h d u m h blm: hvg h m

ubjc d w d jb wuld vl h cl f - jb h

cl h ccu f juc h Republic.


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f Hdgg w bl dfy wh Nl Sclm, h ly bcu h w h hlhy ccdg wh lc bul bcu h Nl Scl w h lc ccdgwh hlhy. Hl ly d dly h Ay

wh udd Nl Sclm ly lcl mvmkw vully hg bu . I v m h lg; h wll w c f m (qd. F 214).19 I h d-c f lc wh hlhy h md Nl Sclmcully ddly. I mhzg, d h l xgggh dc bw hlhy d lc h d Pl x,Fucul c b vdg ccv Hdgg dg.

W l, h, wh h dx f l l h

c v b dy. f cu ly k u bck h b-lm bquhd by Sc. hlh h wh huld buc ul. W wll lwy b uld by h. k f h h-lh chllg uch lc by lwy lvg otherlf. ulm xl f h bw hlhy d lcc h b fud h vy l c f Fucul mu-c f h 1984 cu: c h dd hv m dlv.Wh h h h uh lwy chczd by ly,h h uh lwy h h chc f bg otherd h h

u lf lwy otherlf: uh, h v h m; hc b uh xc h fm f h h wld d h hlf (2009 311). I h c h uh culd v b ulzd,culd v b xd uchgg f ucu, c- d lw. Culd h v h b u lc? I hly h h hlhy d lc bl.

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