SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FACULTY OF … · SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND PROFESSIONAL...
68
SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Miljenko Antić TEXTBOOK FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ZAGREB 2016
Transcript of SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FACULTY OF … · SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND PROFESSIONAL...
SO
CIO
LO
GY
OF
WO
RK
AN
D
PRO
FESS
ION
AL
ET
HIC
S
Milj
enko
Ant
ić
T
EX
TB
OO
K
FAC
UL
TY
OF
CIV
IL E
NG
INE
ER
ING
Z
AG
RE
B
20
16
1
Cont
ents
1
. D
efin
itio
ns
of
bas
ic t
erm
s ............................................................ 5
Work
.................................................................................................. 6
Soci
olo
gy o
f W
ork
............................................................................ 9
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 1
3
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 1
4
2.
His
tory
of
Work
......................................................................... 1
5
Work
Epoch
s ................................................................................... 1
5
Epoch
of
tools
................................................................................. 1
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 2
6
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tion
............................................................ 2
8
3.
Cla
ssic
al T
heo
ries
of
the
Org
aniz
atio
n o
f W
ork
....................... 2
9
Pre
curs
ors
of
the
theo
ry o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n ..
.............................. 2
9
Ad
am S
mit
h (
17
23
-1790)
............................................................... 3
0
Wis
low
Fre
der
ick
Tay
lor
(18
56
-1915) ........................................... 3
2
Fra
nk
Bu
nk
er G
ilb
reth
(1
868
-1924) ............................................... 3
4
Max
Web
er (
1864
-1920) .
................................................................ 3
5
Hen
ry F
ord
(1
84
1-1
925) ................................................................. 3
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 3
7
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 3
8
4.
Elt
on M
ayo's
Exper
imen
ts (
1880
-1949) .
................................... 4
1
Lif
e an
d c
aree
r of
May
o ..
................................................................ 4
1
Ex
per
imen
ts w
ith
lig
hti
ng ..
............................................................. 4
1
Exper
imen
ts w
ith r
elay
s .................................................................. 4
2
13
2
dis
reg
ard
of
eth
ics.
By
ad
her
ing
to
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics,
th
e co
mp
any
gai
ns
a re
pu
tati
on
, an
d g
reat
er s
atis
fact
ion
of
the
emp
loy
ee's
per
form
ance
.
Ther
efore
, m
anag
ers
must
dev
elop p
osi
tive
ethic
s.
6.
It i
s not
easy
to g
ive
unam
big
uo
us
answ
ers
to a
nu
mb
er o
f is
sues
in
the
fiel
d o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s an
d t
her
efo
re m
any
iss
ues
rem
ain
to
be
the
sub
ject
of
dis
cuss
ion
of
the
theo
ry o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t?
2.
Lis
t th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t ru
les
to
be
foll
ow
ed
by
mem
ber
s o
f th
e
acad
emic
co
mm
un
ity
to
pre
ven
t se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t!
3.
Wh
at i
s a
con
flic
t o
f in
tere
st?
Ho
w c
an a
lo
ve
affa
ir a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce
cau
se a
co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
?
4.
In
wh
at
way
ca
n
a co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
th
at
aris
es
as
a re
sult
o
f
rela
tio
nsh
ips
in t
he
wo
rkp
lace
be
pre
ven
ted
?
5.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
th
e v
icti
m o
f se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t d
o?
6.
Ho
w s
ho
uld
man
ager
s, a
cco
rdin
g t
o F
ried
man
, re
solv
e th
e p
ote
nti
al
con
flic
t b
etw
een
eth
ics
and
lo
gic
of
pro
fit?
7.
Wh
at i
s en
lig
hte
ned
eg
ois
m?
8.
Wh
o a
re m
anag
ers
resp
on
sib
le t
o,
acco
rdin
g t
o F
reem
an's
th
eory
?
9.
Com
par
e F
ried
man
and F
reem
an's
th
eory
! S
up
po
rt t
his
com
par
iso
n
wit
h e
xam
ple
s!
10
. G
ive
fiv
e ex
amp
les
of
eth
ical
dil
emm
as t
hat
try
to
so
lve
the
theo
ry o
f
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics!
Giv
e y
ou
r o
wn
op
inio
n h
ow
th
is d
ilem
ma
sho
uld
be
reso
lved
, an
d s
pec
ify
th
e ar
gu
men
ts i
n s
up
po
rt o
f y
ou
r o
pin
ion
!
131
Sum
mar
y
1.
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent
is a
form
of
har
assm
ent
that
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y t
he
lack
o
f ac
cep
tan
ce
or
reje
ctio
n
of
the
oth
er
per
son
, an
d
inv
olv
es
rep
eate
d s
end
ing
of
un
wan
ted
ver
bal
an
d p
hy
sica
l su
gg
esti
on
s o
f a
sex
ual
nat
ure
to
an
oth
er p
erso
n,
ph
ysi
cal
assa
ult
, re
pea
ted
dis
clo
sure
of
un
wan
ted
jo
kes
an
d r
emar
ks
that
are
sex
ual
ly c
olo
red
, in
clu
din
g
refe
ren
ces
to s
ex a
nd
sex
ual
ori
enta
tio
n,
der
isio
n a
nd
rid
icu
le,
wh
ich
is a
sex
ual
ly co
lore
d,
dis
pla
y o
f se
xu
ally
o
ffen
siv
e an
d d
istu
rbin
g
mat
eria
l, r
equ
esti
ng
sex
ual
fav
ors
in
exch
ange
for
a sp
ecif
ic a
ct o
r
fail
ure
fro
m p
osi
tio
ns
of
auth
ori
ty.
2.
Pro
hib
itio
n
of
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t d
oes
n
ot
ban
th
ose
ro
man
tic
or
sex
ual
rel
atio
nsh
ips
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
gen
erat
ed b
y m
utu
al c
on
sen
t.
Ho
wev
er,
in s
uch
rel
atio
nsh
ips
con
flic
ts o
f in
tere
st m
ust
be
avo
ided
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
an
emp
loy
ee
is
pro
mo
ted
o
nly
b
ecau
se
on
e is
in
a
rela
tio
nsh
ip w
ith
his
/her
man
ager
).
3.
Pre
ven
tin
g s
exu
al h
aras
smen
t is
a v
ery
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f th
e co
de
of
eth
ics
and
th
at i
s w
hy
co
mp
anie
s m
ust
hav
e cl
ear
rule
s th
at w
ill
pre
ven
t su
ch b
ehav
ior
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
.
4.
Th
ere
are
con
flic
tin
g
op
inio
ns
abo
ut
the
imp
ort
ance
o
f b
usi
nes
s
eth
ics.
F
ried
man
b
elie
ves
th
at
man
ager
s m
ust
st
riv
e so
lely
to
max
imiz
e p
rofi
ts, p
rov
ided
th
ey d
o n
ot
vio
late
law
s.
5.
Th
e th
eory
of
enli
gh
ten
ed e
go
ism
bel
ieves
that
man
ager
s m
ust
tak
e
care
n
ot
on
ly
of
sho
rt-t
erm
p
rofi
ts
bu
t al
so
of
emp
loy
ees,
th
e
env
iro
nm
ent,
cu
sto
mer
s, a
nd
su
pp
lier
s. T
his
th
eory
ho
lds
that
lo
ng
-
term
co
mp
lian
ce
wit
h
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
bri
ngs
hig
her
pro
fits
th
an
2
Ex
pla
nat
ion
of
exp
erim
enta
l re
sult
s ................................................ 4
4
Th
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f M
ayo
's t
heo
ry ..
............................................ 4
5
Cri
tici
sm o
f M
ayo's
theo
ry ..
............................................................ 4
6
Co
nti
ng
ency
ap
pro
ach
in
so
cio
logy o
f w
ork
.................................. 4
7
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 4
8
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 4
9
5.
Sel
ecti
on o
f w
ork
ers
.................................................................. 5
1
How
to c
hoose
the
work
ers?
........................................................... 5
3
Appli
cati
on f
orm
an
d C
V ..
.............................................................. 5
3
Can
did
ate
test
ing ..
........................................................................... 5
5
Tas
k ..
............................................................................................... 5
7
Inte
rvie
w ......................................................................................... 5
7
How
to b
e se
lect
ed?
........................................................................ 5
9
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 6
2
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 6
3
6.
Work
moti
vat
ion ..
...................................................................... 6
5
Moti
vat
ion ..
..................................................................................... 6
5
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry o
f m
oti
vat
ion
........................................................ 6
6
McC
lell
and's
theo
ry o
f m
oti
vat
ion
................................................. 6
9
Met
ho
ds
of
enco
ura
gin
g w
ork
moti
vat
ion
...................................... 7
0
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 7
2
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 7
3
7.
R
ewar
din
g a
nd
pu
nis
hin
g w
ork
ers
............................................ 7
5
Th
e ro
le o
f re
war
d a
nd
pu
nis
hm
ent
in m
oti
vat
ion o
f w
ork
............ 7
5
Types
of
rew
ards ............................................................................. 7
6
Pri
ze m
on
ey ..
................................................................................... 7
7
3
Punis
hm
ent
of
work
ers .
................................................................... 8
0
Rule
s of
punis
hm
ent .
....................................................................... 8
1
Types
of
punis
hm
ent .
...................................................................... 8
3
Dis
cipli
nar
y m
eeti
ng
....................................................................... 8
5
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 8
6
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 8
7
8. W
ork
ing c
aree
r ............................................................................... 8
9
Intr
oduct
ion ..
................................................................................... 8
9
1. P
repar
atio
n ..
............................................................................... 8
9
3.
Tra
nsi
tio
n f
rom
sch
oo
l to
work
and i
nte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d ..
............. 9
2
4. P
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent.
.............................................................. 9
3
5. R
etir
emen
t ................................................................................... 9
5
Unem
plo
ym
ent .
............................................................................... 9
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 9
7
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 9
8
9.
Pro
fess
ional
ism
.......................................................................... 9
9
Def
init
ions
of
pro
fess
ion ..
............................................................... 9
9
Char
acte
rist
ics
of
a pro
fess
ion ..
.................................................... 1
00
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
09
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
........................................................ 1
10
10
. P
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s ................................................. 1
11
Pro
fess
ional
eth
ics .
........................................................................ 1
11
Rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith c
lien
ts ..
............................................................. 1
12
Rel
atio
nsh
ip o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s an
d f
ello
w c
oll
eagues
.................... 1
14
Co
mp
lian
ce w
ith
reg
ula
tions
........................................................ 1
15
Busi
nes
s et
hic
s .............................................................................. 1
16
13
0
4.
Is i
t et
hic
al t
o c
hec
k w
hat
the
can
did
ates
, w
ho
hav
e ap
pli
ed f
or
the
com
pet
itio
n f
or
the
job
, d
o i
n t
hei
r fr
ee t
ime
(wh
ich
was
th
e ca
se a
t T
-
com
)?
5.
Is i
t m
ora
l to
giv
e a
bri
be
to a
po
liti
cian
in
an
oth
er c
ou
ntr
y t
o g
et a
job
? Is
it
imm
ora
l ev
en t
ho
ug
h i
t is
a c
om
mo
n b
usi
nes
s p
ract
ice
in
that
sta
te?
6.
Sh
ou
ld s
tate
s al
low
em
plo
yer
s to
req
uir
e em
plo
yee
s to
wo
rk 6
0 h
ou
rs
a w
eek
? S
ho
uld
th
is w
ork
be
pre
ven
ted
ev
en i
f th
e em
plo
yee
ag
rees
to
wo
rk s
uch
lo
ng
ho
urs
? S
ho
uld
a 6
0-h
our
wee
k b
e ban
ned
even
for
emp
loy
ees
wh
o g
et s
o m
uch
wo
rk a
nd
ear
n 1
00
,00
0 b
uck
s p
er m
on
th?
7.
Is i
t m
ora
lly
rig
ht
to r
equ
ire
emp
loy
ees
to s
ign
a s
tate
men
t th
at i
n n
o
even
t th
ey w
ill
dis
clo
se t
rad
e se
cret
s? S
ho
uld
su
ch a
n a
gre
emen
t b
e
bin
din
g e
ven
if
a tr
ade
secr
et o
f th
e co
mp
any
's p
rod
uct
s is
har
mfu
l to
hea
lth
?
8.
Is
it
mo
rall
y
rig
ht
to
exp
ort
"d
irty
" te
chn
olo
gy
in
d
evel
op
ing
cou
ntr
ies?
Is
it u
nac
cep
tab
le e
ven
in
a s
itu
atio
n w
her
e p
eop
le i
n t
ho
se
cou
ntr
ies
wan
t th
is t
ech
no
log
y t
o g
et j
ob
s?
9.
Is i
t m
ora
l to
ex
po
rt,
wit
h t
he
hig
h f
ee,
rad
ioac
tiv
e w
aste
s to
co
un
trie
s
that
wan
t to
sto
re i
t an
d d
o n
ot
hav
e th
e p
rop
er c
on
dit
ion
s fo
r th
e
dis
po
sal
of
such
was
te?
10
. Is
it
mo
ral
to r
equ
ire
can
did
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b t
o m
ake
the
AID
S t
est?
Is
it m
ora
l n
ot
to a
ccep
t ca
nd
idat
es w
ho
can
do
ev
ery
thin
g b
ette
r th
an
thei
r co
mp
etit
ors
, b
ut
wh
o a
re H
IV-p
osi
tiv
e?
129
just
to
m
ake
more
m
oney
. In
o
ther
w
ord
s, en
lig
hte
ned
eg
ois
m is
p
artl
y
altr
uis
m b
ecau
se f
or
cari
ng
ab
ou
t o
ur
lon
g-t
erm
cli
ents
, w
e ea
rn a
lot
more
than
if
we
inte
nti
on
ally
dec
eiv
e th
em f
or
fast
er e
arn
ing
s. O
f co
urs
e, w
e h
ave
alre
ady
m
enti
on
ed
som
e o
ther
re
aso
ns
for
acti
ng
m
ora
lly
-
a se
nse
o
f
sati
sfac
tio
n d
ue
to h
on
est
wo
rk a
nd
abse
nce
of
fear
that
im
mora
l or
even
ille
gal
act
ion
s w
ill
even
tual
ly b
e d
isco
ver
ed a
nd
pu
nis
hed
. T
her
efo
re,
man
y
com
pan
ies
are
try
ing
to
ta
ke
care
n
ot
on
ly
of
the
clie
nts
an
d
the
loca
l
com
mu
nit
y b
ut
also
of
thei
r o
wn
em
plo
yee
s (i
n a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e M
ayo
's
reco
mm
end
atio
ns)
. S
o t
hey
bu
ild
fre
e k
ind
erg
arte
ns
wh
ich
are
in
corp
ora
ted
in t
he
com
pan
y,
co-f
inan
ce s
um
mer
vac
atio
ns
of
thei
r em
plo
yee
s, h
elp
th
em
when
th
e em
plo
yee
s re
loca
te,
etc.
T
hat
et
hic
al
beh
avio
r is
o
ften
v
ery
pro
fita
ble
co
nfi
rms
the
fact
th
at M
icro
soft
is
on
e o
f th
e m
ost
su
cces
sfu
l
com
pan
ies
in r
ecen
t d
ecad
es,
kn
ow
n f
or
giv
ing
lar
ge
do
nat
ion
s to
var
iou
s
hu
man
itar
ian
p
roje
cts.
O
bv
iou
sly
, a
go
od
im
age
of
the
com
pan
y
has
a
po
siti
ve
effe
ct o
n i
ts b
usi
nes
s o
per
atio
ns.
Ho
wev
er,
that
do
es n
ot
mea
n t
hat
it i
s al
way
s ea
sy t
o r
esp
ect
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
wh
en t
he
log
ic o
f p
rofi
t co
nfl
icts
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s. T
her
efo
re,
som
e o
f th
e m
any
eth
ical
dil
emm
as t
hat
aris
e ev
ery d
ay w
ill
be
list
ed a
t th
e en
d o
f th
is c
hap
ter
and
yo
u w
ill
pro
bab
ly
hav
e to
fac
e th
em d
uri
ng
yo
ur
life
tim
e:
1.
Is i
t al
low
ed t
o l
ie i
n t
he
com
mer
cial
s? I
s it
fin
anci
ally
ben
efic
ial?
Sh
ou
ld t
he
stat
e
pro
hib
it t
he
dis
clo
sure
of
inac
cura
te i
nfo
rmat
ion
in
the
com
mer
cial
s?
2.
Is
it
eth
ical
to
ad
ver
tise
p
rod
uct
s th
at
are
har
mfu
l to
h
ealt
h
(fo
r
exam
ple
, al
coh
ol)
?
3.
Is i
t m
ora
l th
at c
om
pan
ies
con
tro
l th
e e-
mai
ls o
f th
eir
emp
loy
ees
and
chec
k w
hat
co
nte
nt
they
rea
d o
n t
he
net
du
rin
g w
ork
ing
ho
urs
?
4
Sh
ou
ld w
e re
spec
t b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s? ..
............................................. 1
17
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
21
Ex
amp
les
of
exam
qu
esti
ons .
........................................................ 1
22
11
. S
om
e is
sues
in
bu
sines
s et
hic
s ................................................. 1
23
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent .
........................................................................ 1
23
Wh
at s
ho
uld
vic
tim
s o
f se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t do?
............................ 1
25
Pro
fit
and
bu
sin
ess
ethic
s .............................................................. 1
26
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
31
Ex
amp
les
of
exam
qu
esti
ons .
........................................................ 1
32
5
1. D
efin
ition
s of b
asic
term
s
Fil
l in
th
e ta
ble
. F
irst
an
swer
YE
S o
r N
O t
o t
he
qu
esti
on
s o
f w
het
her
so
met
hin
g i
s co
nsi
der
ed a
s w
ork
, an
d t
hen
sp
ecif
y t
he
crit
eria
by
wh
ich
yo
u
resp
on
ded
(e.
g.,
th
e en
erg
y i
nv
este
d):
A
CT
VIT
Y
IS I
T W
OR
K?
AS
SE
SS
ME
NT
A p
ries
t is
san
ctif
yin
g a
ho
use
.
A w
ork
er i
s w
eari
ng
a t
oo
l fr
om
on
e si
de
of
the
hal
l to
th
e o
ther
so
th
at h
is s
up
erv
iso
r w
ou
ld n
ot
giv
e h
im
som
e o
ther
tas
k.
Ch
ild
ren
are
bu
ild
ing
a s
and
cas
tle.
An
off
icer
is
sho
oti
ng
at
a ta
rget
.
Wai
tin
g f
or
a b
oss
a d
riv
er i
s d
rin
kin
g c
off
ee i
n a
ca
fé.
An
off
icer
is
sitt
ing
on
th
e to
ilet
wai
tin
g f
or
the
end
o
f th
e w
ork
day
.
A G
erm
an t
each
er i
s w
atch
ing
a p
lay
at
a th
eate
r in
th
e G
erm
an l
ang
uag
e.
An
an
imat
e la
dy
is
per
suad
ing
gu
ests
at
the
bar
to
o
rder
a b
ott
le o
f w
his
key
.
A h
ou
sew
ife
is k
nit
tin
g s
ock
s.
Far
mer
s ar
e th
row
ing
fru
it i
nto
th
e ri
ver
to
pro
test
ag
ain
st l
ow
pri
ces.
A s
tud
ent
is w
riti
ng
an
ess
ay.
A m
an i
s d
igg
ing
a p
it a
nd
th
en f
illi
ng
it
agai
n.
A d
og
is
bit
ing
a b
urg
lar.
A w
ife
is c
oo
kin
g d
inn
er f
or
her
hu
sban
d.
An
ts a
re b
uil
din
g t
hei
r n
est.
12
8
pat
ien
t, f
org
ive
the
do
cto
r w
ho
un
nec
essa
rily
did
th
e su
rger
y (
of
cou
rse,
if
yo
u s
urv
ived
th
e o
per
atio
n)?
If
yo
u b
elie
ve
that
a d
oct
or
can
no
t o
per
ate
du
e
to e
thic
al r
easo
ns,
do
yo
u t
hin
k t
hat
th
e o
wn
er o
f th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
co
mp
any
sho
uld
in
stal
l fi
lter
s th
at w
ou
ld p
rev
ent
the
po
llu
tio
n o
f th
e en
vir
on
men
t,
even
if
the
law
did
no
t re
qu
ire
it (
bec
ause
of
po
llu
tio
n a
nd
peo
ple
can
als
o
get
ver
y s
ick
an
d e
ven
die
)? S
o,
sho
uld
lo
gic
of
pro
fit
be
abo
ve
the
no
rms
of
bu
sin
ess
and
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s?
No
t al
l th
eori
sts
shar
e F
ried
man
's o
pin
ion
. E
dw
ard
F
reem
an (2
00
6)4
5
stat
es t
hat
man
ager
s ar
e re
spo
nsi
ble
no
t o
nly
to
th
e o
wn
ers
of
shar
es b
ut
also
to t
he
loca
l co
mm
un
ity
, su
pp
lier
s, c
ust
om
ers
and
em
plo
yee
s in
th
e co
mp
any
.
Mar
ian
ne
Jen
nin
gs
(20
03
) ca
lls
this
th
eory
"s
cho
ol
of
enli
gh
ten
ed
self
ish
nes
s" a
nd
say
s: "
In l
ine
wit
h t
his
sch
oo
l, t
he
man
ager
is
resp
on
sib
le
no
t o
nly
to
sh
areh
old
ers
bu
t al
so
to
the
wid
er
com
mu
nit
y.
En
lig
hte
ned
ego
ism
is
bas
ed o
n t
he
no
tio
n t
hat
so
cial
ly r
esp
on
sib
le b
usi
nes
s is
in
lo
ng
term
m
ore
pro
fita
ble
th
an
trad
itio
nal
eg
ois
m."
46
Sch
oo
l o
f en
lig
hte
ned
self
ish
nes
s w
ou
ld a
rgu
e th
at i
t is
in
th
e b
uil
din
g c
on
trac
tor'
s se
lf-i
nte
rest
to
pro
tect
th
e en
vir
on
men
t, e
ven
wh
en t
he
law
does
not
requir
e it
fro
m h
im,
bec
ause
if
lo
cal
peo
ple
se
e th
at
he
po
llu
tes
the
env
iro
nm
ent,
th
ey
wil
l
bo
yco
tt h
is p
rod
uct
s, t
he
entr
epre
neu
r w
ill
get
a b
ad r
epu
tati
on
, an
d h
e w
ill
no
t su
ccee
d a
t th
e m
ark
et.
Als
o,
the
ow
ner
of
the
clin
ic w
ill
also
ban
kru
pt
if
it b
eco
mes
kn
ow
n t
hat
pat
ien
ts w
ere
op
erat
ed e
ven
wh
en i
t w
as n
ot
nee
ded
,
45 F
reem
an,
Ed
war
d E
., 2
00
6,
A S
tak
eho
lder
Th
eory
or
the
Mo
der
n C
apit
alis
m,
u
Jennin
gs,
Mar
ianne
M., B
usin
ess
Ethi
cs: C
ase
Stud
ies
and
Sele
cted
Rea
ding
s, T
hom
son,
Mas
on
, p
p. 6
3-8
.
46 J
enn
ing
s, M
aria
nn
e M
., 2
00
3,
Sch
oo
ls o
f T
hought
on S
oci
al R
esponsi
bil
ity,
in
Jen
nin
gs,
M
aria
nn
e M
(e
d.)
, Bu
sine
ss:
Its L
egal
, Et
hica
l an
d G
loba
l En
viro
nmen
t, T
ho
mso
n,
Mas
on
, p
p. 4
6-7
.
127
Wo
uld
yo
u b
e in
tere
sted
in
an
yth
ing
els
e o
ther
th
an t
o r
etu
rn t
he
inv
este
d
mo
ney
an
d,
po
ssib
ly,
to g
et p
rofi
t? H
ow
ever
, th
e q
ues
tio
n a
rise
s: w
hat
if
yo
ur
com
pan
y i
s p
oll
uti
ng
th
e en
vir
on
men
t? D
o y
ou
nee
d t
o t
ake
care
of
the
peo
ple
wh
o l
ive
nea
r y
ou
r co
mp
any
? O
r o
ne
sho
uld
co
nti
nu
e to
th
ink
on
ly o
f
the
pro
fit?
Fri
edm
an's
res
po
nse
wo
uld
be
po
siti
ve.
It
is n
ot
yo
ur
ob
lig
atio
n
to c
are
abo
ut
the
env
iro
nm
ent,
un
less
th
e la
w f
orc
es y
ou
to
do
so
. F
ried
man
bel
iev
es t
hat
it
is n
ot
the
du
ty o
f a
bu
sin
ess
man
to
tak
e ca
re o
f th
e co
mm
on
go
od
. It
is
stat
e's
resp
on
sib
ilit
y.
So
, if
th
e g
ov
ern
men
t h
as b
een
neg
lig
ent
and
has
no
t p
asse
d l
egis
lati
on
on
en
vir
on
men
tal
pro
tect
ion
, th
e en
trep
ren
eur
has
th
e ri
gh
t to
po
llu
te.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
th
e en
trep
ren
eur
do
es n
ot
nee
d t
o b
e
"mo
re
Ch
rist
ian
th
an
the
Po
pe.
" T
he
entr
epre
neu
r h
as
the
rig
ht,
u
nd
er
exis
tin
g l
egis
lati
on
, to
ach
iev
e th
e m
axim
um
am
ou
nt
of
earn
ing
s.
Ho
wev
er,
such
Fri
edm
an's
att
itu
de
rais
es m
any
do
ub
ts.
Su
pp
ose
th
at
the
fin
es f
or
po
llu
tin
g t
he
env
iro
nm
ent
are
smal
l, a
nd
set
tin
g t
he
air
and
wat
er p
uri
fier
is
ver
y e
xp
ensi
ve.
Are
yo
u a
llo
wed
to
vio
late
th
e la
w i
n t
his
case
, re
gula
rly
pay
the
fines
and t
hus
incr
ease
yo
ur
pro
fits
co
mp
ared
to
th
e
situ
atio
n w
hen
yo
u t
ake
mea
sure
s to
pro
tect
th
e en
vir
on
men
t? I
f p
rofi
t is
yo
ur
sole
res
po
nsi
bil
ity
, w
hy
sh
ou
ld t
he
law
be
abo
ve
yo
ur
pro
fit?
An
oth
er
exam
ple
: Y
ou
ow
n a
pri
vat
e cl
inic
th
at p
erfo
rms
hea
rt s
urg
ery.
A p
atie
nt,
to
whom
man
y o
ther
doct
ors
rec
om
men
ded
a r
isk
y h
eart
su
rger
y,
com
es t
o
yo
u.
Yo
u,
as a
su
rgeo
n a
nd
th
e o
wn
er o
f th
e cl
inic
kn
ow
th
at t
his
ris
ky
oper
atio
n i
s not
nee
ded
, but
you c
an e
arn
10
0,0
00
Eu
ros
from
this
oper
atio
n.
Leg
ally
y
ou
ca
nn
ot
hav
e a
pro
ble
m
bec
ause
y
ou
ca
n
alw
ays
pre
sen
t
do
cum
enta
tio
n f
rom
do
cto
rs w
ho
rec
om
men
ded
su
rger
y.
Do
yo
u n
eed
to
foll
ow
Fri
edm
an i
n t
his
cas
e, w
ho
say
s th
at p
rofi
t (a
nd p
oss
ibly
the
law
) is
the
on
ly t
hin
g y
ou
nee
d t
o t
ake
into
acc
ou
nt?
Wo
uld
yo
u,
if y
ou
wer
e th
e
6
Wor
k
Alt
ho
ug
h w
e fe
el t
hat
we
kn
ow
wh
at w
ork
re
ally
is,
fu
lfil
lin
g t
he
abo
ve
tab
le s
ho
ws
that
it
is n
ot
alw
ays
easy
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er a
n a
ctu
al
acti
vit
y r
eall
y p
rese
nts
wo
rk.
Th
eref
ore
, si
nce
th
e co
urs
e is
cal
led
So
cio
log
y
of
Work
and P
rofe
ssio
nal
Eth
ics,
it
is n
eces
sary
to
fir
st d
efin
e th
e n
oti
on
of
wo
rk. A
cco
rdin
g t
o p
hy
sics
, w
ork
is
the
ener
gy
tra
nsf
erre
d b
y t
he
acti
on
of
a
forc
e o
ver
a d
ista
nce
.1 H
ow
ever
, th
is d
efin
itio
n d
oes
no
t h
elp
us
mu
ch i
n t
he
soci
al s
cien
ces,
sin
ce w
e w
ou
ld n
ot
say f
or
a m
an w
ho i
s usi
ng f
orc
e to
turn
ov
er i
n b
ed w
hil
e sl
eepin
g,
that
he
is w
ork
ing
. T
her
efo
re,
we
pro
ceed
to
th
e
def
init
ion
s th
at
are
use
d
in
the
soci
olo
gy
o
f w
ork
. O
ne
of
the
mo
st
freq
uen
tly
use
d d
efin
itio
ns
stat
es t
hat
wo
rk i
s an
act
ivit
y t
hat
tra
nsf
orm
s
nat
ure
.2
Bu
t ev
en t
his
def
init
ion
do
es n
ot
seem
ap
pro
pri
ate.
Th
e re
aso
n i
s th
at
it i
s dif
ficu
lt t
o s
ay t
hat
the
per
son
, w
ho
lef
t a
lot
of
gar
bag
e af
ter
hav
ing
a
pic
nic
an
d d
id t
ran
sfo
rm n
atu
re i
n a
n i
nap
pro
pri
ate
way
, w
ork
ed d
ilig
entl
y.
A d
efin
itio
n w
hic
h i
s oft
en m
enti
oned
say
s: a
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
. A
nd
ind
eed
, in
ev
ery
day
sp
eech
, th
e w
ork
is
oft
en i
den
tifi
ed w
ith
a p
aid
act
ivit
y.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
pro
ud
par
ents
of
a g
irl,
wh
o h
as j
ust
gra
du
ated
at
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
d
has
g
ot
a co
nst
ruct
ion
jo
b
at
a co
nst
ruct
ion
com
pan
y,
wil
l sa
y t
o t
hei
r n
eigh
bors
, “sh
e ha
s fi
nall
y st
arte
d w
orki
ng”.
And
they
fo
rget
all
th
e d
ish
es s
he
was
hed
, tr
ash
sh
e th
rew
aw
ay,
all
dep
artu
res
to
1
Cro
atia
n En
cycl
oped
ic D
ictio
nary
(H
rvat
ski
enci
klop
edijs
ki r
ječn
ik),
20
04
.,
No
vi
Lib
er, Z
agre
b, V
ol
9, p
p. 6
6.
2 G
rint,
Kei
th,
The
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k, 2
005., P
oli
ty P
ress
, C
ambri
dge,
pp. 6.
7
the
sto
re,
so a
ll h
er p
rev
iou
s w
ork
bef
ore
em
plo
ym
ent.
Th
us,
th
e q
ues
tio
n
aris
es:
is o
nly
a p
aid
act
ivit
y c
on
sid
ered
as
wo
rk?
Sh
ou
ld t
he
ho
use
kee
per
-
wh
o d
oes
all
th
e h
ou
sew
ork
, ta
kes
car
e o
f h
er f
ou
r ch
ild
ren
, k
nit
s so
cks
and
sen
ds
the
cut
cou
po
ns
to G
lori
a's
con
test
s –
be
con
sid
ered
as
an i
dle
per
son
bec
ause
sh
e d
oes
no
t ea
rn h
er s
alar
y?
It
is t
he
fem
inis
t o
rgan
izat
ion
s th
at
firm
ly d
eman
ded
th
at t
he
wo
rk a
t hom
e sh
ould
als
o b
e co
nsi
der
ed a
s w
ork
.
Th
eref
ore
, in
19
96
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n o
n h
ou
se w
ork
was
ad
op
ted
wh
ich
mad
e
wo
rk a
t h
om
e eq
ual
to
wo
rk a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
Wh
at i
s im
po
rtan
t to
us
is t
he
def
init
ion
, ac
cord
ing
to
wh
ich
, p
aid
wo
rk a
ctiv
ity
is
no
t ad
equ
ate,
bec
ause
it
leav
es o
ut
a n
um
ber
o
f w
ork
fo
rms.
It
ca
n be
seen
fr
om
th
e fo
llow
ing
fict
itio
us
exam
ple
. Im
agin
e tw
o h
ou
sew
ives
wh
o k
nit
ted
sw
eate
rs f
or
thei
r
hu
sban
ds.
If
the
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
, th
en t
hei
r ac
tiv
ity
co
uld
no
t b
e
con
sid
ered
wo
rk b
ecau
se n
eith
er o
ne
no
r th
e o
ther
wo
uld
sel
l th
eir
swea
ters
,
no
r w
ou
ld t
hey
rec
eiv
e p
aym
ent
for
thei
r w
ork
. B
ut,
if
we
assu
med
th
at
thes
e w
omen
kni
tted
sw
eate
rs f
or th
e ot
her
wom
an’s
hus
band
and
sol
d th
ese
swea
ters
, th
en,
in
that
ca
se
it
wou
ld
turn
o
ut
that
b
oth
w
om
en
wo
rked
bec
ause
th
ey w
ere
pai
d f
or
thei
r ac
tiv
itie
s. T
hu
s, a
lth
ou
gh
th
ere
wer
e tw
o
pro
du
ced
sw
eate
rs i
n b
oth
cas
es,
in t
he
firs
t ca
se i
t is
no
t p
oss
ible
to
tal
k
abo
ut
the
wo
rk,
and
in
th
e se
con
d i
t is
. A
fter
all
, if
we
acce
pt
the
def
init
ion
that
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
, th
en t
hat
wo
uld
mea
n t
hat
bef
ore
mo
vin
g t
o t
he
com
mo
dit
y-m
on
etar
y e
con
om
y p
eop
le d
id n
ot
wo
rk a
t al
l.
Wo
rk i
s al
so d
efin
ed a
s an
act
ivit
y c
on
trar
y t
o l
eisu
re t
ime.
3
So,
when
we
per
form
an a
ctiv
ity t
hat
giv
es u
s ple
asure
by i
tsel
f, t
hen
we
do
no
t w
ork
, an
d w
hen
we
per
form
an
act
ivit
y t
hat
bri
ng
s u
s b
enef
its,
then
w
e d
o
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
even
th
is
def
init
ion
is
n
ot
bet
ter
than
th
e
3 I
bid
., p
. 8.
12
6
reco
rds
of
all
case
s o
f h
aras
smen
t, t
her
efo
re w
rite
wh
o,
wh
at,
wh
ere,
when
an
d
how
(a
nd
poss
ibly
w
hy)
one
has
bee
n
har
asse
d.
It
is
par
ticu
larl
y i
mp
ort
ant
to c
oll
ect
evid
ence
an
d w
itn
esse
s to
be
able
to
init
iate
leg
al a
ctio
n i
n t
he
even
t th
at t
he
com
pan
y f
ails
to t
ake
the
nec
essa
ry m
easu
res
to s
top
sex
ual
har
assm
ent.
Prof
it an
d bu
sine
ss e
thic
s
In th
e p
rev
iou
s an
aly
sis,
th
ere
are
bas
ic ru
les
of
pro
fess
ion
al an
d
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics.
Ho
wev
er,
bu
sin
ess
has
nev
er b
een
bas
ed s
ole
ly o
n e
thic
al
jud
gm
ents
. T
he
pri
mar
y m
oti
ve
of
ever
y e
mp
loy
er i
s al
way
s a
pro
fit.
Th
us
the
qu
esti
on
ari
ses:
wh
at t
o d
o i
f so
meo
ne
has
to
ch
oo
se b
etw
een
lu
crat
ive
earn
ings
- w
hic
h c
an b
e ac
hie
ved
by
dis
resp
ecti
ng
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
- an
d
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess,
wh
ich
in
a c
erta
in s
itu
atio
n w
ill
no
t re
sult
in
a l
ucr
ativ
e
pro
fit?
Nei
ther
eco
no
mis
ts n
or
theo
rist
s o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s hav
e a
uniq
ue
answ
er t
o t
he
qu
esti
on
. N
ob
el p
rize
-win
nin
g e
con
om
ist
Mil
ton
Fri
edm
an
arg
ues
th
at m
anag
ers
sho
uld
tak
e o
nly
th
e lo
gic
of
pro
fit.
An
d t
he
titl
e o
f h
is
fam
ou
s ar
ticl
e -
Th
e S
oci
al R
esp
on
sib
ilit
y o
f B
usi
nes
s is
to
In
crea
se i
ts
Pro
fits
- p
rese
nts
his
bas
ic a
rgu
men
t.44 W
hy
sh
ou
ld m
anag
ers,
as
agen
ts o
f
the
ow
ner
's c
om
pan
y,
care
on
ly a
bo
ut
pro
fit?
Fri
edm
an e
xp
lain
s th
is b
y t
he
fact
th
at t
he
com
pan
y o
wn
ers
inv
est
thei
r ow
n m
oney
, an
d i
s th
eref
ore
in
thei
r in
tere
st t
o m
ake
as m
uch
pro
fit
fro
m t
he
inv
estm
ent.
In
dee
d,
imag
ine
that
yo
u h
ave
sold
yo
ur
ow
n h
om
e an
d i
nv
est
it i
n a
co
nst
ruct
ion
fir
m.
44 F
ried
man
, M
ilto
n,
20
00
, Th
e So
cial
Res
pons
ibili
ty o
f Bus
ines
s is t
o In
crea
se it
s Pr
ofits
, in
Die
nh
art,
Jo
hn
W.,
Bus
ines
s, In
stitu
tions
and
Eth
ics:
A T
ext w
ith C
ases
and
Re
adin
gs, O
xfo
rd U
niv
ersi
ty P
ress
, O
xfo
rd, pp.
233
-7.
125
Wha
t sho
uld
vict
ims o
f sex
ual h
aras
smen
t do?
It
is
reco
mm
end
ed
that
p
erso
ns
wh
o
bel
iev
e th
at
they
h
ave
bee
n
sex
ual
ly h
aras
sed
(ap
pli
es t
o a
ll t
he
vic
tim
s o
f h
aras
smen
t, r
egar
dle
ss o
f
wh
ich
ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y
was
inv
olv
ed,
incl
ud
ing
b
oth
m
ale
and
fe
mal
e
stu
den
ts),
sh
ou
ld p
roce
ed a
s fo
llo
ws:
1.
Ver
bal
ly i
nfo
rm t
he
per
son
th
at h
as b
een
dis
turb
ing
yo
u,
that
yo
u d
o
no
t w
ant
to b
e d
istu
rbed
in
th
is w
ay a
ny
lo
ng
er.
2.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
con
tin
ues
, w
rite
a f
orm
al l
ette
r to
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
has
bee
n h
aras
sin
g y
ou
. In
a l
ette
r sp
ecif
y t
he
case
s in
whic
h y
ou h
ave
bee
n h
aras
sed
, in
dic
ate
that
yo
u h
ave
bee
n o
ffen
ded
by
su
ch b
ehav
ior
and
th
at
fro
m
no
w
on
y
ou
w
ant
to
hav
e so
lely
p
rofe
ssio
nal
rela
tio
nsh
ip.
Ret
ain
a c
op
y o
f th
e le
tter
fo
r y
ou
rsel
f an
d y
ou
mu
st s
tate
the
dat
e w
hen
th
e le
tter
was
sen
t. I
t is
rec
om
men
ded
th
at a
t th
e ti
me
of
han
din
g
the
lett
er
to
that
p
erso
n
ther
e sh
ould
be
anoth
er
per
son
pre
sent
who c
an l
ater
confi
rm t
hat
yo
u h
ave
del
iver
ed t
he
lett
er.
3.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
do
es n
ot
stop e
ven
then
, both
ora
lly a
nd i
n w
riti
ng,
no
tify
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
is
sup
erio
r to
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
dis
turb
s y
ou
. A
pre
sid
ent
of
the
Fac
ult
y E
thic
s C
om
mit
tee
and
a D
ean
are
co
mp
eten
t
for
such
cas
es a
t F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g i
n Z
agre
b.
4.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
con
tin
ues
ev
en a
fter
th
at g
et h
elp
fro
m o
uts
ide
the
com
pan
y
wh
ere
yo
u
are
emp
loy
ed,
pri
mar
ily
as
k
for
hel
p
of
the
pro
secu
tors
to
ev
entu
ally
su
e th
e em
plo
yee
an
d th
e co
mp
any
th
at
tole
rate
s su
ch
beh
avio
r.
Stu
den
ts
(mal
e o
r fe
mal
e)
can
as
k
for
assi
stan
ce a
nd
may
co
nta
ct t
he
Eth
ics
Co
mm
itte
e o
f th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f
Zag
reb
. It
is
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
he
har
asse
d p
erso
n s
ho
uld
kee
p
8
pre
vio
us
on
es.
Fir
stly
, w
hen
Ro
nal
do
sco
res
a g
oal
fo
r R
eal
Mad
rid
, h
e is
gen
ero
usl
y p
aid
, b
ut
he,
mo
st l
ikel
y,
enjo
ys
pla
yin
g s
occ
er.
Sec
on
dly
, ly
ing
in b
ed w
ith t
he
flu d
oes
not
repre
sent
work
, an
d y
et w
e w
ould
rat
her
be
at
wo
rk t
han
to
su
ffer
fro
m t
he
con
seq
uen
ces
of
the
dis
ease
. F
rom
all
th
is w
e
can
co
ncl
ud
e th
at i
t is
no
t ea
sy t
o d
efin
e w
ork
. N
o w
on
der
th
en,
that
Kei
th
Gri
nt
(2005.)
co
ncl
udes
th
at
"an
obje
ctiv
e d
efin
itio
n
of
wo
rk
is
no
t
po
ssib
le."
4
How
ever
, it
is
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
gre
e w
ith
his
sta
tem
ent.
As
the
exis
tin
g
def
init
ion
s in
th
e li
tera
ture
are
no
t sa
tisf
acto
ry,
we
wil
l o
ffer
an
alt
ern
ativ
e
def
init
ion
: w
ork
is
the
pro
cess
of
crea
tin
g u
sefu
l p
rod
uct
s an
d s
erv
ices
. T
his
def
init
ion
in
clu
des
an
y u
sefu
l w
ork
, an
d c
ann
ot
be
red
uce
d s
ole
ly t
o t
he
pai
d
acti
vit
y. In
th
e en
d,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
men
tio
n t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
wo
rk
pro
cess
, n
amel
y:
1.
Wo
rker
s;
2.
Wo
rk o
bje
cts
(th
ose
bei
ng
pro
cess
ed),
may
be
nat
ura
l m
ater
ials
(e.
g.
wo
od
, st
on
e, i
ron
, o
re)
or
raw
mat
eria
ls;
3.
Mea
ns
for
wo
rk (
wit
h t
hem
wo
rk o
bje
cts
are
bei
ng
pro
cess
ed -
to
ols
,
mac
hin
es).
4 I
bid
., p
. 8.
9
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k
In o
rder
to
def
ine
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
it i
s n
eces
sary
- a
fter
we
def
ined
wo
rk –
to
def
ine
soci
olo
gy
. T
her
e is
no
maj
or
con
tro
ver
sy a
bo
ut
def
inin
g
this
ter
m a
mong s
cien
tist
s. T
he
sim
ple
st d
efin
itio
n i
s th
at s
oci
olo
gy
is
a
scie
nce
o
f h
um
an
soci
ety
. O
ther
d
efin
itio
ns
dif
fer
on
ly
a li
ttle
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, D
ina
Ken
dal
l d
efin
es s
oci
olo
gy
as
"a s
yst
emat
ic s
tud
y o
f h
um
an
soci
ety
an
d s
oci
al i
nte
ract
ion
." 5
Alo
ng
wit
h g
ener
al s
oci
olo
gy
th
at d
eals
wit
h
soci
ety
in
g
ener
al,
ther
e ar
e al
so
spec
ial
soci
olo
gie
s th
at
exam
ine
var
iou
s se
gm
ents
o
f so
ciet
y su
ch as
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
soci
olo
gy
o
f re
lig
ion
,
soci
olo
gy
of
the
vil
lag
e, s
oci
olo
gy
of
pro
fess
ion
s, s
oci
olo
gy
of
cult
ure
, et
c.
Th
eref
ore
, so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
is
a sp
ecia
l so
cio
log
y a
nd
can
be
def
ined
as
the
bra
nch
o
f so
cio
log
y
that
st
ud
ies
soci
al
asp
ects
o
f w
ork
.5
Ever
y s
cien
ce a
nd s
cien
tifi
c dis
cipli
ne,
in
clu
din
g s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
has
its
ow
n
sub
ject
s an
d
rese
arch
m
eth
od
s.
Th
e m
ain
su
bje
cts
of
rese
arch
in
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk a
re t
he
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
tech
niq
ues
an
d
tech
no
log
ies,
es
pec
iall
y
adv
ance
d
tech
no
log
y
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
a st
ud
y
of
the
evo
luti
on
o
f in
form
atio
n
tech
no
log
y a
nd
its
ap
pli
cati
on
s in
th
e w
ork
pro
cess
);
2.
So
cial
gro
up
s an
d s
oci
al p
roce
sses
th
at t
ake
pla
ce d
uri
ng
wo
rk (
for
exam
ple
, a
stu
dy
of
inte
rper
son
al r
elat
ion
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce);
6
5 H
alad
in,
Stj
epan
, 1993., T
ehnolo
gij
a i
org
aniz
acij
a: u
vod u
soci
olo
gij
u r
ada
i or
gani
zaci
je, D
rušt
vo z
a or
gani
zaci
ju g
rađe
nja,
Zag
reb,
p. 8
. 6 R
aw m
ater
ials
are
ite
ms
that
are
the
resu
lt o
f ea
rlie
r m
anufa
cturi
ng p
roce
sses
an
d a
re u
sed f
or
furt
her
pro
cess
ing a
nd a
dm
inis
trat
ion (
e.g., c
ast
iron).
Tec
hnolo
gy i
s a
set
of
pro
cedure
s th
at ar
e ap
pli
ed in
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
o
f a
pro
du
ct.
So
, co
nst
ruct
ion
te
chnolo
gy i
ncl
udes
pro
cess
es u
sed i
n t
he
const
ruct
ion.
12
4
sub
ject
ivit
y o
f te
ach
er's
gra
din
g.
It i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at,
alth
ou
gh
this
rel
atio
nsh
ip i
s n
ot
pro
hib
ited
, th
e te
ach
er s
ho
uld
co
mp
lete
ly a
vo
id t
he
sed
uct
ion
o
f a
stu
den
t, b
ecau
se th
e st
ud
ents
, ri
gh
tly
, m
ay p
erce
ive
such
atte
mp
ts
as
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t.
Sim
ply
p
ut,
if
su
ch
a re
lati
on
ship
d
oes
hap
pen
, it
mu
st f
irst
be
a co
nse
qu
ence
of
the
stu
den
t's i
nit
iati
ve
rath
er t
han
teac
her
's.
Of
cou
rse,
if
the
stu
den
t w
ants
a r
elat
ion
ship
bec
ause
th
e st
ud
ent
expec
ts
a so
met
hin
g
in
retu
rn,
then
th
ere
is
also
a
har
sh
vio
lati
on
o
f
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics.
T
hes
e p
roce
du
res
app
ly
on
ly
to
case
s in
w
hic
h
a
rom
anti
c o
r se
xu
al r
elat
ion
ship
der
ived
on
th
e b
asis
of
mu
tual
co
nse
nt.
If
a
pro
fess
or
bla
ckm
ails
a s
tud
ent,
it
is t
hen
a s
erio
us
bre
ach
of
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics,
wh
ich
is
clea
rly
sta
ted
in
th
e C
od
e o
f th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f Z
agre
b i
n
Art
icle
12
(3
):
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent
is a
form
of
har
assm
ent
that
is
char
acte
rize
d
by
th
e la
ck
of
acce
pta
nce
o
r re
ject
ion
of
the
oth
er
per
son,
and
it
inv
olv
es r
epea
ted
sen
din
g o
f u
nw
ante
d v
erb
al a
nd
ph
ysi
cal
sug
ges
tio
ns
of
a se
xu
al
nat
ure
to
an
oth
er
per
son
, p
hy
sica
l as
sau
lt,
rep
eate
d
dis
clo
sure
of
un
wan
ted
jo
kes
an
d r
emar
ks
that
are
sex
ual
ly c
olo
red
, in
clu
din
g r
efer
ence
s to
sex
an
d s
exual
ori
enta
tio
n,
der
isio
n a
nd
rid
icu
le,
whic
h
is
a se
xual
ly
colo
red,
dis
pla
y
of
sex
ual
ly
off
ensi
ve
and
d
istu
rbin
g m
ater
ial,
req
ues
tin
g s
exu
al f
avo
rs i
n e
xch
ang
e fo
r a
spec
ific
ac
t o
r fa
ilu
re f
rom
po
siti
on
s o
f au
tho
rity
. It
is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at
the
atte
mp
ted
ex
tort
ion
o
f se
xu
al
inte
rco
urs
e o
n t
he
bas
is o
f th
reat
enin
g (
for
exam
ple
, y
ou
wil
l n
ot
pas
s th
e
exam
) m
ay
be
pu
nis
hab
le
by
la
w
bec
ause
th
e C
roat
ian
C
rim
inal
C
od
e
(Art
icle
19
1 (
1))
sta
tes
that
fo
rcin
g s
exu
al i
nte
rco
urs
e b
y a
bu
sin
g a
n o
ffic
ial
po
siti
on
is
a cr
imin
al o
ffen
se f
or
wh
ich
on
e co
uld
be
sen
ten
ced
up
to
th
ree
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
123
11.
Som
e is
sues
in b
usin
ess e
thic
s
Sexu
al h
aras
smen
t
It
is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy
to
def
ine
wh
at
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t is
. F
or
exam
ple
, so
me
ow
ner
s o
f re
stau
ran
ts
and
b
ars
req
uir
e w
aitr
esse
s to
b
e
dre
ssed
pro
vo
cati
vel
y i
n o
rder
to
att
ract
gu
ests
. Is
su
ch a
req
uir
emen
t a
form
of
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t o
f an
em
plo
yee
? C
an
som
e co
mp
lim
ents
to
an
emplo
yee
, re
ferr
ing
to
the
par
ts
of
her
b
od
y,
be
con
sid
ered
as
se
xu
al
har
assm
ent?
Is
te
llin
g
dis
tast
efu
l jo
kes
w
ith
se
xu
al
con
ten
t se
xu
al
har
assm
ent?
S
om
e of
thes
e is
sues
do
n
ot
hav
e so
lid
an
d
un
amb
igu
ou
s
answ
ers.
A
dd
itio
nal
ly,
var
iou
s so
ciet
ies
per
ceiv
e th
e co
nce
pt
of
sex
ual
har
assm
ent
dif
fere
ntl
y.
For
exam
ple
, u
niv
ersi
ties
in
th
e U
.S.
hav
e a
ver
y
rest
rict
ive
po
licy
reg
ard
ing
th
e p
oss
ible
rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
a t
each
er a
nd
a
stu
den
t.43 A
gen
eral
rec
om
men
dat
ion
in
th
e U
.S.
is t
hat
su
ch r
elat
ion
ship
s
mu
st b
e av
oid
ed a
t al
l co
sts.
In
co
ntr
ast,
th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f Z
agre
b h
as a
mo
re
lib
eral
ap
pro
ach
. T
he
Co
de
of
Eth
ics
of
the
Un
iver
sity
of
Zag
reb
in
Art
icle
12
(4)
stat
es
that
"t
he
volu
nta
ry
nat
ure
o
f se
xu
al
rela
tio
nsh
ips
bet
wee
n
mem
ber
s o
f th
e ac
adem
ic c
om
mu
nit
y i
s not
consi
der
ed a
s har
assm
ent
and i
s
con
sid
ered
as
th
e ar
ea
of
pri
vac
y."
H
ow
ever
, in
th
e ev
ent
of
such
a
rela
tio
nsh
ip,
a p
rofe
sso
r sh
ou
ld n
oti
fy t
he
dea
n s
o t
hat
an
oth
er p
rofe
sso
r
exam
ines
th
e st
ud
ent
inv
olv
ed.
Th
is
is
do
ne
in
ord
er
to
avo
id
any
43 S
ee,
for
exam
ple
, th
e R
ule
s o
n s
exu
al h
aras
smen
t an
d v
olu
nta
ry s
exual
and
rom
anti
c re
lati
onsh
ips,
S
tanfo
rd
Univ
ersi
ty,
whic
h
is
avai
lable
on
the
web
site
h
ttp
://a
dm
ing
uid
e.st
anfo
rd.e
du
/23
_2
.pd
f
10
3.
Th
e im
pac
t o
f w
ork
o
n
fun
ctio
nin
g
of
the
wh
ole
so
ciet
y
and
th
e
imp
act
of
soci
ety
o
n w
ork
(f
or
ex.,
to
w
hic
h ex
ten
t co
nte
mp
ora
ry
lab
or
mig
rati
on
aff
ects
cu
ltu
re i
n a
so
ciet
y,
and v
ice
ver
sa,
to w
hic
h
exte
nt
the
gro
win
g d
iffe
ren
ces
of
soci
ety
aff
ect
wo
rk).
7
So
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
use
s th
e sa
me
rese
arch
met
ho
ds
that
can
als
o b
e
fou
nd
in
o
ther
so
cial
sc
ien
ces.
T
he
mo
st
imp
ort
ant
of
wh
ich
ar
e th
e
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Ex
per
imen
t.
We
can
sa
y
that
th
e ex
per
imen
t is
th
e m
ost
re
liab
le
met
ho
d o
f p
roo
f in
sci
ence
bec
ause
it
allo
ws
con
tro
l o
f th
e co
nd
itio
ns
and
is
ola
tes
the
ph
eno
men
on
th
at
we
wis
h
to
exp
lore
. T
hu
s,
the
exp
erim
ent
is o
ften
use
d i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e sh
ow
n i
n
the
foll
ow
ing
ch
apte
rs.
In t
he
clas
sic
typ
e o
f ex
per
imen
t tw
o g
rou
ps
are
form
ed,
an e
xp
erim
enta
l g
rou
p a
nd
a c
on
tro
l g
rou
p.
Co
nd
itio
ns
in
the
exp
erim
enta
l g
rou
p c
han
ge,
wh
ile
con
dit
ion
s in
th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
stay
th
e sa
me,
an
d t
hen
lat
er,
the
test
res
ult
s o
f th
e tw
o g
rou
ps
are
com
par
ed.
2.
Ob
serv
atio
n.
Th
e b
igg
est
adv
anta
ge
of
an e
xp
erim
ent
- co
ntr
ol
of
the
con
dit
ion
s -
has
its
do
wn
sid
e. I
t d
oes
no
t nec
essa
rily
mea
n t
hat
peo
ple
wil
l b
ehav
e in
a r
eal
situ
atio
n i
n t
he
sam
e w
ay a
s in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
con
dit
ion
s. T
her
efo
re,
the
rese
arch
ers
use
ob
serv
atio
n a
s a
rese
arch
met
ho
d.
Du
rin
g t
he
ob
serv
atio
n t
hey
rec
ord
rea
ctio
ns
of
emp
loy
ees
in
real
wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s.
3.
Ob
serv
atio
n
wit
h
par
tici
pat
ion
. It
is
p
oss
ible
th
at
du
rin
g
the
ob
serv
atio
n,
the
emp
loy
ees
do
n
ot
reac
t in
th
e sa
me
way
as
th
ey
wo
uld
rea
ct i
f th
ey k
new
th
at t
hey
wer
e b
ein
g o
bse
rved
. T
her
efo
re,
som
e re
sear
cher
s o
bse
rve
un
der
co
ver
wh
ile
they
par
tici
pat
e at
wo
rk
11
pro
cess
. A
n e
xam
ple
of
such
a s
tud
y w
ou
ld b
e a
scie
nti
st w
ho
wo
rked
as
a co
nst
ruct
ion
w
ork
er,
and
at
th
e sa
me
tim
e h
e o
bse
rved
spo
nta
neo
us
beh
avio
r o
f em
plo
yee
s.
4.
Su
rvey
. A
su
rvey
is
a m
eth
od
of
scie
nti
fic
rese
arch
wh
ich
, o
n t
he
bas
is o
f st
and
ard
ized
qu
esti
on
s, e
xam
ines
att
itu
des
, b
elie
fs o
r o
pin
ion
s
of
emp
loy
ees.
T
he
surv
ey
can
o
bta
in
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
dat
a o
n
inte
rper
son
al
rela
tio
nsh
ips
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, sa
tisf
acti
on
o
f
emp
loy
ees,
a
po
ten
tial
so
urc
e o
f co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n
wo
rker
s,
etc.
Th
eref
ore
, su
rvey
s ar
e n
ot
on
ly u
sed
by
sci
enti
sts
bu
t al
so b
y m
any
com
pan
ies
that
see
k t
o u
se q
ues
tio
nn
aire
s to
gat
her
as
mu
ch u
sefu
l
info
rmat
ion
on
th
e si
tuat
ion
in t
he
com
pan
y a
s th
ey c
an.
5.
Inte
rvie
w.
Un
lik
e co
nv
enti
on
al
surv
ey,
in
wh
ich
in
form
atio
n
are
ob
tain
ed o
n t
he
bas
is o
f w
ritt
en r
esp
on
ses
of
pre
def
ined
qu
esti
on
s,
du
rin
g in
terv
iew
s a
rese
arch
er g
ets
ora
l re
spo
nse
s o
n th
e b
asis
o
f
con
ver
sati
on
s w
ith
res
po
nd
ents
. T
he
adv
anta
ge
of
inte
rvie
w i
s th
at i
t
allo
ws
resp
on
den
ts t
o e
xp
ress
th
emse
lves
more
cle
arly
about
som
e
issu
es,
sin
ce i
n s
urv
eys
mo
st e
mp
loy
ees
hav
e to
cho
ose
bet
wee
n t
he
pro
po
sed
an
swer
s (a
lth
ou
gh
in
th
e so
-cal
led
'o
pen
ty
pe'
of
a su
rvey
resp
on
den
ts a
re a
llo
wed
to
fo
rmu
late
a r
esp
on
se o
n t
hei
r o
wn
). I
n
oth
er w
ord
s, t
he
inte
rvie
ws
can
get
a w
ider
ran
ge
of
info
rmat
ion
th
an
a su
rvey
. H
ow
ever
, th
e g
reat
est
adv
anta
ge
of
surv
eys
lies
in
th
e fa
ct
that
it
is a
mu
ch f
aste
r an
d c
hea
per
way
to
do
th
e re
sear
ch i
n a
sh
ort
er
per
iod
o
f ti
me
and
it
co
ver
s a
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f re
spo
nd
ents
. In
add
itio
n,
the
surv
ey
is
stat
isti
call
y
easi
er
to
pro
cess
b
ecau
se
of
stan
dar
diz
ed a
nsw
ers.
12
2
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics?
2.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
un
ish
men
t fo
r v
iola
tin
g t
he
un
wri
tten
eth
ical
ru
les?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s?
4.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
cli
ents
be
bas
ed o
n?
5.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
co
llea
gu
es b
e b
ased
on
?
6.
Wh
at i
s b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
sou
rces
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics?
8.
What
is
the
"pri
soner
's d
ilem
ma"
an
d w
hat
is
its
sig
nif
ican
ce f
or
the
anal
ysi
s o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s?
9.
Wh
at a
re t
he
po
ssib
le b
enef
its
of
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess?
10
. W
hat
are
th
e tr
ansa
ctio
n c
ost
s an
d h
ow
do
es b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s af
fect
thei
r re
du
ctio
n?
121
Sum
mar
y
1.
Pro
fess
ion
al et
hic
s is
a
set
of
rule
s o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r m
emb
ers
of
a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. It
co
nsi
sts
of
wri
tten
an
d
un
wri
tten
ru
les
of
beh
avio
r.
2.
Pro
fess
ion
al et
hic
s is
a
set
of
rule
s o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r m
emb
ers
of
a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. It
co
nsi
sts
of
wri
tten
an
d
un
wri
tten
ru
les
of
beh
avio
r.
3.
Pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics
con
sist
s o
f ru
les
of
con
du
ct
tow
ard
s cl
ien
ts,
coll
eag
ues
, an
d r
ule
s ab
ou
t co
mp
lian
ce i
n t
he
pro
fess
ion
.
4.
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
w
ith
cl
ien
ts
sho
uld
b
e b
ased
o
n
an
emo
tio
nal
neu
tral
ity
, al
tru
ism
, re
ject
ion
of
bri
ber
y a
nd
co
rru
pti
on
.
5.
Att
itu
de
tow
ard
s co
llea
gu
es s
ho
uld
be
bas
ed o
n e
qu
alit
y,
sup
po
rt a
nd
shar
ing
of
kn
ow
led
ge.
6.
The
most
im
port
ant
thin
g i
n t
he
pro
fess
ional
eth
ics
is c
om
pli
ance
wit
h
rule
s,
and
co
nsu
mer
p
rote
ctio
n,
and
af
ter
that
co
lleg
iali
ty
amo
ng
pro
fess
ion
als.
7.
Busi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a s
et o
f bel
iefs
an
d n
orm
s w
hic
h d
eter
min
e w
hat
is
mo
ral
and
wh
at i
s im
mora
l b
usi
nes
s.
8.
Bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
is b
ased
on
so
cial
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d i
nd
ivid
ual
eth
ics.
9.
Eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
is
ben
efic
ial
bec
ause
it
in
crea
ses
the
ov
eral
l
effi
cien
cy
of
the
com
pan
y,
red
uce
s tr
ansa
ctio
n
cost
s,
impro
ves
rep
uta
tio
n,
giv
es r
epu
tati
on
an
d c
ause
s a
sen
se o
f sa
tisf
acti
on
.
10
. A
do
pti
on
an
d e
nfo
rcem
ent
of
law
s th
at p
un
ish
im
mo
ral
beh
avio
r is
a
pre
req
uis
ite
for
com
pli
ance
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
12
6.
Sec
on
dar
y a
nal
ysi
s o
f ex
isti
ng
dat
a. T
he
rese
arch
er d
oes
no
t al
way
s
gat
her
dat
a by him
self
. T
her
e is
al
way
s a
po
ssib
ilit
y o
f ad
dit
ion
al
anal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
wh
ich
hav
e al
read
y b
een
gat
her
ed.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
it i
s poss
ible
to c
arry
out
a re
sear
ch o
n t
he
num
ber
of
labor
forc
e an
d
skil
led
lab
or
forc
e in
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
in
du
stry
on
th
e b
asis
of
dat
a th
at
are
reg
ula
rly
co
llec
ted
by
th
e C
roat
ian
Cen
tral
Bu
reau
of
Sta
tist
ics.
Eac
h
of
thes
e m
eth
od
s h
as
its
adv
anta
ges
an
d
dis
adv
anta
ges
.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e b
est
way
to
do
res
earc
h i
s th
e o
ne
that
co
mb
ines
var
iou
s
met
ho
ds
of
dat
a co
llec
tio
n i
n o
rder
to
min
imiz
e w
eak
nes
ses
of
on
e m
eth
od
by
u
sin
g
add
itio
nal
m
eth
od
s.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
stu
dy
, w
hic
h
use
s
inte
rvie
ws
and
su
rvey
s, co
uld
an
aly
ze th
e o
pin
ion
o
f a
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f
emp
loy
ees
and
th
en,
late
r co
mp
lem
ent
thes
e 'a
rid
' re
spo
nse
s w
ith
far
mo
re
sub
stan
tial
an
swer
s th
at c
ou
ld b
e g
ath
ered
fro
m t
he
inte
rvie
ws
of
a sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f p
rop
erly
sel
ecte
d e
mp
loy
ees.
Is i
t n
eces
sary
fo
r st
ud
ents
at
the
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
to
hav
e
a co
urs
e ca
lled
So
cio
log
y o
f W
ork
an
d P
rofe
ssio
nal
Eth
ics?
Her
e o
nly
th
e
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
arg
um
ents
in
fav
or
of
a co
urs
e ca
lled
So
cio
log
y o
f W
ork
an
d
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s w
ill
be
pre
sen
ted
:
1.
A
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
par
t o
f th
e w
ork
o
f ci
vil
en
gin
eers
co
nsi
sts
of
wo
rkin
g
wit
h
peo
ple
. A
fter
al
l,
on
e o
f th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f
con
stru
ctio
n i
s em
plo
ym
ent
of
a la
rge
nu
mb
er o
f la
bo
rers
, b
ecau
se
con
stru
ctio
n b
elo
ng
s to
th
e ca
teg
ory
of
lab
or-
inte
nsi
ve
acti
vit
y.
Oth
er
cou
rses
at
this
fac
ult
y t
rain
fu
ture
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs h
ow
to
ch
oo
se a
nd
use
ap
pro
pri
ate
mat
eria
ls i
n t
he
con
stru
ctio
n,
and
th
ey a
lso
tea
ch t
hem
to
dev
elo
p
qu
alit
y
bu
ild
ing
p
lan
s,
etc.
S
oci
olo
gy
o
f W
ork
an
d
13
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s te
ach
es t
hem
to
man
age
peo
ple
an
d d
evel
op
go
od
rela
tio
nsh
ips
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
, an
d a
ll o
f th
is c
om
bin
ed h
as a
po
siti
ve
effe
ct o
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
2.
Res
pec
t o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
an
ess
enti
al e
lem
ent
of
bu
ild
ing
a l
on
g-t
erm
bu
sin
ess
succ
ess
of
com
pan
ies.
All
hig
h-q
ual
ity
bu
sin
ess
sch
oo
ls
hav
e b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s co
urs
e in
th
eir
curr
icu
lum
.
Th
eref
ore
, th
is c
ou
rse
pro
vid
es a
bas
ic k
no
wle
dg
e in
th
is a
rea,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e an
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f w
ork
of
the
futu
re c
ivil
en
gin
eers
.
3.
In p
ract
ice,
it
has
bee
n p
roven
th
at t
he
fun
dam
enta
l k
no
wle
dg
e in
th
e
soci
al s
cien
ces,
esp
ecia
lly
of
app
lied
sci
ence
s, h
as a
po
siti
ve
imp
act
on
th
e w
ork
ing
eff
icie
ncy
of
the
mem
ber
s of
the
tech
nic
al i
nte
llig
ence
in g
ener
al,
and
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs i
n p
arti
cula
r. B
ecau
se o
f th
is,
the
mo
st
elit
e F
acu
ltie
s o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
th
e w
orl
d i
ncl
ud
e u
p t
o 2
0%
of
cou
rses
fr
om
th
e ar
ea
of
soci
al
scie
nce
s.
At
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
Zag
reb
, th
is p
erce
nta
ge
is m
uch
lo
wer
, b
ut
stil
l th
e
exis
tin
g c
ou
rse
in t
he
soci
al s
cien
ce e
nab
les
stu
den
ts t
o a
cqu
ire
bas
ic
kn
ow
led
ge
and
sk
ills
of
this
are
a.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Wo
rk i
s a
pro
cess
of
crea
tin
g u
sefu
l p
rod
uct
s an
d s
erv
ices
.
2.
So
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
is
a sc
ien
ce t
hat
stu
die
s th
e so
cial
asp
ects
of
wo
rk.
3.
Su
bje
cts
of
rese
arch
in
th
e so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
are
: th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f
tech
niq
ues
an
d w
ork
tec
hn
olo
gie
s, s
oci
al g
rou
ps
and
pro
cess
es t
hat
occ
ur
du
rin
g
the
wo
rk
acti
vit
y,
and
im
pac
t o
f th
e w
ork
o
n
the
fun
ctio
nin
g o
f th
e w
ho
le s
oci
ety
an
d t
he
infl
uen
ce o
f so
ciet
y o
n w
ork
.
12
0
fun
ctio
nin
g,
bu
t th
at
we
sim
ply
d
id
no
t k
no
w
use
it
p
rop
erly
. S
o,
the
sale
sman
w
ho
re
pla
ces
a p
rod
uct
ac
qu
ires
a
go
od
re
pu
tati
on
an
d
the
ind
ivid
ual
wil
l n
ot
on
ly b
uy
fro
m h
im b
ut
he
wil
l al
so r
ecom
men
d h
im t
o h
is
clo
se f
rien
ds.
In
th
is c
ase,
th
e b
enef
its
of
com
pli
ance
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s
wil
l b
e m
utu
al,
bec
ause
b
oth
o
f th
em,
the
bu
yer
an
d th
e se
ller
, w
ill
be
sati
sfie
d.
Th
ere
is a
lso
th
e im
mat
eria
l re
war
d f
or
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess,
an
d i
t is
a
feel
ing
of
sati
sfac
tio
n t
hat
per
vad
es t
he
man
wh
ose
ho
nes
t w
ork
en
able
d h
im
and
his
fam
ily
to
hav
e a
dec
ent
liv
ing
. O
f co
urs
e, e
ven
a t
hie
f ca
n g
et r
ich
,
bu
t n
ever
thel
ess,
h
e is
st
ill
hau
nte
d
by
th
e fe
ar
that
h
is
thie
ver
y
wil
l
even
tual
ly b
e d
isco
ver
ed.
Mo
reo
ver
, it
is
a
qu
ite
dif
fere
nt
feel
ing
w
hen
peo
ple
get
ric
h b
y w
riti
ng
an
d s
elli
ng
th
eir
ow
n q
ual
ity
bo
ok
s, t
han
get
tin
g
enri
ched
fro
m r
ob
ber
y.
Wea
lth
gai
ned
th
rou
gh
ho
nes
t w
ork
cau
ses
a h
igh
er
self
-est
eem
an
d
resp
ect
for
oth
ers,
w
hil
e th
e w
ealt
h
gai
ned
th
rou
gh
dis
gra
cefu
l co
nd
uct
oft
en c
ause
s co
nte
mpt
of
oth
ers,
an
d u
net
hic
al p
erso
n
can
fee
l re
mo
rse.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
th
e st
ate
of
law
, w
hic
h p
un
ish
es
vio
lati
on
s o
f th
e la
w,
is
a p
rere
qu
isit
e fo
r th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f b
usi
nes
s
eth
ics.
If
tho
se w
ho
vio
late
mo
ral
and
leg
al r
ule
s ar
e co
nst
antl
y a
vo
idin
g
pu
nis
hm
ent
then
mo
re a
nd
mo
re p
eople
res
ort
to
un
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess.
In
ev
ery
soci
ety
so
me
crim
inal
s su
ccee
d t
o c
on
ceal
th
e tr
aces
of
thei
r cr
imes
, b
ut
ther
e is
a b
ig d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
een
a s
oci
ety
in
wh
ich
a s
ucc
ess
of
an u
net
hic
al
ind
ivid
ual
is
an e
xem
pti
on
an
d t
he
soci
ety
in
wh
ich
th
e su
cces
s o
f th
is t
yp
e
hap
pen
s in
a m
ajo
rity
of
thes
e ca
ses.
119
riv
er b
ecau
se h
e w
ill
hav
e a
hig
her
pro
fit
than
if
he
inst
alls
ex
pen
siv
e w
aste
wat
er p
uri
fier
in
th
e p
lan
t. H
ow
ever
, th
e w
aste
wat
er c
an c
ause
can
cer
to
peo
ple
wh
o l
ive
alo
ng
th
e ri
ver
. T
her
efo
re,
the
ben
efit
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
, th
at
is t
o s
ay t
he
fact
ory
ow
ner
, is
pai
d w
ith
th
e h
ug
e ex
pen
se o
f th
e co
mm
un
ity
-
dea
th a
nd
ser
iou
s il
lnes
ses.
Th
e si
tuat
ion
bec
om
es u
nb
eara
ble
if
ever
yo
ne
beh
aved
lik
e fa
cto
ry o
wn
er,
wh
o a
lso
may
dev
elo
p c
ance
r b
ecau
se o
ther
pla
nts
may
dis
char
ge
tox
ic g
ases
in
th
e ci
ty w
her
e th
e o
wn
er l
ives
. T
hu
s, t
he
com
mu
nit
y
has
a
lot
mo
re
ov
eral
l b
enef
its
fro
m
eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
than
un
eth
ical
.
Eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
red
uce
s w
hat
is
in
ec
onom
ics
call
ed
tran
sact
ion
cost
s, n
amel
y t
he
cost
s o
f co
ntr
ol.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
imag
ine
that
in
ou
r o
wn
apar
tmen
t w
e co
nst
antl
y l
ive
in f
ear
that
ou
r h
ou
sem
ates
are
go
ing
to
ro
b u
s
and
we
con
stan
tly
hav
e to
hid
e o
ur
mo
ney
. S
uch
a l
ife
wo
uld
be
a co
nst
ant
sou
rce
of
stre
ss a
nd
fru
stra
tio
n.
So
a q
ual
ity
civ
il e
ng
inee
r w
ill
rath
er w
ork
for
a co
mp
any
wh
ere
the
ow
ner
wil
l n
ever
dep
rive
him
of
his
sal
ary,
or
vac
atio
n o
r tr
eat
him
unet
hic
ally
. T
hus,
the
May
o's
exper
imen
ts h
ave
show
n
that
hu
man
e an
d e
thic
al t
reat
men
t o
f em
plo
yee
s ca
n o
ften
ach
ieve
bet
ter
bu
sin
ess
resu
lts
than
un
eth
ical
co
nd
uct
. W
e w
ou
ld r
ath
er d
o b
usi
nes
s w
ith
a
par
tner
wh
om
we
con
sid
er f
air,
and w
ho w
ill
not
dec
eiv
e u
s, t
han
wit
h a
per
son
wh
o i
s d
ish
on
est.
Th
eref
ore
, ad
her
ence
to
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
sim
pli
fies
ou
r w
ork
as
wel
l as
fam
ily
eth
ics
(not
stea
ling e
ach o
ther
's m
oney
) m
akes
ou
r li
ves
eas
ier.
Res
pec
t fo
r b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s af
fect
s th
e re
puta
tion.
For
exam
ple
, if
we
bo
ug
ht
a p
rod
uct
wh
ich
bro
ke
do
wn
an
d a
sal
esm
an i
s im
med
iate
ly r
ead
y t
o
rep
lace
th
e p
rod
uct
p
urc
has
ed,
we
wil
l ra
ther
b
uy
p
rod
uct
s fr
om
th
is
sale
sman
th
an f
rom
th
e o
ne
wh
o w
ill
try
to
co
nv
ince
us
that
th
e p
rod
uct
was
14
4.
Th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t m
eth
od
s o
f re
sear
ch i
n t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk a
re:
exp
erim
ent,
o
bse
rvat
ion
, o
bse
rvat
ion
w
ith
p
arti
cip
atio
n,
surv
eys,
inte
rvie
ws
and
sec
on
dar
y a
nal
ysi
s o
f ex
isti
ng
dat
a.
5.
So
cio
log
y
of
wo
rk
and
p
rofe
ssio
nal
et
hic
s en
able
s fu
ture
ci
vil
eng
inee
rs t
o c
arry
ou
t a
qu
alit
y m
anag
emen
t o
f em
plo
yed
wo
rker
s.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
y i
s it
no
t ac
cep
tab
le t
o d
efin
e w
ork
as
a p
aid
act
ivit
y?
2.
Wh
at i
s w
ork
?
3.
Wh
at i
s so
cio
log
y?
4.
Ex
pla
in
the
dif
fere
nce
b
etw
een
g
ener
al
soci
olo
gy
an
d
spec
ial
soci
olo
gie
s?
5.
Giv
e th
ree
exam
ple
s o
f sp
ecia
l so
cio
log
ies!
6.
Wh
at i
s th
e so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
sub
ject
s o
f re
sear
ch i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk?
8.
Wh
at a
re t
he
met
ho
ds
of
rese
arch
in
so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
9.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
ain
ad
van
tag
e an
d d
isad
van
tag
e o
f u
sin
g t
he
exp
erim
ent
in t
he
so
cial
sci
ence
s?
10
. W
hat
is
the
mea
nin
g o
f th
e so
cial
sci
ence
s in
gen
eral
, an
d S
oci
olo
gy
of
Wo
rk a
nd
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s, e
spec
iall
y i
n t
he
educa
tion o
f ci
vil
eng
inee
rs?
15
2. H
isto
ry o
f Wor
k
If
we
assu
me
that
th
e m
an a
pp
eare
d o
n e
arth
...
on
e m
illi
on y
ears
ago a
nd
that
this
tim
e is
red
uce
d t
o t
he
rela
tiv
e d
ura
tio
n o
f o
ne
ho
ur
...
then
th
e m
an s
pen
t ...
55 m
inute
s in
th
e P
aleo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
( t
he
Old
Sto
ne
Ag
e).
5
min
ute
s ag
o h
e en
tere
d t
he
Neo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
... 1
5 s
econds
ago h
e beg
an
to p
rin
t b
oo
ks,
an
d t
he
Fir
st I
nd
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
n b
egan
on
ly f
ive
seco
nd
s ag
o.
Th
e p
erio
d i
n w
hic
h a
man
mak
es c
ars
is l
ess
than
... o
ne
seco
nd.
(Ch
. W
alk
er).
P
rep
arat
ion
fo
r th
e le
ctu
re:
Wat
ch t
he
film
by
Ch
arli
e C
hap
lin
's M
od
ern
T
imes
.
Wor
k E
poch
s
His
tory
of
wo
rk c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
th
ree
per
iod
s:
1.
Ep
och
of
too
ls (
fro
m c
reat
ion
of
a m
an t
ill
the
dis
cov
ery
of
the
stea
m
eng
ine
in 1
78
5);
2.
Ind
ust
rial
ep
och
(fr
om
17
85
til
l th
e d
isco
ver
y o
f el
ectr
on
ic c
om
pu
ter
in 1
94
6);
3.
Po
stin
du
stri
al e
ra (
fro
m 1
94
6 t
ill
tod
ay).
Th
e ep
och
of
too
ls i
s p
rim
aril
y c
har
acte
rize
d b
y t
he
use
of
hu
man
an
d
anim
al l
abo
r, w
hil
e in
th
e in
du
stri
al e
ra d
riv
ers
of
pro
du
ctio
n a
re b
eco
min
g
foss
il f
uel
s, a
nd l
ater
on t
he
elec
tric
ity (
The
Sec
ond I
ndust
rial
Rev
olu
tion).
In a
n e
ra o
f in
form
atio
n t
ech
no
log
y,
wh
ich
is
call
ed t
he
Po
st-i
nd
ust
rial
era
,
the
fou
nd
atio
n o
f p
rog
ress
bec
om
es t
he
use
of
info
rmat
ion
th
at l
ead
s to
th
e
scie
nti
fic-
tech
nic
al r
evo
luti
on
.
11
8
bas
ed o
n t
he
foll
ow
ing
sto
ry.
A p
oli
cem
an c
atch
es t
wo
bu
rgla
rs,
bu
t th
ere
is
no
t en
ou
gh
ev
iden
ce a
gai
nst
th
em.
So
, h
e sa
ys
to b
oth
of
them
, (p
riso
ner
s
are
no
t al
low
ed t
o c
om
mu
nic
ate
and
do
no
t k
no
w w
het
her
th
e o
ther
on
e w
ill
con
fess
th
e cr
ime)
: "I
f b
oth
of
yo
u a
dm
it t
hat
yo
u c
om
mit
ted
a c
rim
e, y
ou
wil
l re
ceiv
e u
p t
o f
ive
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
If y
ou
co
nfe
ss a
nd
yo
ur
coll
eag
ue
do
es n
ot,
yo
u w
ill
be
acq
uit
ted
fo
r co
op
erat
ing
, an
d y
ou
r co
llea
gu
e w
ill
get
six
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
Bu
t if
he
con
fess
es,
and
yo
u d
o n
ot,
yo
u w
ill
go
to
six
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n,
and
he
wil
l b
e ac
qu
itte
d.
Fin
ally
, if
nei
ther
of
yo
u a
dm
it
com
mit
tin
g t
he
crim
e, y
ou
wil
l ea
ch g
et o
ne
yea
r in
pri
son
fo
r u
nau
tho
rize
d
po
sses
sio
n o
f w
eap
on
s."
Gra
ph
ic p
rop
osa
l ca
n b
e p
rese
nte
d l
ike
this
:
A
ad
mit
ted
th
e cr
ime
A d
id n
ot
adm
it
B a
dm
itte
d
A5, B
542
A6
, B
0
B d
id n
ot
adm
it
A0, B
6
A1
, B
1
So
, if
A c
on
fess
es,
he
can
get
fiv
e o
r ze
ro y
ear
in j
ail.
If
he
do
es n
ot
adm
it t
he
crim
e, h
e ca
n g
et s
ix o
r o
ne
yea
r im
pri
son
men
t. I
f A
is
an e
go
tist
,
it i
s b
ette
r fo
r h
im t
o c
on
fess
. T
he
sam
e ap
pli
es t
o B
. H
ow
ever
, if
bo
th a
re
ego
ists
, th
ey w
ill
bo
th e
nd
up
fiv
e y
ears
in
pri
son
, an
d i
f th
ey a
re b
oth
altr
uis
ts,
they
wil
l be
in j
ail
for
on
ly a
yea
r. "
Pri
son
er's
dil
emm
a" i
llu
stra
tes
wh
y e
thic
al b
ehav
ior
can
be
use
ful
- if
on
e d
oes
no
t w
atch
on
ly o
ne'
s o
wn
inte
rest
al
l p
arti
es ar
e b
ette
r o
ff.
If th
e ab
ov
e p
riso
ner
s b
ehav
e et
hic
ally
tow
ard
s ea
ch o
ther
(fo
rget
fo
r a
mo
men
t th
e b
road
er c
om
mu
nit
y a
nd
th
e fa
ct
that
th
ey c
ame
into
pri
son
fo
r b
urg
lary
), t
hen
th
ey w
ill
be
bet
ter
off
th
an t
o
thin
k
on
ly
abo
ut
on
e's
self
. T
her
e is
a
sim
ilar
si
tuat
ion
in
th
e so
ciet
y.
Eg
ois
tica
l fa
cto
ry o
wn
er c
an b
enef
it i
f h
e re
leas
es t
ox
ic c
hem
ical
s in
to t
he
42 Y
ears
in p
riso
n.
117
firs
t w
e w
ill
answ
er t
he
qu
esti
on
wh
at t
he
ori
gin
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
is a
nd
why i
t ex
ists
at
all.
Ther
e ar
e th
ree
mai
n s
ourc
es o
f busi
nes
s et
hic
s. T
he
firs
t so
urc
e is
the
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s. I
ts r
ule
s ar
e sp
read
th
rou
gh
ou
t o
ther
pro
fess
ion
s. T
he
seco
nd
so
urc
e is
so
cial
eth
ics.
Eac
h c
om
mu
nit
y h
as i
ts o
wn
gen
eral
mo
ral
no
rms,
wh
ich
in
tu
rn a
ffec
ts t
he
way
peo
ple
beh
ave
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, ed
uca
tio
n t
hat
an
in
div
idu
al a
cqu
ires
in
th
e fa
mil
y w
ill
hav
e a
sig
nif
ican
t im
pac
t o
n h
is b
ehav
ior
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. If
th
e fa
mil
y f
ost
ers
auth
ori
tari
an
beh
avio
r,
then
th
at
beh
avio
r w
ill
pre
vai
l in
busi
nes
s
org
aniz
atio
ns.
If,
at
the
soci
ety
lev
el,
no
ne
care
s ab
ou
t th
e v
uln
erab
le g
rou
ps
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
ther
e is
n
o
un
iver
sal
hea
lth
care
),
then
th
e busi
nes
s
org
aniz
atio
ns
wil
l p
rob
ably
als
o l
ack
th
e sp
irit
of
soli
dar
ity
. A
nd
eco
no
mic
situ
atio
n in
th
e co
un
try
af
fect
s b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s. It
is
h
ard
to
ex
pec
t th
at
peo
ple
wil
l fo
llo
w t
he
hig
hes
t et
hic
al s
tan
dar
ds
if t
hey
hav
e to
fig
ht
for
thei
r
mer
e ex
iste
nce
. S
ure
ly,
it i
s ea
sier
to i
nsi
st o
n r
espec
ting b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s if
peo
ple
hav
e a
go
od
in
com
e, t
han
if
they
can
no
t li
ve
fro
m t
hei
r o
wn
sal
arie
s.
Ho
wev
er,
wh
eth
er
the
stan
dar
ds
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
wil
l b
e re
spec
ted
,
dep
end
s o
n e
ach
in
div
idu
al.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e th
ird
so
urc
e o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
ind
ivid
ual
et
hic
s. T
he
ow
ner
o
f th
e co
nst
ruct
ion co
mpan
y has
to
dec
ide
wh
eth
er t
o o
ffer
a b
rib
e to
get
a j
ob
, an
d a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e th
e p
erso
n w
ho
was
off
ered
th
e b
rib
e m
ust
dec
ide
wh
eth
er t
o v
iola
te b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
Shou
ld w
e re
spec
t bus
ines
s eth
ics?
To
an
swer
th
is q
ues
tio
n,
we
wil
l p
rov
ide
an e
xam
ple
fro
m r
elat
ed
scie
nce
s. I
n p
oli
tica
l sc
ien
ce a
nd
eco
no
mic
s th
ere
is a
ver
y p
op
ula
r g
ame
theo
ry.
On
e o
f th
e m
ost
po
pu
lar
gam
es i
s th
e "p
riso
ner
's d
ilem
ma"
wh
ich
is
16
Epo
ch o
f too
ls
Ep
och
of
too
ls i
s th
e lo
ng
est
per
iod i
n t
he
his
tory
of
man
kin
d a
nd
it
last
ed a
pp
rox
imat
ely
on
e m
illi
on
yea
rs,
fro
m t
he
Pal
eoli
thic
tim
es t
o t
he
18
th c
entu
ry.
Sin
ce t
his
was
th
e lo
ng
est
epo
ch,
we
wil
l b
reak
it
up
in
to f
ive
sub
epo
chs:
Pale
olith
ic p
erio
d
Ab
ou
t a
mil
lio
n y
ears
ag
o,
it w
as w
ork
th
at d
iffe
ren
tiat
ed m
an f
rom
oth
er li
vin
g sp
ecie
s. A
lso
, p
lan
nin
g,
env
isio
nin
g a
nd
d
esig
nin
g o
f fu
ture
wo
rk a
re w
hat
mak
es a
hu
man
dif
fere
nt
from
anim
al w
ork
(if
the
anim
al
acti
vit
y c
an b
e ca
lled
wo
rk).
Th
eref
ore
, H
alad
in (
19
93
) co
ncl
ud
es t
hat
th
e
wo
rk i
s an
act
ivit
y t
hat
is
only
typic
al f
or
man
.7 I
n p
reh
isto
ric
tim
es a
man
alre
ady
u
sed
p
rim
itiv
e to
ols
fo
r h
un
tin
g.
He
firs
t p
roce
ssed
a b
on
e o
f a
hu
nte
d a
nim
al t
hat
co
uld
be
use
d a
s a
too
l (w
eap
on
) in
th
e h
un
t, a
nd
th
en h
e
star
ted
mak
ing
sto
ne
too
ls.
He
also
org
aniz
ed a
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r w
hic
h w
as
init
iall
y b
ased
on
ag
e an
d g
end
er.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
anim
als
are
fam
ilia
r w
ith
a
pri
mit
ive
div
isio
n
of
lab
or,
m
an's
ad
van
tag
e is
th
e ab
ilit
y
of
ver
bal
com
mu
nic
atio
n t
hat
all
ow
s a
far
gre
ater
lab
or
div
isio
n a
nd
org
aniz
atio
n.
In
the
Pal
eoli
thic
p
erio
d
man
's
org
aniz
atio
n
of
hu
nti
ng
ex
ceed
ed
anim
al's
hu
nti
ng
by
far
. T
he
firs
t se
ttle
men
ts w
ere
cav
es t
hat
peo
ple
ver
y c
aref
ull
y
sele
cted
(in
th
e v
icin
ity
of
dri
nk
ing
wat
er,
faci
ng
so
uth
, w
ith
a t
erra
ce i
n
7 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., pp. 15.
17
front
of
the
cave)
. In
lat
e P
aleo
lith
ic p
erio
d p
eop
le b
egan
bu
ild
ing
hu
ts a
nd
du
go
uts
.8
Neo
lithi
c
Neo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
sta
rted
ab
ou
t 1
0,0
00
yea
rs a
go.
Whil
e duri
ng t
he
Pal
eoli
thic
p
erio
d
peo
ple
li
ved
b
y
hu
nti
ng
an
d
fish
ing
, in
th
e N
eoli
thic
per
iod
th
ey b
egan
to
en
gag
e in
far
min
g.
In t
he
Neo
lith
ic t
exti
le p
rod
uct
ion
(clo
thes
) d
evel
op
ed
firs
t,
then
ca
ttle
b
reed
ing
, fa
rmin
g,
po
tter
y,
and
met
allu
rgy
. C
han
ges
in
th
e w
ay o
f w
ork
cau
sed
th
e o
ther
ch
ang
es a
s w
ell,
incl
udin
g t
he
emer
gen
ce o
f ar
chit
ectu
re.
The
firs
t se
ttle
men
ts (
vil
lag
es)
wer
e
bu
ilt
nea
r ag
ricu
ltu
ral
area
s, a
nd
lat
er t
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
citi
es a
lso
sta
rted
.
Th
e fi
rst
city
in
his
tory
was
Jer
ich
o (
abo
ut
10
00
0 y
ears
ag
o).
Jer
ich
o's
bu
ild
ing
s w
ere
mad
e fr
om
a m
ixtu
re o
f st
on
e an
d e
arth
(an
d l
ater
bri
ck).
Th
e
wal
ls w
ere
pla
ster
ed w
ith
lim
e, a
nd
do
ors
co
ver
ed w
ith
lea
ther
. T
he
firs
t
furn
itu
re,
wo
od
en f
loo
rs a
nd
pav
ed r
oad
s w
ere
also
mad
e in
th
at p
erio
d.9
Anc
ient
Per
iod
Par
ticu
larl
y
sig
nif
ican
t im
pac
t o
n
the
div
isio
n
of
lab
or
was
th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f ri
ver
irr
igat
ion
s. I
n a
nci
ent
civ
iliz
atio
ns
ther
e w
as a
new
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r th
at g
ener
ated
new
pro
fess
ion
s: s
old
iers
, cr
afts
men
, sc
rib
es,
law
yer
s, d
oct
ors
, m
erch
ants
, cl
erk
s, a
nd
th
e te
chn
olo
gy
of
con
stru
ctio
n w
as
bei
ng
esp
ecia
lly
dev
elo
ped
. T
her
efo
re,
the
bu
ild
ing
act
ivit
y f
rom
th
e an
cien
t
per
iod
ca
n,
even
to
day
, b
e co
nsi
der
ed
as
tech
no
log
ical
m
arv
els.
F
or
exam
ple
, th
e G
reat
Wal
l o
f C
hin
a is
th
e la
rges
t b
uil
din
g f
acil
ity
ev
er b
uil
t.
8 S
ee H
awkes
, Ja
cquet
t, 1
966., P
reth
isto
rija
(H
isto
rija
čov
ječa
nstv
a: k
ultu
rni
i na
učni
razv
oj, s
veza
k 1.
). N
apri
jed
, Z
agre
b, p
- 1
-25
8.
9 F
or
a des
crip
tion o
f th
e N
eoli
thic
cult
ure
s se
e ib
id., p
p. 259
-419
11
6
Pro
fess
ion
als
are
no
t o
nly
en
cou
nte
red
at
the
mar
ket
wit
h t
hei
r fe
llo
w
pro
fess
ional
s, b
ut
also
wit
h m
ember
s of
oth
er p
rofe
ssio
ns.
Th
eref
ore
, in
th
e
rest
o
f th
is
chap
ter
we
wil
l d
iscu
ss
the
con
cep
t o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s th
at
incl
ud
es g
ener
al m
ora
l ru
les
in b
usi
nes
s re
lati
on
ship
s.
Bus
ines
s eth
ics
Jon
es (
20
04
) d
efin
es e
thic
s as
a s
et o
f m
ora
l p
rin
cip
les
and
bel
iefs
abo
ut
wh
at i
s ri
gh
t o
r w
ron
g.4
1 T
hu
s, b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a s
et o
f o
ur
bel
iefs
abo
ut
wh
at w
e co
nsi
der
as
mo
ral
and
im
mora
l b
usi
nes
s. B
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a
bro
ader
co
nce
pt
of
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics,
b
ecau
se
it
incl
ud
es
all
typ
es
of
occ
up
atio
ns.
It
is i
mp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
he
cod
e o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
no
t as
stro
ng
as
the
cod
e o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
sup
po
se
that
a c
on
stru
ctio
n c
om
pan
y g
ets
a jo
b i
n a
co
un
try
wh
ere
it i
s co
mm
on
fo
r
un
der
age
lab
or
forc
e to
wo
rk o
n t
he
site
. Is
it
mo
rall
y r
igh
t to
hir
e a
15
-yea
r
old
in
th
is c
ase?
Is
it m
ora
l to
em
plo
y a
6-y
ear-
old
, w
hic
h i
s a
real
ity
in
Pak
ista
n?
Of
cou
rse,
mo
st p
eop
le w
ou
ld i
mm
edia
tely
say
no
, b
ut
wh
at i
f
thes
e ch
ild
ren
are
ho
mel
ess,
wh
ich
was
bes
t p
ort
ray
ed i
n t
he
mo
vie
Slu
md
og
Mil
lio
nai
re?
Is i
t im
mora
l to
hir
e th
em i
f w
e k
no
w t
hat
th
eir
on
ly a
lter
nat
ive
is b
egg
ing
in
th
e st
reet
s? I
s it
mo
ral
to d
o e
xp
erim
ents
on
an
imal
s to
tes
t
cosm
etic
pro
duct
s? I
s it
mora
l to
mo
nit
or
emp
loy
ees
du
rin
g w
ork
ing
ho
urs
(see
th
e m
ott
o a
t th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e ch
apte
r)?
Bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
anal
yze
s
such
iss
ues
, so
me
of
wh
ich
wil
l b
e st
ud
ied
in
th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Ho
wev
er,
41 J
on
es,
Gar
eth
R.,
20
04
, O
rgan
izat
iona
l The
ory,
Des
ign,
and
Cha
nge:
Tex
t and
C
ases
, P
ears
on E
duca
tion I
nte
rnat
ional
, U
pper
Sad
dle
Riv
er, p. 45.
115
on
ly
crea
te
go
od
re
lati
on
ship
s,
bu
t al
so
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
o
f a
succ
essf
ul
lon
g t
erm
bu
sin
ess.
Com
plia
nce
with
regu
latio
ns
Co
mp
lian
ce w
ith
reg
ula
tio
ns
is n
ot
on
ly a
leg
al,
bu
t it
is
also
an
eth
ical
ob
lig
atio
n o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al.
So
, w
hen
bu
ild
ing
a h
ou
se,
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
mu
st o
bey
sta
tic
reg
ula
tio
ns,
reg
ula
tio
ns
on
pro
tect
ion
ag
ain
st e
arth
qu
akes
and
fir
e, e
tc.
Str
ict
adh
eren
ce t
o r
egu
lati
ons
giv
es c
lien
ts t
he
confi
den
ce t
hat
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
w
ill
del
iver
q
ual
ity
w
ork
an
d,
ther
efo
re,
that
is
th
e m
ost
imp
ort
ant
elem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s. S
om
etim
es e
thic
al r
ule
s (a
ltru
ism
tow
ard
th
e cl
ien
t, c
oll
egia
lity
an
d r
egu
lato
ry c
om
pli
ance
) m
ay c
om
e in
to
con
flic
t. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e te
ach
er m
ay a
sk h
is c
oll
eag
ue
to l
et h
is s
on
's
frie
nd
to
pas
s th
e ex
am.
Ho
wev
er,
in t
his
cas
e th
e te
ach
er m
ust
no
t fo
llo
w
the
rule
of
coll
egia
lity
bec
ause
reg
ula
tory
co
mp
lian
ce i
s m
ore
im
po
rtan
t th
an
coll
egia
lity
. A
lso
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
m
ust
re
fuse
cl
ien
t's
req
ues
t if
it
is
ille
git
imat
e, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e v
eter
inar
ian
mu
st r
efu
se a
req
ues
t b
y f
arm
ers
to i
ssu
e a
cert
ific
ate
that
th
e p
ig,
wh
ich
was
to
be
slau
gh
tere
d,
is h
ealt
hy
, if
he
kn
ow
s th
at t
his
is
no
t tr
ue.
If t
her
e is
a c
onfl
ict
bet
wee
n t
he
inte
rest
s o
f th
e cl
ien
t an
d c
oll
egia
lity
,
then
th
e in
tere
st o
f th
e cu
sto
mer
is
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
stu
den
t
is
exam
ined
b
efo
re
the
com
mit
tee,
an
d
if
a p
rofe
sso
r w
ho
h
ad
tau
gh
t
reques
ts f
rom
coll
eagues
to f
ail
the
studen
t, f
ello
w p
rofe
sso
rs m
ust
ref
use
the
req
ues
t o
f th
eir
coll
ege
if t
hey
th
ink
th
at t
he
stu
den
t h
as d
emo
nst
rate
d
suff
icie
nt
kn
ow
led
ge
for
pas
sin
g
the
exam
. S
o,
in
the
firs
t p
lace
o
f
pro
fess
ional
eth
ics
is r
egula
tory
com
pli
ance
, th
en t
he
pro
tect
ion
of
the
clie
nt
and
at
the
end
co
mes
co
lleg
iali
ty.
18
So
me
Ro
man
bu
ild
ing
s ar
e st
ill
in u
se (
wat
er s
up
pli
es,
road
s).
Th
e G
reat
Py
ram
id o
f G
iza
cov
ers
the
area
of
5.3
hec
tare
s, c
on
sist
s o
f 2
.3 m
illi
on
hea
vy
gra
nit
e b
lock
s w
hic
h w
eig
h a
bo
ut
2.3
tons.
It
was
buil
t by 1
00,0
00
peo
ple
ov
er 2
0 y
ears
. T
he
anci
ent
Eg
yp
t al
read
y k
new
ab
ou
t th
e p
rofe
ssio
n
of
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs.
Ch
ief
des
ign
er o
f th
e p
yra
mid
was
a p
erso
nal
ad
vis
er t
o
Ph
arao
h,
and
co
nst
ruct
ion
wo
rker
s w
ere
hig
hly
sp
ecia
lize
d.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at a
nci
ent
per
iod
in
tro
du
ced
sla
ver
y a
s th
e w
ors
t fo
rm o
f
exp
loit
atio
n o
f la
bo
r.10
Mid
dle
Age
s
Co
mp
ared
to
an
cien
t p
erio
d,
the
per
iod
of
Eu
rop
ean
Mid
dle
Ag
es w
as
tech
no
log
ical
ly l
ess
dev
elo
ped
. R
ebir
th o
f E
uro
pe
star
ted
in
th
e 1
0th
cen
tury
wit
h t
he
emer
gen
ce o
f u
niv
ersi
ties
an
d r
esto
rati
on
of
citi
es.
Hy
dro
po
wer
star
ted
to
be
use
d i
n t
he
pro
du
ctio
n o
f te
xti
les
in t
he
13
th c
entu
ry.
As
in
anci
ent
tim
es,
in t
he
Mid
dle
Ag
es,
the
gre
ates
t ac
hie
vem
ents
in
th
e fi
eld
of
wo
rk
wer
e ac
hie
ved
in
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
in
du
stry
, p
arti
cula
rly
in
th
e
con
stru
ctio
n
of
reli
gio
us
bu
ild
ing
s.
A
pro
fess
ion
o
f a
mas
ter
bu
ild
er,
a
fore
run
ner
of
tod
ay's
arc
hit
ects
an
d c
ivil
en
gin
eers
, w
as e
stab
lish
ed.
Urb
an
bea
uty
of
som
e m
edie
val
to
wn
s re
mai
ned
un
surp
asse
d t
o t
his
day
.
Peri
od fr
om 1
6th
to 1
8th
cent
ury
In t
his
per
iod
, th
e sc
op
e o
f th
e st
ates
was
in
crea
sin
g w
hic
h e
nab
led
mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
. A
lso
, co
lon
izat
ion
of
new
co
nti
nen
ts l
ed t
o g
lob
al d
ivis
ion
10 G
reat
anci
ent
civil
izat
ions
wer
e an
alyze
d i
n W
ooll
ey,
Leo
nar
d,
1966., O
rigi
ns
of C
ivili
zatio
n (H
isto
ry o
f M
anki
nd:
Cul
tura
l an
d Sc
ient
ific
Dev
elop
men
t), V
olu
me
1,
Book 2
.),
Forw
ard,
Zag
reb,
espec
iall
y p
ages
211
-41.
For
a des
crip
tion o
f th
e em
ergen
ce
of
the
firs
t ci
ties
se
e M
um
ford
, L
ewis
, 1961.,
The
City
in
His
tory
: Its
Ori
gins
, Its
Tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns, a
nd It
s Pro
spec
ts, H
arco
urt
, B
race
an
d W
orl
d, N
ew Y
ork
.
19
of
lab
or.
Tex
tile
in
du
stry
, w
hic
h u
sed
th
e en
erg
y o
f w
ater
, w
as p
rog
ress
ing
fast
est.
T
he
div
isio
n
of
lab
or
in
man
ufa
ctu
res
dra
mat
ical
ly
incr
ease
d
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, b
ecau
se
pro
du
ctiv
ity
w
as
incr
easi
ng
ly
dep
end
ent
on
th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, an
d l
ess
on i
nd
ivid
ual
sk
ills
. D
esp
ite
the
incr
ease
d
pro
du
ctiv
ity
of
lab
or,
wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s w
ere
det
erio
rati
ng
(1
4 t
o 1
6 h
ou
rs
of
a d
ull
wo
rk i
n n
ois
y,
stuff
y a
nd u
nhea
lth
y w
ork
ing e
nvir
onm
ents
). A
nd
the
sett
lem
ents
of
wo
rker
s w
ho
wo
rked
in
man
ufa
ctu
res
wer
e al
so e
xtr
emel
y
inh
um
ane
pla
ces
to l
ive
in.
At
that
tim
e, s
lav
ery
was
in
tro
du
ced
in
bo
th
Nort
h
and
South
A
mer
ica.
T
her
efo
re,
the
per
iod
fr
om
th
e 16th
to
18th
cen
tury
was
fu
ll o
f co
ntr
asts
, w
hic
h w
as r
efle
cted
in
th
e p
rese
rvat
ion
of
the
neg
ativ
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f p
rev
iou
s ep
och
s, b
ut
also
in
th
e p
rocl
amat
ion
of
a
new
ep
och
- t
he
epo
ch o
f th
e m
ach
ine
- th
at w
ill
fun
dam
enta
lly
ch
ang
e
hu
man
ity
. H
ow
ever
, b
efo
re w
e g
et t
o s
ho
w t
he
ind
ust
rial
ag
e, w
e w
ill
list
th
e
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
com
mo
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
epo
ch o
f to
ols
(ep
och
s o
f
craf
t).
As
Hal
adin
sta
ted
(1
99
3),
"W
ork
in
the
craf
t ta
kes
pla
ce m
ost
ly b
y
usi
ng h
ands
and t
ools
... T
ypic
ally
th
ere
is a
sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ers
-
incl
ud
ing
th
e m
aste
rs
and
p
ract
ical
ly
no
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r in
su
ch
a
wo
rksh
op
...
Th
e w
ork
is
usu
ally
do
ne
and
ord
ered
by
th
e p
iece
an
d t
he
clie
nt,
who o
rder
ed i
t, i
s know
n .
.. I
n a
dd
itio
n t
o m
aste
r w
ho
se q
ual
ific
atio
ns
are
un
iver
sal
...
in t
he
wo
rksh
op
, th
ere
are
also
his
ass
ista
nts
(jo
urn
eym
en)
and
stu
den
ts (
app
ren
tice
s)."
11 O
f co
urs
e, s
uch
wo
rk c
ou
ld n
ot
reac
h m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n.
Mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
beg
an t
o b
e ac
hie
ved
by
fo
rmin
g m
anu
fact
ure
s,
and
was
fu
lly
rea
lize
d o
nly
in
th
e in
du
stri
al e
ra.
11 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., pp. 33-4
.
11
4
asso
ciat
ions.
How
ever
, ev
ery p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st d
ecid
e fo
r h
imse
lf w
het
her
or
no
t to
beh
ave
eth
ical
ly.
Th
eref
ore
, it
is
imp
ort
ant
that
eth
ical
beh
avio
r
bec
om
es
a h
abit
o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s,
no
t ju
st
beh
avio
r b
ased
o
n
fear
o
f
pu
nis
hm
ent.
Rel
atio
nshi
p of
pro
fess
iona
ls a
nd fe
llow
col
leag
ues
Th
ere
are
thre
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ips
to c
oll
eag
ues
:
equ
alit
y,
sup
po
rt a
nd
kn
ow
led
ge
tran
sfer
. E
qu
alit
y m
ean
s th
at p
rofe
ssio
nal
s
sho
uld
tr
eat
each
o
ther
as
eq
ual
in
div
idu
als.
T
hu
s, fo
r ex
amp
le,
it is
an
un
pro
fess
ion
al c
on
du
ct i
f a
law
yer
wan
ts t
o s
teal
a c
lien
t fr
om
his
fel
low
coll
ege.
An
d n
ot
on
ly t
hat
: If
a c
lien
t w
ants
to
ch
ang
e th
e la
wy
er,
the
law
yer
is o
bli
gat
ed t
o c
all
his
coll
eague
and a
sk h
im f
or
per
mis
sio
n.
If t
he
clie
nt
has
no
t se
ttle
d
all
deb
ts
wit
h
the
firs
t la
wy
er,
the
seco
nd
sh
ou
ld
refu
se
to
repre
sent
him
unti
l his
fel
low
law
yer
is
no
t p
aid
. T
hu
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s ca
n
rela
te
to
each
o
ther
as
eq
ual
s an
d
equ
al,
and
th
at
wil
l re
sult
in
th
e
rela
tio
nsh
ip o
f m
utu
al s
up
po
rt.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
stu
den
t o
ffen
ds
a p
rofe
sso
r
and
th
e p
rofe
sso
r se
eks
to
pu
nis
h
a st
ud
ent
bec
ause
, h
is
coll
eag
ues
ar
e
ob
lig
ed t
o s
up
po
rt t
his
pro
fess
or.
Fo
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
s it
is
in
app
rop
riat
e to
k
eep
th
eir
kn
ow
led
ge
to
them
selv
es.
Th
ey a
re o
bli
ged
to
sh
are
that
kn
ow
led
ge
wit
h c
oll
eag
ues
. O
f
cou
rse,
if
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
fin
ds
a n
ew,
bet
ter
qu
alit
y m
ater
ial
for
pla
ster
, h
e
has
th
e fi
rst
rig
ht
to p
aten
t an
d p
rote
ct h
is i
nven
tion,
but
afte
r th
at h
e sh
ould
fam
ilia
rize
his
co
llea
gu
es w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n,
and
ad
vis
e th
em o
n t
he
use
of
new
m
ater
ials
. In
sh
ort
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
b
e co
llea
gu
es
wh
o
mu
tual
ly
sup
po
rt e
ach
oth
er.
Act
ing
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics
do
es n
ot
113
clie
nts
, re
gar
dle
ss o
f w
ho
th
e cl
ien
t is
. T
he
surg
eon
mu
st m
ake
ever
y e
ffo
rt
to s
ave
the
war
cri
min
al w
ho
has
bee
n w
ou
nd
ed i
n b
attl
e. A
law
yer
mu
st
def
end
a s
eria
l k
ille
r an
d r
apis
t b
y u
sin
g a
ll t
he
kn
ow
led
ge
and
sk
ills
on
e
has
. A
pro
fess
or
wh
o a
ccep
ts t
o g
ive
a le
ctu
re s
ho
uld
no
t le
ctu
re b
adly
if
he/
she
mak
es 1
0 e
uro
s p
er h
ou
r an
d b
ette
r if
he
mak
es 1
00
euro
s p
er h
ou
r.
Of
cou
rse,
we
hav
e al
read
y i
nd
icat
ed t
hat
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s h
ave
the
task
of
fig
hti
ng
fo
r th
e h
igh
tar
iffs
of
mem
ber
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n.
Ho
wev
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f th
e ta
riff
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st
do
th
eir
bes
t w
hil
e
per
form
ing
wo
rk.
If t
he
clie
nt
do
es n
ot
wan
t to
pay
th
e an
tici
pat
ed t
arif
f, t
he
pro
fess
ion
al m
ay r
efu
se t
o w
ork
, b
ut
if o
ne
acce
pts
the
job,
then
one
has
to
do
a q
ual
ity
jo
b.
2. T
he e
ffec
t on
cust
omer
's b
enef
it an
d al
trui
sm.
Pro
fess
ion
als
dif
fer
fro
m n
on
-pro
fess
ion
als
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
th
eir
pro
fit
sho
uld
no
t, i
n a
ny
cas
e, b
e th
e o
nly
mo
tiv
e fo
r w
ork
. U
niv
ersi
ty p
rofe
sso
r
mu
st l
ov
e th
eir
wo
rk a
nd
str
ive
to b
ette
r co
nv
ey t
hei
r k
no
wle
dg
e to
stu
den
ts
and
th
eir
sch
ola
rly
wo
rks
sho
uld
co
ntr
ibu
te t
o s
oci
ety
. A
ph
ysi
cian
's p
rim
ary
ob
ject
ive
mu
st b
e th
e h
ealt
h o
f h
is p
atie
nts
. A
civ
il e
ng
inee
r m
ust
, in
so
me
par
ts,
be
an a
rtis
t. I
t is
no
co
inci
den
ce t
hat
the
Nob
el l
aure
ate
Ivo
And
rić
dev
ote
d
his
b
est
wo
rks
to
bri
dg
es,
bel
iev
ing
th
at
they
ar
e a
sym
bo
l of
con
nec
tio
n
bet
wee
n
peo
ple
. T
hu
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st
stri
ve
for
the
wel
fare
of
thei
r cl
ien
ts a
nd
hav
e th
e in
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n t
o w
ork
.
3. P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t rej
ect b
ribe
ry a
nd fa
vori
tism
Fro
m ev
ery
thin
g w
ritt
en it
is
cl
ear
that
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
ob
lig
ated
to
refu
se a
ny
im
mo
ral
acts
, in
clu
din
g b
riber
y,
nep
oti
sm,
and f
avori
tism
. T
o
ensu
re
this
, w
e n
eed
th
e le
gis
lati
on
an
d
clea
r ru
les
of
pro
fess
ion
al
20
Indu
stri
al A
ge
Th
e In
du
stri
al A
ge
beg
an w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n o
f th
e st
eam
en
gin
e in
17
85
, an
d t
hat
yea
r is
co
nsi
der
ed t
o b
e th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e F
irst
In
du
stri
al
Rev
olu
tio
n.
Th
e S
eco
nd
In
du
stri
al R
evo
luti
on
beg
an w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n o
f
elec
tric
gen
erat
or
in 1
87
0.
The
firs
t m
oder
n m
ovin
g a
ssem
bly
appea
red i
n
the
mea
t in
du
stry
in
th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s (C
inci
nn
ati
and
Ch
icag
o).
Hen
ry F
ord
intr
od
uce
d
the
mo
vin
g
asse
mb
ly
in
auto
mo
bil
e in
du
stry
in
1
91
3.
Th
is
enab
led
th
e m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n o
f ca
rs,
and
a d
rast
ic d
rop
in
thei
r pri
ce.
The
car
wo
uld
so
on
bec
om
e av
aila
ble
fo
r th
e av
erag
e A
mer
ican
. T
her
e w
as a
max
imu
m
sim
pli
fica
tio
n
of
the
pro
ced
ure
in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
.
How
ever
, ex
per
tise
of
emplo
yee
s at
the
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
was
on
th
e lo
wer
lev
el t
han
th
e ex
per
tise
of
form
er c
raft
smen
. A
str
ict
div
isio
n o
f m
anu
al a
nd
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk w
as c
reat
ed.
Man
ual
wo
rker
s b
ecam
e a
sup
ple
men
t o
f th
e
mac
hin
e. S
pec
iali
zati
on
of
lab
or
was
sig
nif
ican
tly
in
crea
sin
g,
and
th
us
the
hie
rarc
hic
al s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e co
mp
any
was
als
o b
ein
g s
et u
p.
Org
aniz
atio
n o
f
wo
rk in
th
e fa
cto
ry b
ecam
e si
mil
ar to
o
rgan
izat
ion
in
th
e m
ilit
ary
. T
he
glo
bal
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r w
as b
ein
g es
tab
lish
ed,
bec
ause
m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n
req
uir
ed e
xp
ort
of
larg
e q
uan
tity
of
pro
du
cts.
Po
or
nat
ion
s b
ecam
e p
rim
aril
y
pro
du
cers
o
f ra
w
mat
eria
ls
and
th
e ri
ch
of
fin
ish
ed
go
od
s.
A
tren
d
of
ind
ust
rial
izat
ion
an
d
urb
aniz
atio
n
star
ted
-
farm
ers
go
to
th
e ci
ties
an
d
bec
om
e w
ork
ers.
Fro
m t
he
mid
-20
th c
entu
ry,
the
tert
iary
sec
tor
(ser
vic
es)
bec
ame
the
dom
inan
t ec
onom
ic
sect
or.
T
he
per
cen
tag
e o
f p
eop
le
wh
o
wo
rked
in
th
e ad
min
istr
atio
n a
lso
in
crea
sed
. T
he
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e re
ach
ed i
ts
pea
k d
uri
ng
Wo
rld
War
II
wh
en a
ll t
he
war
rin
g s
tate
s in
crea
sed
th
eir
war
pro
du
ctio
n t
o t
he
max
imu
m.
Ho
wev
er,
just
at
that
tim
e th
e P
ost
-In
du
stri
al
Ag
e, w
hic
h l
aste
d u
nti
l th
e p
rese
nt
day
, b
egan
to
em
erg
e.
21
Post
-indu
stri
al A
ge
In t
he
20
th c
entu
ry,
a n
ew p
erio
d,
for
wh
ich
th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ly u
sed
term
s ar
e th
e P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e o
r th
e A
ge
of
Au
tom
atio
n,
beg
an i
n t
he
19
50
s. T
he
mo
st s
ign
ific
ant
inv
enti
on
s th
at e
nab
led
th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f th
is
per
iod
wer
e th
e fo
llo
win
g:
1.
Pro
du
ctio
n o
f th
e fi
rst
nu
clea
r re
acto
r. (
19
42
);
2.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
firs
t co
mp
ute
rs (
19
46
);
3.
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
rob
ots
in
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g;
4.
Dis
cov
ery
of
the
Inte
rnet
(1
96
9).
The
most
im
port
ant
conse
quen
ces
of
the
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
thes
e
inv
enti
on
s in
th
e p
rod
uct
ion
wer
e:
1.
Ter
tiar
y
sect
or
of
the
econ
om
y
(th
e se
rvic
e se
cto
r),
par
ticu
larl
y
adm
inis
trat
ion
w
as
gro
win
g.
(In
th
e U
.S.,
7
5%
o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n
wo
rked
in
th
e te
rtia
ry s
ecto
r, 2
2%
in
in
du
stry
an
d l
ess
than
3%
in
agri
cult
ure
)
2.
Th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
em
plo
yed
in
ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
in
du
stry
was
dra
mat
ical
ly r
edu
ced
.
3.
Sci
ence
w
as
bec
om
ing
th
e m
ain
en
gin
e o
f g
row
th,
lead
ing
to
scie
nti
fic
and
te
chn
olo
gic
al re
vo
luti
on
. U
niv
ersi
ties
in
teg
rate
d w
ith
ind
ust
ry a
nd
po
liti
cal
stru
ctu
res.
4.
In
som
e in
du
stri
es
(pet
roch
emic
als,
p
ow
er
pla
nts
) 9
0%
o
f th
e
pro
du
ctio
n w
as f
ull
y a
uto
mat
ed.
5.
Wo
men
w
ere
bei
ng
m
assi
vel
y
emp
loy
ed
(cau
ses:
w
ars,
h
ou
seh
old
cho
res
sim
pli
fied
, re
du
ctio
n o
f b
irth
ra
tes,
div
orc
e, fe
min
ism
, new
job
s, r
edu
cin
g t
he
mea
nin
g o
f p
hy
sica
l la
bo
r, t
ech
no
log
ical
ad
van
ces)
.
11
2
wil
l n
ot
vio
late
th
is u
nw
ritt
en r
ule
alt
ho
ug
h t
her
e is
no
fo
rmal
pen
alty
fo
r
vio
lati
on
of
this
ru
le.
Vio
lati
on
of
wri
tten
sta
nd
ard
s o
f co
nduct
may
res
ult
in e
xpuls
ion f
rom
the
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s an
d
pro
hib
itio
n
of
furt
her
p
rofe
ssio
nal
acti
vit
ies.
An
ex
amp
le o
f w
ritt
en s
tan
dar
d i
s th
at p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st r
esp
ect
leg
al r
egu
lati
on
s o
n c
on
stru
ctio
n.
Of
cou
rse,
th
e st
ate
can
pu
nis
h t
he
vio
lato
r
of
that
sta
nd
ard
, b
ut
the
task
of
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
n i
s to
pre
ven
t th
at
such
v
iola
tio
ns
even
o
ccu
r. F
or
som
e o
ffen
ses
pro
fess
ion
als
wil
l n
ot
be
leg
ally
p
un
ish
ed,
bu
t a
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
ca
n
pu
nis
h
him
/her
. A
n
exam
ple
o
f su
ch
an
off
ense
is
a
dis
clo
sure
o
f co
nfi
den
tial
ity
. S
o,
if
a
def
end
ant
con
fid
ed t
o h
is d
efen
se-a
tto
rney
, an
d h
e to
ld h
is c
oll
eag
ues
his
clie
nt's
sec
ret,
th
e st
ate
is u
nli
kel
y t
o p
rose
cute
a l
awy
er,
bu
t th
e B
ar w
ou
ld
hav
e to
p
un
ish
a
law
yer
b
ecau
se
of
such
im
mo
ral
beh
avio
r as
w
ritt
en
stan
dar
ds
of
law
eth
ics
pro
hib
it d
iscl
osu
re o
f d
efen
dan
t's s
ecre
ts.
Th
ere
are
thre
e b
asic
ru
les
that
m
ake
pro
fess
ional
et
hic
s,
whic
h
are:
th
e ru
les
of
beh
avio
r to
war
ds
cust
om
ers,
co
llea
gu
es
and
th
e ru
les
of
resp
ecti
ng
reg
ula
tio
ns
in t
he
pro
fess
ion
.
Rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith c
lient
s
Rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
cli
ents
is
bas
ed o
n t
hre
e fu
nd
amen
tal
pri
nci
ple
s:
1. E
mot
iona
l neu
tral
ity a
nd n
on-d
iscr
imin
ator
y ap
proa
ch
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
is p
rin
cip
le,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
sh
ou
ld n
ot
dis
crim
inat
e am
on
g
his
/her
cli
ents
, an
d e
spec
iall
y o
ne
mu
st n
ot
dis
crim
inat
e ag
ain
st c
lien
ts o
n
the
bas
is o
f n
atio
nal
ori
gin
, ra
ce,
clas
s, g
end
er o
r se
xu
al o
rien
tati
on
. S
o,
a
pro
fess
ion
al sh
ou
ld p
rov
ide
the
hig
hes
t q
ual
ity
se
rvic
e to
ea
ch o
f h
is
111
10. P
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd b
usin
ess e
thic
s
In G
od W
e Tr
ust.
All o
ther
s we
mon
itor.
(Th
e m
ott
o o
f th
e co
mp
any
wh
o s
et u
p c
amer
as i
n a
ll o
ffic
es).
Pre
par
atio
n f
or
the
lect
ure
: m
ovie
“A
Bea
uti
ful
Min
d”
Prof
essi
onal
eth
ics
We
stat
ed
in
the
pre
vio
us
chap
ter
that
o
ne
of
the
fundam
enta
l
char
acte
rist
ics
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m
is
the
resp
ect
for
pro
fess
ional
et
hic
s,
wh
ich
is
def
ined
as
a se
t o
f ru
les
of
con
du
ct f
or
mem
ber
s o
f a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. W
hil
e ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
its
ow
n s
pec
ific
s, i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o
spec
ify
th
e ru
les
that
sh
ou
ld b
e fo
llow
ed b
y m
ember
s o
f al
l p
rofe
ssio
ns.
Fir
stly
, it
is
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
her
e ar
e w
ritt
en a
nd
un
wri
tten
eth
ical
rule
s an
d t
hat
th
ey a
re b
oth
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
An
exam
ple
of
un
wri
tten
ru
le i
s th
e ru
le t
hat
pro
fess
ion
als
sho
uld
no
t ch
arg
e fo
r
thei
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
ser
vic
es t
o m
emb
ers
of
the
imm
edia
te f
amil
y a
nd b
est
frie
nd
s (a
lth
ou
gh
th
ey m
ay c
har
ge
thei
r o
wn
fee
s).
Th
is r
ule
is
men
tio
ned
nei
ther
in
th
e la
w n
or
in t
he
stat
ute
of
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s, a
nd
we
con
sid
er i
t as
an
un
wri
tten
ru
le.
Ho
wev
er,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
wh
o w
ou
ld v
iola
te
this
rule
is
likel
y t
o e
xper
ience
cri
tici
sm f
rom
his
co
llea
gu
es,
wh
o w
ou
ld
trea
t him
as
a
gre
edy per
son an
d w
ould
p
rob
ably
av
oid
h
im (i
sola
tio
n).
Bec
ause
eac
h o
f u
s ca
res
abo
ut
the
op
inio
ns
of
oth
ers,
esp
ecia
lly
th
e o
pin
ion
of
ou
r co
llea
gu
es (
and
fam
ily
an
d f
rien
ds)
, th
e v
ast
maj
ori
ty o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s
22
6.
New
tec
hn
olo
gie
s d
o n
ot
rep
lace
ju
st p
hy
sica
l w
ork
, b
ut
also
mak
e
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk m
uch
eas
ier
(Wo
rd,
Ex
cel,
etc
.).
Ch
ang
es d
id n
ot
on
ly h
app
en i
n t
he
area
of
pro
duct
ion,
but
wer
e fe
lt
in a
ll a
reas
of
soci
ety.
The
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
are
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Fre
qu
ent
chan
ges
o
f re
sid
ence
-
a n
um
ber
o
f so
cial
co
nta
cts
are
incr
easi
ng
, b
ut
the
lon
g l
asti
ng
fri
end
ship
s ar
e d
iffi
cult
to
mai
nta
in.
2.
Dis
inte
gra
tio
n o
f th
e ex
ten
ded
fam
ily
.
3.
Th
ank
s to
th
e In
tern
et,
mo
st
of
the
scie
nti
fic
and
cult
ura
l
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f h
um
anit
y b
eco
me
avai
lab
le t
o e
ver
y i
nd
ivid
ual
.
4.
Ho
wev
er,
on
e o
f th
e b
igg
est
pro
ble
ms
of
mo
der
n h
um
anit
y b
eco
mes
a
stea
dy
in
crea
se o
f so
cial
dif
fere
nce
s n
ot
on
ly w
ith
in c
ou
ntr
ies,
bu
t
bet
wee
n d
evel
op
ed a
nd
no
n-d
evel
op
ed c
ou
ntr
ies
as w
ell
(par
ticu
larl
y
dis
adv
anta
ged
are
Afr
ican
co
un
trie
s).
Cha
ract
eris
tics o
f mod
ern
labo
r
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
Po
st-I
nd
ust
rial
Era
beg
an i
n t
he
fift
ies
of
the
last
cen
tury
and c
onti
nues
to t
his
day
, in
the
earl
y 1
990
-ies
the
chan
ges
that
led
to n
ew,
mo
re d
rast
ic c
han
ges
in
th
e fi
eld
of
work
and s
oci
ety i
n g
ener
al t
ook p
lace
.
Th
ese
new
ch
ang
es a
re c
alle
d g
lob
aliz
atio
n,
wh
ich
can
be
def
ined
as
the
pro
cess
of
eco
no
mic
, p
oli
tica
l an
d c
ult
ura
l in
tegra
tio
n o
f th
e w
orl
d.
Th
ese
chan
ges
wer
e ca
use
d b
y t
he
foll
ow
ing
ev
ents
. F
irst
ly,
the
coll
apse
of
the
So
vie
t U
nio
n
and
th
e C
om
mu
nis
t b
loc
in
Eas
tern
E
uro
pe
enab
led
th
e
eco
no
mic
an
d p
oli
tica
l co
nn
ecti
ons
no
t o
nly
in
Eu
rop
e b
ut
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
wo
rld
. S
eco
nd
ly,
the
emer
gen
ce o
f th
e In
tern
et e
nab
led
th
e w
orl
d t
o c
on
nec
t
thro
ug
h i
nfo
rmat
ion
, an
d t
his
had
a s
ign
ific
ant
imp
act
no
t o
nly
on
wo
rk,
bu
t
also
in
al
l ar
eas
of
soci
ety.
Thir
dly
, im
pro
vem
ent
of
tran
spo
rt
faci
liti
es
23
stim
ula
ted
ov
eral
l m
igra
tio
n o
f peo
ple
, fr
om
touri
sts,
th
rou
gh
ed
uca
tio
n t
o
bu
sin
ess.
F
ou
rth
ly,
the
pro
cess
o
f g
lob
aliz
atio
n
stim
ula
tes
the
crea
tio
n,
exp
ansi
on
an
d st
ren
gth
enin
g o
f th
e ec
on
om
ic an
d p
oli
tica
l su
pra
nat
ion
al
org
aniz
atio
ns
such
as
the
Eu
rop
ean
U
nio
n,
NA
TO
an
d th
e W
orl
d T
rad
e
Org
aniz
atio
n.
Glo
bal
izat
ion
pro
cess
es h
ave
led
to
th
e fo
llo
win
g c
han
ges
in
the
fiel
d o
f w
ork
:
1.
Inte
llec
tual
wo
rk h
as i
ncr
easi
ng
ly r
epla
ced
ph
ysi
cal
lab
or.
Lin
ked
to
that
is
the
incr
easi
ng
ed
uca
tio
nal
lev
el o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
tod
ay,
abo
ut
50
% o
f m
emb
ers
of
on
e g
ener
atio
n
com
ple
ted
co
lleg
e. I
n d
evel
op
ed w
este
rn c
ou
ntr
ies,
th
e te
nd
ency
is
that
alm
ost
th
e en
tire
po
pu
lati
on
gra
du
ates
fro
m h
igh
sch
oo
l. S
o,
in
ord
er t
o b
e co
mp
etit
ive
in t
he
wo
rkfo
rce
at t
he
glo
bal
mar
ket
pla
ce,
a
per
son
mu
st h
ave
an a
deq
uat
e fo
rmal
ed
uca
tio
n.
2.
Th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e si
gn
ific
antl
y i
ncr
ease
s. F
or
exam
ple
, to
day
, a
scie
nti
st d
oes
no
t h
ave
to g
o t
o w
ork
or
even
to
th
e
lib
rary
in
o
rder
to
w
rite
a
scie
nti
fic
pap
er.
Sea
rch
ing
th
rou
gh
dat
abas
es o
r lo
ok
ing
fo
r p
ub
lish
ed sc
ienti
fic
arti
cles
ca
n be
mad
e
thro
ug
h t
hei
r p
erso
nal
co
mp
ute
r at
ho
me.
Journ
alis
ts d
o n
ot
hav
e to
go
into
th
e n
ewsr
oo
m,
sin
ce
thei
r ar
ticl
es
may
be
sent
by
e-m
ail.
Sci
enti
sts
fro
m d
iffe
ren
t co
nti
nen
ts c
an w
ork
to
get
her
to
wri
te a
bo
ok
even
th
ou
gh
th
ey w
ill,
per
hap
s, n
ever
mee
t. T
hes
e ar
e ju
st s
om
e o
f th
e
nu
mer
ou
s ex
amp
les
of
pro
fess
ion
s th
at c
an b
e per
form
ed a
t ho
me.
Wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e h
as m
any
ad
van
tag
es.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
wo
rk a
t h
om
e
sav
es t
ime
that
wo
uld
oth
erw
ise
be
spen
t co
mm
uti
ng
to
an
d f
rom
wo
rk.
Th
is
is e
spec
iall
y i
mp
ort
ant
in l
arg
e ci
ties
wh
ere
ther
e is
a t
raff
ic c
oll
apse
at
a
11
0
3.
Pro
fess
ion
als
can
b
e re
cog
niz
ed b
y th
eir
titl
es w
hic
h ar
e ac
qu
ired
thro
ug
h e
du
cati
on
at
coll
ege.
4.
Pro
fess
ion
als
solv
e p
rob
lem
s o
n t
he
bas
is o
f sc
ien
tifi
c k
no
wle
dg
e.
5.
Ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
a m
on
op
oly
on
a p
arti
cula
r ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y.
6.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s p
rote
ct t
he
inte
rest
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n a
nd
pro
fess
ion
als.
7.
Pro
fess
ional
lan
guag
e is
use
d f
or
easi
er u
nder
stan
din
g a
nd i
t cr
eate
s a
sen
se o
f co
nn
ecti
on
bet
wee
n t
he
mem
ber
s o
f a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
.
8.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
ctiv
ity
req
uir
es c
om
ple
te d
evo
tio
n t
o t
he
pro
fess
ion
an
d
ther
efo
re p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
liv
e fr
om
per
form
ing
th
eir
pro
fess
ion
.
9.
Pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st m
ake
dec
isio
ns
ind
epen
den
tly
(au
ton
om
y),
mu
st
be
dev
ote
d t
o a
cli
ent
(alt
ruis
m)
and
hav
e th
e au
tho
rity
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s p
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
?
2.
Lis
t at
lea
st s
even
fu
nd
amen
tal
det
erm
inan
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
!
3.
Ho
w d
o p
rofe
ssio
nal
s d
iffe
r fr
om
cra
ftsm
en?
4.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
mo
no
po
ly?
5.
Wh
at a
re t
he
fun
ctio
ns
of
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s?
6.
Wh
y d
o p
rofe
ssio
nal
s u
se p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age?
Giv
e an
ex
amp
le o
f
pro
fess
ional
ter
ms
in t
he
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry!
7.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
ton
om
y?
8.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
tho
rity
?
9.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
alt
ruis
m?
Giv
e an
ex
amp
le!
109
pro
fess
ion
al o
ffic
er w
ho
do
es h
is j
ob
fo
r th
e sa
ke
of
the
ho
mel
and
, th
ereb
y
risk
ing
his
ow
n l
ife.
So
, eg
oti
stic
al b
ehav
ior
and
neg
lect
of
a cl
ien
t is
a
char
acte
rist
ic o
f u
np
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
. O
f co
urs
e, t
he
pro
fess
ion
al h
as t
he
rig
ht
to
char
ge
a cl
ien
t fo
r th
e w
ork
do
ne
- in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h r
ates
set
by
th
e
pro
fess
ion
al c
ham
ber
. B
ut
earn
ing
s co
me
at t
he
end
an
d i
t is
th
e re
sult
of
go
od
wo
rk a
nd
alt
ruis
m,
and
it
is n
ot
an e
xcl
usi
ve
and
so
le o
bje
ctiv
e o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
al.
Esp
ecia
lly
aty
pic
al f
or
pro
fess
ion
al w
ork
is
the
vio
lati
on
of
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n i
n o
rder
to
get
so
me
add
itio
nal
pro
fit.
10) P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t res
pect
pro
fess
iona
l eth
ics.
Alt
ho
ug
h p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics
is o
ne
of
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
com
po
nen
ts
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m,
it i
s m
enti
on
ed l
ast,
bec
ause
it
is t
he
sub
ject
of
stu
dy
in
the
foll
ow
ing
ch
apte
rs.
Sum
mar
y
1.
In e
ver
yday
lan
guag
e, t
he
term
pro
fess
ion
al (
as o
pp
ose
d t
o a
mat
eur)
mea
ns
a p
erso
n
wh
o
liv
es
by
p
erfo
rmin
g
an
acti
vit
y.
Th
e te
rm
pro
fess
ion
al i
s sy
no
ny
m f
or
a sp
ecia
list
. H
ow
ever
, so
cio
log
y d
efin
es
pro
fess
ion
alis
m a
s a
pro
fess
ion
th
at i
s b
ased
on
hig
her
ed
uca
tio
n,
and
com
ple
tio
n o
f u
niv
ersi
ty.
2.
Pro
fess
ional
ism
has
ten
maj
or
char
acte
rist
ics:
it
is b
ased
on
th
e h
igh
er
edu
cati
on
an
d
scie
nce
, it
h
as
a m
on
op
oly
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s h
ave
a
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
, it
has
its
ow
n l
ang
uag
e an
d e
thic
s, i
t is
bas
ed
on
th
e au
ton
om
y,
auth
ori
ty a
nd
alt
ruis
m.
In a
dd
itio
n,
the
pro
fess
ion
al
liv
es f
rom
his
/her
ow
n p
rofe
ssio
n.
24
tim
e w
hen
peo
ple
go
to
wo
rk a
nd
ret
urn
fro
m w
ork
. W
ork
ing
at
ho
me
giv
es
a p
erso
n m
ore
tim
e to
be
wit
h t
he
fam
ily
an
d o
ften
pro
vid
es b
ette
r w
ork
ing
atm
osp
her
e th
an i
n t
he
off
ice.
Ho
wev
er,
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e h
as i
ts d
raw
bac
ks,
such
as,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
lack
of
per
son
al c
on
tact
wit
h o
ther
em
plo
yee
s.
Th
eref
ore
, co
mp
anie
s th
at
allo
w
wo
rk
at
ho
me
usu
ally
re
quir
e th
at
the
emp
loy
ee s
till
co
mes
to
th
e w
ork
pla
ce s
om
e d
ays
in o
rder
to
en
sure
th
e
nec
essa
ry
per
son
al
con
tact
s o
f em
plo
yee
s.
Des
pit
e th
ese
min
or
dis
adv
anta
ges
, it
is
cert
ain
th
at,
in t
he
futu
re,
a tr
end
of
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e is
goin
g t
o b
e ev
en m
ore
spre
ad.
1.
More
an
d m
ore
em
plo
yee
s hav
e fl
exib
le w
ork
ing
h
ou
rs.
Sin
ce an
incr
easi
ng
n
um
ber
o
f em
plo
yee
s is
en
gag
ed
in
inte
llec
tual
occ
up
atio
ns,
it
is
n
o lo
ng
er n
eces
sari
ly to
p
resc
rib
e th
eir
wo
rkin
g
ho
urs
fro
m 9
:00
a.m
. to
5:0
0 p
.m.
(or
6:0
0 p
.m.)
. G
iven
th
e fa
ct t
hat
emp
loy
ees
are
asse
ssed
acc
ord
ing
to
th
e w
ork
do
ne,
an
d n
ot
by
th
e
pre
sence
at
the
work
pla
ce,
it i
s lo
gic
al t
hat
they
are
all
ow
ed t
o d
ecid
e
wh
en t
o c
om
e to
wo
rk a
nd
lea
ve
wo
rk,
even
when
they
must
com
e to
the
wo
rkp
lace
.
2.
Th
ere
is a
big
lab
or
mig
rati
on
esp
ecia
lly
fro
m n
on
-dev
elo
ped
co
un
ties
to d
evel
op
ed o
nes
.
3.
En
gli
sh h
as b
eco
me
the
glo
bal
lan
gu
age
of
bu
sin
ess
com
mu
nic
atio
n
and
k
no
wle
dg
e o
f th
is
lan
gu
age
bec
om
es
alm
ost
n
eces
sary
pre
con
dit
ion
fo
r g
etti
ng
a w
ell-
pai
d j
ob
in
th
e er
a o
f g
lob
aliz
atio
n.
4.
Th
e m
anu
fact
uri
ng
p
roce
ss
is
tran
sfer
red
to
d
evel
op
ing
co
un
trie
s
wh
ere
lab
or
is c
hea
per
. W
hat
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s se
ll a
re "
bra
nd
s".
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
Nik
e sh
oes
ar
e m
anu
fact
ure
d in
A
sia,
b
ut
the
pro
fit
rem
ain
s in
th
e co
mp
any
th
at o
wn
s th
is b
ran
d o
f sn
eak
ers.
Of
cou
rse,
25
in o
rder
fo
r su
ch a
ty
pe
of
org
aniz
atio
n t
o o
per
ate
succ
essf
ull
y,
it i
s
esse
nti
al t
o h
ave
a g
oo
d m
ark
etin
g t
hat
po
pu
lari
ze t
he
"bra
nd
", a
nd
the
nee
d
to
stim
ula
te
con
sum
ers
to
bu
y
the
pro
du
cts
of
larg
e
inte
rnat
ion
al
com
pan
ies
(Co
ca-C
ola
is
a
gre
at
exam
ple
of
such
mar
ket
ing
).
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
wit
h t
hes
e re
lati
vel
y p
osi
tiv
e
ten
den
cies
in
co
nte
mp
ora
ry w
ork
, th
ere
are
also
man
y n
egat
ive
asp
ects
. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
wh
o h
ave
a st
ead
y j
ob
is
red
uci
ng
in
th
e
wo
rld
. In
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s, t
he
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ing
ho
urs
per
yea
r is
incr
easi
ng a
s w
ell
as t
he
tim
e it
tak
es t
o a
rriv
e at
wo
rk.
It s
ou
nd
s al
mo
st
un
bel
iev
able
, b
ut
acco
rdin
g
to
the
Wo
rld
W
ork
O
rgan
izat
ion
ar
ou
nd
2
mil
lio
n p
eop
le d
ie a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce e
ver
y y
ear!
12
An
d s
lav
ery
sti
ll e
xis
ts.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
in 2
00
3 t
he
sale
of
74
chil
dre
n w
as d
isco
ver
ed.
Th
eir
par
ents
so
ld t
hem
at
a p
rice
of
40
do
llar
s p
er
chil
d.
Th
irte
en c
hil
dre
n f
rom
th
at g
rou
p d
ied
fro
m m
aln
utr
itio
n a
nd
dis
ease
.
Th
ere
is a
n i
nti
mid
atin
g f
act
that
358
ric
hes
t p
eop
le i
n t
he
wo
rld
ear
n
mo
re
than
th
ree
bil
lio
n
peo
ple
w
ho
ar
e th
e p
oo
rest
. T
his
m
ean
s th
at
a
mem
ber
of
the
firs
t g
rou
p e
arns
10 m
illi
on t
imes
mo
re t
han
th
e m
emb
er o
f
the
seco
nd
g
rou
p,
wit
h
a te
nd
ency
o
f ev
en
furt
her
in
crea
se
of
soci
al
dif
fere
nce
s.13
To
day
, w
hil
e h
alf
of
the
wo
rld
's p
op
ula
tio
n l
ives
on
les
s th
an 2
.5
do
llar
s a
day
, a
Jap
anes
e fa
rmer
get
s a
stat
e su
bsi
dy
fo
r ea
ch c
ow
at
the
amo
un
t o
f $
7 a
day
.14
12 G
rint,
op. ci
t., p. 314.
13 R
einic
ke,
Wolf
gan
g H
., 1
998,
Glo
bal P
ublic
Pol
icy:
Gov
erni
ng w
ithou
t G
over
nmen
t? B
roo
kin
g I
nst
itu
tio
n P
ress
, W
ash
ing
ton
D.C
., p
. 4
.
14 G
rint,
op. ci
t., p. 375.
10
8
8) A
pro
fess
iona
l mus
t hav
e au
thor
ity
Pro
fess
ion
al's
kn
ow
led
ge
is a
so
urc
e o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
tho
rity
. F
or
exam
ple
, w
hen
a c
lien
t co
mes
to
a l
awy
er,
he
has
a c
erta
in a
mo
un
t o
f aw
e
bec
ause
he
bel
iev
es t
hat
th
e la
wy
er w
ill
succ
essf
ull
y d
efen
d h
im i
n c
ou
rt.
Ho
wev
er,
any
pro
fess
ion
al i
s o
bli
gat
ed t
o t
ake
care
of
his
/her
ow
n a
uth
ori
ty.
A
pro
fess
or
mu
st
mai
nta
in
dis
cip
lin
e in
th
e cl
assr
oo
m
bec
ause
it
is
a
pre
req
uis
ite
for
all
the
stu
den
ts
to
no
rmal
ly
foll
ow
th
e le
ctu
re.
A
civ
il
eng
inee
r m
ust
ref
use
lay
man
wh
o,
bec
ause
of
his
ow
n s
elf-
inte
rest
, su
gg
ests
no
t st
ick
ing
en
tire
ly
to
bu
ild
ing
re
gu
lati
on
s.
Th
e d
oct
or,
w
ho
h
as
bee
n
insu
lted
by
th
e p
atie
nt,
has
th
e ri
gh
t o
r ev
en o
bli
gat
ion
, to
ter
min
ate
the
trea
tmen
t o
f su
ch a
pat
ien
t an
d r
efer
th
e p
atie
nt
to c
ho
ose
an
oth
er d
oct
or.
40
So
, to
su
cces
sfu
lly
car
ryin
g o
ut
acti
vit
ies,
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
kee
p t
hei
r
pro
fess
ion
al a
uth
ori
ty.
9) A
pro
fess
iona
l mus
t be
an a
ltrui
st.
On
e o
f th
e im
po
rtan
t ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
pro
fess
ional
ism
is
altr
uis
m.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at t
o a
pro
fess
ion
al a
cli
ent's
in
tere
st m
ust
co
me
firs
t. T
hu
s, a
civ
il en
gin
eer
wh
o m
akes
a
dra
ft o
f a
ho
use
m
ust
m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to
sati
sfy
th
e cu
sto
mer
. H
e sh
ou
ld t
ry a
s if
he
was
mak
ing
a d
raft
of
his
ow
n
ho
use
. P
erh
aps
the
bes
t ex
amp
le o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
alt
ruis
m w
ou
ld b
e a
do
cto
r
wh
o i
s tr
eati
ng
pat
ien
ts w
ith
in
fect
iou
s d
isea
ses.
Th
e d
oct
or
is o
bli
ged
to
ris
k
his
/her
ow
n h
ealt
h,
even
lif
e, t
o s
ave
the
pat
ient.
A s
imil
ar e
xam
ple
is
a
40 E
xce
pti
ons
are
men
tall
y i
ll a
nd d
yin
g p
atie
nts
, w
ho b
ecau
se o
f th
e se
ver
ity o
f th
eir
ow
n m
enta
l co
nd
itio
n a
re o
ften
un
able
to c
ontr
ol
thei
r beh
avio
r. T
her
efore
, th
e doct
or
does
not
hav
e th
e ri
ght
to r
efuse
furt
her
tre
atm
ent
of
thes
e pat
ients
(fo
r m
ore
d
etai
ls s
ee i
tem
"d
eon
tolo
gy
, m
edic
al"
in C
roat
ian
Med
ical
En
cycl
op
edia
).
107
un
iver
sity
. A
dd
itio
nal
ly,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
co
mm
itm
ent
is
expec
ted
from
a
pro
fess
ion
al.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
to
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
, a
job w
ould
hav
e to
be
not
on
ly a
so
urc
e o
f in
com
e b
ut
also
a h
ob
by
, in
ter
ms
of
sati
sfac
tio
n w
ith
his
/her
work
. A
t th
e sa
me
tim
e, s
ince
to
day
it
is v
ery
dif
ficu
lt t
o f
oll
ow
th
e
pac
e o
f p
rog
ress
of
mo
der
n s
cien
ce,
if a
per
son i
s only
ded
icat
ed t
o h
is
pro
fess
ion
an
d i
f o
ne
do
es n
ot
was
te t
ime
do
ing
so
me
oth
er t
hin
gs,
th
en a
pro
fess
ional
is
ab
le
to
be
const
antl
y
info
rmed
o
f n
ew
dev
elo
pm
ents
in
his
/her
pro
fess
ion
an
d a
pp
ly t
hes
e ac
hie
vem
ents
in
his
/her
ow
n w
ork
. O
f
cou
rse,
to
mak
e su
ch a
pro
fess
ion
al c
om
mit
men
t p
oss
ible
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st b
e w
ell
pai
d f
or
his
wo
rk.
7) P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t be
auto
nom
ous.
O
ne
of
the
imp
ort
ant
char
acte
rist
ics
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m i
s au
ton
om
y,
wh
ich
m
ean
s th
at
"pro
fess
ion
als
ind
epen
den
tly
as
sess
an
d
dec
ide
wh
at
know
ledge
and t
echniq
ues
wil
l be
appli
ed t
o s
olv
e a
pro
ble
m i
n t
hei
r w
ork
."
Als
o,
on
ly a
pro
fess
ion
al s
ho
uld
ev
alu
ate
the
wo
rk o
f o
ther
pro
fess
ion
als.
Th
us,
th
e p
atie
nt
may
be
un
hap
py
wit
h t
he
way
the
doct
or
trea
ted h
im a
nd
sue
him
, b
ut
the
exp
erti
se
wh
eth
er
on
e w
as
trea
ted
ad
equ
atel
y
and
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e ru
les
of
trea
tmen
t (l
ege
arti
s) c
an o
nly
be
asse
ssed
by
med
ical
co
mm
issi
on
. O
nly
th
e p
rofe
sso
rs c
an a
sses
s w
het
her
th
eir
coll
eag
ue
gav
e a
fair
mar
k t
o a
stu
den
t w
ho
has
pre
vio
usl
y c
om
pla
ined
about
it.
If t
he
bu
ild
ing
coll
apse
s d
uri
ng
th
e ea
rth
qu
ake,
th
en c
ivil
en
gin
eers
can
ass
ess
the
wo
rk o
f th
eir
coll
eag
ue
and
co
ncl
ud
e w
het
her
it
coll
apse
d b
ecau
se i
t w
as
bu
ilt
by
an
en
gin
eer
neg
lig
entl
y s
ince
he
was
ste
alin
g c
emen
t o
r b
ecau
se t
he
qu
ake
was
to
o s
tro
ng
.
26
As
a re
sult
o
f th
e sp
read
o
f A
IDS
, li
fe
exp
ecta
ncy
in
B
ots
wan
a
dro
pp
ed f
rom
61
in
19
67
to
on
ly 3
8 i
n 1
99
9.
In S
ou
th A
fric
a it
fel
l fr
om
63
in 1
99
2 t
o 4
8 i
n 1
99
9.1
5
Yet
, w
hen
w
e lo
ok
at
lo
ng
-ter
m
tren
ds,
th
ere
is
mo
re
reas
on
fo
r
opti
mis
m t
han
pes
sim
ism
. O
ver
the
pas
t 2
00
yea
rs t
he
stan
dar
d o
f li
vin
g h
as
a co
nst
ant
ten
den
cy
to
incr
ease
. O
ne
tiny
det
ail,
w
hic
h
Hal
adin
st
ates
(19
93
.),
illu
stra
tes
wel
l th
is f
act:
"A
hu
nd
red
yea
rs a
go
a w
ealt
hy
wo
man
wo
uld
bri
ng
a d
ow
ry w
hen
sh
e g
ot
mar
ried
, an
d t
hat
in
clu
ded
fiv
e d
ress
es
that
sh
e w
ore
to
dea
th.
To
day
, w
hat
gir
l co
uld
ev
en i
mag
ine
such
a t
hin
g?"
16
Or
som
e o
ther
dat
a: i
n 1
92
0 t
he
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n t
he
U.S
. w
as 5
4
yea
rs
(at
that
ti
me
it
was
th
e h
igh
est
in
the
wo
rld
),
wh
erea
s to
day
th
e
aver
age
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n J
apan
is
85
yea
rs (
in M
on
aco
90
yea
rs!)
. S
o,
this
sho
ws
that
in
th
e p
ast
nin
ety
yea
rs t
he
life
sp
an,
in d
evel
op
ed c
ou
ntr
ies,
is
exte
nd
ed f
or
thir
ty y
ears
. If
th
e tr
end
co
nti
nu
es,
we
can
ex
pec
t th
at a
t th
e
end o
f th
is c
entu
ry,
the
aver
age
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n m
ost
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s
wil
l am
ou
nt
to a
hu
nd
red
yea
rs.
Th
is b
rief
rev
iew
of
the
his
tory
of
hu
man
lab
or
and
its
im
pac
t o
n s
oci
ety
is
sho
win
g a
co
nst
ant
ten
den
cy o
f p
rog
ress
,
esp
ecia
lly
in
th
e la
st t
wo
cen
turi
es.
Sum
mar
y
1.
His
tory
of
wo
rk c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
thre
e per
iods:
Epoch
of
Tools
,
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e an
d P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e.
15 T
he
Worl
d B
ank,
Worl
d D
evel
opm
ent
Indic
ators
, 2001.
CD
-rom
. W
ashin
gto
n
D.C
.:
16 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., p. 272.
27
2.
Th
e E
po
ch o
f T
oo
ls c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
th
e P
aleo
lith
ic,
Neo
lith
ic,
An
cien
t P
erio
d,
Mid
dle
Ag
es a
nd
Mo
der
n A
ge
(th
e p
erio
d f
rom
th
e
16
th t
o 1
8th
cen
tury
). I
n e
ach
of
thes
e p
erio
ds
som
e p
rog
ress
was
mad
e in
th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f te
chn
iqu
es a
nd
wo
rk o
rgan
izat
ion
(w
ith
the
exce
pti
on
of
the
Mid
dle
Ag
es i
n E
uro
pe)
.
3.
Th
e ep
och
of
craf
t is
ch
arac
teri
zed
by
th
e u
se o
f h
and
mad
e to
ols
, a
smal
l n
um
ber
of
wo
rker
s, a
nd
a w
ork
per
pie
ce f
or
fam
ou
s cl
ien
ts.
4.
Th
e F
irst
In
du
stri
al
Rev
olu
tio
n
beg
an
in
17
85
an
d
the
seco
nd
in
18
70
.Th
e In
du
stri
al A
ge,
th
ank
s to
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
labor
and t
he
use
of
a m
ovin
g a
ssem
bly
, m
ade
mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
po
ssib
le.
5.
In
the
org
aniz
atio
n
of
wo
rk
of
the
Ind
ust
rial
A
ge
ther
e w
as
a
max
imu
m
sim
pli
fica
tio
n
of
the
wo
rk
pro
ced
ure
. E
xp
erti
se
of
emp
loy
ees
at t
he
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
was
on
th
e lo
wer
lev
el t
han
th
e
exp
erti
se o
f fo
rmer
cra
ftsm
en.
A s
tric
t d
ivis
ion
bet
wee
n m
anu
al a
nd
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk w
as c
reat
ed.
A m
anu
al w
ork
er b
eco
mes
an
ex
ten
sio
n
of
the
mac
hin
e.
6.
Th
e P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e b
egan
in
th
e 2
0th
cen
tury
in
th
e fi
ftie
s an
d
last
ed u
nti
l th
e p
rese
nt
tim
e.
7.
Th
e m
ost
sig
nif
ican
t in
ven
tio
ns
that
en
able
d t
he
Po
stin
du
stri
al A
ge
wer
e:
the
pro
du
ctio
n
of
the
firs
t n
ucl
ear
reac
tor
(19
42
),
the
con
stru
ctio
n o
f th
e fi
rst
com
pu
ters
(1
94
6),
th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f ro
bo
ts
in t
he
pro
du
ctio
n a
nd
th
e d
isco
ver
y o
f th
e In
tern
et (
19
69
).
8.
In t
he
Po
stin
du
stri
al A
ge
ther
e is
a s
cien
tifi
c an
d t
ech
nic
al r
evo
luti
on
.
Wh
ile
the
tert
iary
sec
tor
is e
xp
and
ing
, th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
em
plo
yed
in a
gri
cult
ure
an
d i
nd
ust
ry i
s re
du
cin
g.
An
oth
er i
mp
ort
ant
tren
d i
s th
e
10
6
may
not
be
able
to c
om
pre
hen
d e
ach o
ther
in
dir
ect
con
tact
. T
hat
is
wh
y
do
cto
rs,
by
usi
ng
th
eir
pro
fess
ion
al L
atin
lan
gu
age,
can
eas
ily
un
der
stan
d
the
dia
gn
osi
s o
f a
pat
ien
t.
Th
e n
ext
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
la
ng
uag
e is
to
cr
eate
co
hes
ion
amo
ng
m
emb
ers
of
the
pro
fess
ion
. B
y
usi
ng
p
rofe
ssio
nal
la
ng
uag
e,
un
der
stan
dab
le o
nly
to
th
em,
they
sh
ow
th
eir
affi
liat
ion
to
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
gro
up
, w
hic
h
crea
tes
a se
nse
o
f "u
s,"
or
a se
nse
o
f co
nn
ecti
on
w
ith
in
pro
fess
ion
al g
rou
ps.
Th
at f
eeli
ng
als
o c
reat
es a
cer
tain
am
ou
nt
of
dis
tan
ce
tow
ard
s th
e "o
ther
s" w
ho
ar
e th
e la
ym
en (a
mat
eurs
). U
sin
g p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age
can
hav
e a
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
bec
ause
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
pat
ien
t m
igh
t
no
t u
nd
erst
and
wh
at d
isea
se h
is d
oct
or
dia
gn
ose
d.
Ho
wev
er,
such
a s
itu
atio
n
can
hav
e p
osi
tiv
e co
nse
quen
ces,
bec
ause
, ac
cord
ing
to Š
po
rer
(19
90
), "
this
mis
un
der
stan
din
g g
ives
ho
pe
to t
he
laym
en t
hat
do
cto
rs o
ften
kn
ow
mo
re
than
th
ey r
eall
y d
o."
39
We
hav
e co
me
to t
he
last
fu
nct
ion
of
pro
fess
ion
al l
ang
uag
e, a
nd
th
at i
s
kee
pin
g t
he
monopoly
. P
reci
sely
bec
ause
th
e la
ym
an i
s n
ot
on
ly a
ble
to
do
som
e co
mp
lica
ted
co
nst
ruct
ion
pro
ject
bu
t h
e is
als
o n
ot
cap
able
to
pro
per
ly
read
th
e d
raft
-
bec
ause
h
e d
oes
n
ot
kn
ow
al
l th
e sy
mb
ols
u
sed
b
y
con
stru
ctio
n w
ork
ers
– a
pro
fess
ion
al f
urt
her
en
sure
s th
at n
o o
ne
ou
tsid
e th
e
pro
fess
ion
, ca
n d
o h
is w
ork
.
6) A
pro
fess
iona
l liv
es b
y ex
erci
sing
his
/her
pro
fess
ion.
We
hav
e al
read
y s
tate
d t
hat
th
e fe
atu
re o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al i
s th
at o
ne'
s
edu
cati
on
an
d t
he
wo
rkp
lace
mat
ch.
Th
us,
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
may
be
the
on
ly
per
son
wh
o p
erfo
rms
a p
rofe
ssio
n f
or
wh
ich
he/
she
was
ed
uca
ted
at
the
39 I
bid
, p. 22.
105
a v
ery
hig
h q
ual
ity
and
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
.
5.
To
en
sure
th
at t
he
wo
rk i
s in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f
the
pro
fess
ion
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
as
soci
atio
n
bri
ng
s et
hic
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
an
d t
akes
car
e o
f th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
them
, w
hic
h i
s th
e
them
e o
f th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
5) T
he p
rofe
ssio
nals
hav
e th
eir
own
lang
uage
.
Ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
its
ow
n p
rofe
ssio
nal
ter
min
olo
gy
- a
pro
fess
ion
al
lan
gu
age.
A
fter
al
l,
stu
dy
ing
is
la
rgel
y
just
le
arn
ing
th
e la
ng
uag
e.
Pro
fess
ion
al
lan
gu
age
has
m
ult
iple
fu
nct
ion
s.
Fir
stly
, it
al
low
s ea
sier
com
mu
nic
atio
n b
etw
een
pro
fess
ion
als
and s
aves
tim
e. F
or
exam
ple
, if
the
po
liti
cal
scie
nti
st sa
ys
to h
is co
llea
gu
e: "B
osn
ian
el
ecti
on
s ar
e b
ased
o
n
con
soci
atio
nal
dem
ocr
acy,"
37
the
oth
er
par
ty
wil
l u
nd
erst
and
w
hat
h
is
coll
eag
ue
wan
ts t
o s
ay.
If t
he
pro
fess
ion
al w
as s
pea
kin
g t
o a
per
son
wh
o i
s
no
t a
po
liti
cal
scie
nti
st,
he
wo
uld
hav
e to
ex
pre
ss h
imse
lf d
iffe
ren
tly
an
d
"sp
end
" a
lot
mo
re w
ord
s so
th
at t
he
oth
er p
arty
co
uld
un
der
stan
d h
im.
As
Hu
dso
n
stat
es,
"ev
ery
p
rofe
ssio
n
nec
essa
rily
h
as
its
ow
n
term
ino
log
y,
wit
ho
ut
wh
ich
it
s m
emb
ers
can
nei
ther
expre
ss th
emse
lves
nor
can th
ey
thin
k."
38
Sec
on
dly
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age
allo
ws
inte
rnat
ion
al c
om
mu
nic
atio
n
of
pro
fess
ion
als.
If
a C
roat
ian
mat
hem
atic
ian
pro
ves
a t
heo
rem
, C
hin
ese
and
Jap
anes
e m
ath
emat
icia
ns
wil
l b
e ab
le t
o u
nd
erst
and
his
pro
of,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e
wri
tten
wit
h m
ath
emat
ical
sy
mb
ols
, w
ith
ou
t a
pro
ble
m,
even
th
ou
gh
th
ey
37 I
n s
hort
, co
nso
ciat
ional
dem
ocr
acy i
s bas
ed o
n c
onse
nsu
s an
d a
gre
emen
t, r
ather
th
an o
utv
oti
ng a
nd d
ecis
ions
by a
sim
ple
maj
ori
ty.
38 Q
uo
ted
in
ib
id.,
p.
22
.
28
tren
d o
f p
rod
uct
ion
au
tom
atio
n a
nd
th
e in
crea
sin
g t
ren
d o
f fe
mal
e
emp
loy
men
t.
9.
Glo
bal
izat
ion
is
a p
roce
ss t
hat
mar
ked
th
e la
st t
wen
ty y
ears
. It
lea
ds
to
furt
her
ch
ang
es
in
the
fiel
d
of
work
: w
ork
at
hom
e,
incr
ease
d
mig
rati
on
o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n,
rep
lace
men
t o
f m
anu
al
wo
rk
wit
h
inte
llec
tual
, et
c.
10
. T
he
gen
eral
te
nd
ency
in
so
ciet
y,
tho
ug
h
wit
h
man
y
neg
ativ
e
ph
eno
men
a,
is
the
ten
den
cy
to
incr
ease
th
e q
ual
ity
o
f w
ork
(t
he
pre
val
ence
of
inte
llec
tual
lab
or)
, st
and
ard
s o
f li
vin
g a
nd
pro
lon
gin
g
the
life
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ion
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
per
iod
s in
th
e h
isto
ry o
f la
bo
r?
2.
What
is
the
Pal
eoli
thic
and w
hat
is
the
dom
inan
t fo
rm o
f w
ork
in
th
is
per
iod
?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
Ep
och
of
To
ols
?
4.
Wh
en d
id T
he
Ind
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
n o
ccu
r? W
hic
h i
nv
enti
on
mad
e it
po
ssib
le?
5.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e?
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n f
eatu
res
of
the
Po
st-I
nd
ust
rial
Ag
e?
7.
Ho
w d
id th
e P
ost
-In
du
stri
al A
ge
affe
ct th
e d
aily
li
fe o
f m
an?
Set
exam
ple
s to
c
orr
ob
ora
te t
he
answ
ers!
8.
Wh
at i
s g
lob
aliz
atio
n?
9.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
glo
bal
izat
ion
?
10
. W
hat
was
th
e re
lati
on
ship
of
chan
ges
in
th
e fi
eld
of
wo
rk a
nd
so
ciet
y?
29
3.
Cla
ssic
al T
heor
ies o
f the
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Wor
k
Wil
l a
firs
t-cl
ass
wo
rker
do
mo
re w
ork
a d
ay w
ith
a l
oad
of
sho
vel
s w
hic
h w
eig
h 5
po
un
ds,
10
po
un
ds,
15
po
un
ds,
20
, 2
5,
30
or
40
po
un
ds?
T
his
q
ues
tio
n
can
b
e an
swer
ed
on
ly
afte
r ca
refu
lly
co
nd
uct
ed
exp
erim
ents
...
Th
e w
eig
ht
was
gra
dual
ly c
han
ged
and t
he
condit
ions
un
der
wh
ich
wo
rker
s w
ork
ed w
ere
care
full
y o
bse
rved
fo
r a
few
wee
ks.
P
eop
le w
ho
wer
e d
oin
g t
his
ex
per
imen
t w
ere
ver
y s
kil
led
res
earc
her
s.
Th
ey
con
clu
ded
th
at
the
firs
t-cl
ass
wo
rker
ca
n
achie
ve
the
hig
hes
t p
erfo
rman
ce
wh
en
the
sho
vel
w
eig
hs
abo
ut
21
p
ou
nd
s (1
0
kg
).
(Win
slo
w F
red
eric
k T
aylo
r)
Prec
urso
rs o
f the
theo
ry o
f wor
k or
gani
zatio
n
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
per
iod
of
the
mo
st a
nci
ent
civ
iliz
atio
ns,
su
ch a
s E
gy
pt
and
B
aby
lon
, d
id
no
t p
rese
rve
wo
rks
that
sp
ecif
ical
ly
dea
lt
wit
h
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, th
e q
ual
ity
of
buil
din
gs
that
appea
red i
n t
hose
tim
es
ind
icat
es t
hat
th
ese
civ
iliz
atio
ns
ado
pte
d a
ver
y h
igh
lev
el o
f o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk.
Th
e fi
rst
ori
gin
al r
eco
rds
abo
ut
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f so
ciet
y a
re t
aken
fro
m H
amm
ura
bi's
Co
de
of
Law
s (a
bo
ut
17
00
BC
).17 F
rom
An
cien
t G
reec
e
com
es K
sen
ofo
nt's
wri
tin
g "
Oec
on
om
icu
s"18 w
hic
h g
ives
ad
vic
e ab
ou
t th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
in
th
e h
ou
seh
old
. In
an
cien
t R
om
e, C
ato
n a
nd
Vo
ron
pro
vid
e ru
les
for
the
man
agem
ent
of
esta
tes.
Fro
m t
he
Mid
dle
Ag
es t
her
e is
no
men
tio
n o
f v
alu
able
tex
ts a
bo
ut
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
du
rin
g t
he
Ren
aiss
ance
,
Leo
nar
do
da
Vin
ci (
14
52
- 1
51
9)
dea
lt w
ith
, am
on
g o
ther
th
ing
s, p
lann
ing
17 A
bout
firs
t old
est
work
s in
the
fiel
d o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n s
ee S
ikav
ica,
Per
e an
d M
ijo N
ovak
, 1993,
Busi
ness
Org
aniz
atio
n, I
nfo
rmat
or,
Zag
reb, pp. 42-3
. 1
8 T
he
ver
y w
ord
eco
no
my
co
mes
fro
m t
wo G
reek
word
s: o
ikos
= h
ouse
and
no
mo
s =
law
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, o
rig
inal
ly e
con
om
y m
eant
to b
ring o
rder
to t
he
house
hold
, m
anag
ing
th
e h
ou
seh
old
.
10
4
4) P
rofe
ssio
nals
hav
e th
eir
own
asso
ciat
ions
.
We
hav
e al
read
y
stat
ed
that
o
ne
of
the
fun
ctio
ns
of
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s is
to
d
efen
d
mo
no
po
ly.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e ar
e m
any
o
ther
fun
ctio
ns
of
thes
e as
soci
atio
ns,
of
wh
ich
th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t ar
e:
1.
Pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s co
ntr
ol
acce
ss
to
the
pro
fess
ion
. T
hes
e
asso
ciat
ion
s sh
ou
ld g
uar
ante
e th
at a
ll t
hei
r m
emb
ers
fin
ish
ed c
oll
ege,
pas
sed
the
exam
an
d
met
oth
er
con
dit
ion
s re
qu
ired
fo
r th
e
per
form
ance
of
pro
fess
ion
al s
erv
ices
.
2.
Pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s su
per
vis
e th
e ex
per
tise
an
d
trai
nin
g
of
pro
fess
ion
als.
Fo
r so
meo
ne
to b
e a
pro
fess
ion
al,
it i
s n
ot
eno
ug
h t
o
finis
h
coll
ege,
but
one
must
sh
ow
in
p
ract
ice
that
o
ne
is
able
to
per
form
his
pro
fess
ion
leg
e ar
tis
(in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
rule
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
). T
her
efo
re,
afte
r re
ceiv
ing
a n
ew m
emb
er,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
asso
ciat
ion m
ust
conti
nue
to m
on
ito
r h
is/h
er w
ork
. T
his
is
nec
essa
ry
esp
ecia
lly
to
day
, w
hen
th
ere
is a
n o
ng
oin
g p
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elo
pm
ent,
and
p
rofe
ssio
nal
as
soci
atio
ns
con
tro
l if
th
eir
mem
ber
s fo
llo
w
the
pro
gre
ss i
n t
hei
r p
rofe
ssio
ns.
3.
To
be
able
to
acc
om
pli
sh t
hes
e fu
nct
ion
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
ns
mu
st o
rgan
ize
per
man
ent
edu
cati
on
, fi
nan
ce a
nd
sti
mu
late
sci
enti
fic
wo
rk
of
pro
fess
ion
als
and
en
able
th
e ex
chan
ge
of
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
4.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s ar
e fi
gh
tin
g f
or
the
eco
no
mic
in
tere
sts
of
mem
ber
s o
f th
eir
ow
n
pro
fess
ion
. T
her
efo
re,
they
tr
y
to
ensu
re
adeq
uat
e ta
riff
s fo
r p
rov
idin
g
pro
fess
ion
al
serv
ices
. T
hu
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
sh
ou
ld
tak
e ca
re
that
th
e w
ork
o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
als
is w
ell-
pai
d,
bu
t al
so t
hat
th
e w
ork
of
pro
fess
ion
als
is o
f
103
do
an
y h
arm
si
nce
an
un
edu
cate
d "
surg
eon
" w
ou
ld p
rob
ably
kil
l h
is p
atie
nt,
an
un
edu
cate
d
bu
ild
er
of
dam
s co
uld
ca
use
a
flo
od
w
ith
ca
tast
rop
hic
pro
po
rtio
ns.
So
, so
ciet
y
ben
efit
s fr
om
mo
no
po
le b
ecau
se i
t en
sure
s th
at t
he
dem
and
ing
tas
ks
are
per
form
ed b
y p
erso
ns
wh
o a
re q
ual
ifie
d t
o d
o t
hem
.
Ho
wev
er,
pro
fess
ion
als
also
b
enef
it
of
hav
ing
a
mo
no
po
ly
them
selv
es
bec
ause
th
e st
ate
ensu
res
that
th
ere
is
no
co
mp
etit
ion
fr
om
n
on
-
pro
fess
ion
als.
T
her
efo
re,
the
Med
ical
C
ham
ber
p
rev
ents
q
uas
i d
oct
ors
to
pra
ctic
e m
edic
ine,
an
d t
he
bar
pre
ven
ts p
erso
ns
wh
o h
ave
no
t co
mp
lete
d l
aw
sch
oo
l an
d h
ave
no
t p
asse
d t
he
bar
ex
am t
o e
arn
mo
ney
fro
m d
efen
din
g
som
ebo
dy
in
co
urt
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
ns,
wit
h t
he
hel
p
of
a o
f st
ate,
pre
ven
t am
ateu
rs t
o w
ork
an
d c
har
ge
serv
ices
th
at c
an o
nly
be
pro
vid
ed
by
p
rofe
ssio
nal
s.
Ho
wev
er,
in
ord
er
for
pro
fess
ion
als
to
tru
ly
just
ify
th
eir
mo
no
po
ly,
they
mu
st t
ake
care
th
at t
he
rig
ht
to h
ave
a m
on
op
oly
is r
eser
ved
on
ly f
or
tho
se p
erso
ns
wh
o a
re a
ble
to
wo
rk p
rofe
ssio
nal
ly.
In
oth
er w
ord
s, t
he
task
of
the
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s (s
ee n
ext
par
agra
ph
) is
to e
lim
inat
e th
ose
mem
ber
s w
ho
eit
her
do
no
t h
ave
the
exp
erti
se o
r d
o n
ot
resp
ect
the
pri
nci
ple
s o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
So
, if
a c
ivil
engin
eer
mak
es a
n
inco
rrec
t st
ruct
ura
l an
aly
sis
and
th
e b
rid
ge
coll
apse
s,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
asso
ciat
ion
sh
ou
ld t
ake
away
his
lic
ense
so
th
at h
e ca
nn
ot
carr
y o
ut
furt
her
wo
rk.
Th
e sa
me
pen
alty
sh
ou
ld b
e im
po
sed i
f th
e ci
vil
engin
eer
rece
ives
a
bri
be
or
bec
om
es c
orr
up
ted
. T
hu
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s h
ave
the
rig
ht
to h
ave
a
mo
no
po
ly,
bu
t th
ey s
ho
uld
als
o c
on
stan
tly j
ust
ify t
hei
r ri
ght
to a
monopoly
wit
h t
he
resu
lts
of
thei
r w
ork
. M
on
op
oly
is
a p
riv
ileg
e, b
ut
it i
s al
so a
n
ob
lig
atio
n.
30
and
rat
ion
aliz
atio
n o
f w
ork
. A
t th
e tu
rn o
f th
e 1
6th
in
17
th c
entu
ry,
Gal
ileo
Gal
ilei
ex
plo
red
th
e im
pac
t o
f fa
tig
ue
on
th
e re
du
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ing
ab
ilit
y,
and
at
the
turn
of
the
17
th i
n 1
8th
Cen
tury
Mar
shal
Vo
ban
an
aly
zed
th
e
impac
t of
work
ers
in p
erfo
rman
ce o
f ea
rth
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
un
til
the
18
th
cen
tury
w
ork
w
as
rela
tiv
ely
ra
re
sub
ject
of
anal
ysi
s of
gre
at
thin
ker
s.
How
ever
, A
dam
Sm
ith,
the
founder
of
econ
om
ics
as a
sci
ence
, m
ade
an
imp
ort
ant
con
trib
uti
on
to
th
e st
ud
y o
f w
ork
, es
pec
iall
y t
he
imp
act
of
wo
rk
pro
du
ctiv
ity
on
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
wo
rk.
Ada
m S
mith
(172
3-17
90)
Th
e m
ost
fa
mo
us
wo
rk
of
Adam
S
mit
h,
Wea
lth o
f N
atio
ns,
was
pu
bli
shed
in
th
e 1
77
6
(th
e sa
me
yea
r w
hen
A
mer
ican
Dec
lara
tion
of
Inde
pend
ence
was
pu
bli
shed
) an
d i
s co
nsi
der
ed t
he
firs
t m
oder
n w
ork
of
eco
no
mic
s. B
ein
g a
ph
ilo
sop
her
wh
o a
lso
dea
ls w
ith
eth
ics,
Sm
ith
an
aly
zes
hu
man
nat
ure
an
d c
on
clu
des
th
at p
eop
le a
re e
go
ists
. H
ow
ever
, th
is e
go
tism
can
hav
e a
po
siti
ve
imp
act
on
th
e ec
on
om
y,
bec
ause
by
str
ivin
g f
or
self
-
enri
chm
ent,
peo
ple
pro
du
ce g
oo
ds
use
d b
y o
ther
peo
ple
. A
s S
mit
h s
ays,
"it
is n
ot
go
od
nes
s o
f b
utc
her
, b
rew
er o
r b
aker
th
at g
ives
us
lun
ch,
bu
t th
eir
ow
n s
elf-
inte
rest
s."1
9 H
ow
ever
, w
hat
we
are
mo
st i
nte
rest
ed i
n i
s S
mit
h's
anal
ysi
s o
f th
e im
pac
t o
f th
e d
ivis
ion
of
wo
rk o
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
His
in
itia
l
pre
mis
e is
th
at p
eop
le d
o n
ot
dif
fer
mu
ch b
y t
alen
t. I
t is
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
and
sp
ecia
liza
tio
n t
hat
dev
elo
p t
alen
t an
d p
rov
ide
gre
at p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
Sm
ith
trie
d t
o p
rov
e h
is t
heo
ry i
n t
he
case
of
the
pro
du
ctio
n o
f n
eed
les.
On
e p
erso
n
19S
mit
h,
Ad
am,
17
76
., A
n in
quir
y in
to t
he n
atur
e an
d ca
uses
of
the
wea
lth o
f na
tions
, W
hit
esto
ne,
Dubli
n, p. 18.
31
can
bar
ely
mak
e a
do
zen
nee
dle
s a
day
duri
ng
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs.
In c
on
tras
t, i
n
the
man
ufa
ctu
re o
f n
eed
les
ten
wo
rker
s m
ay o
ne
day
mak
e 4
8 0
00
nee
dle
s!
In o
ther
wo
rds,
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
of
nee
dle
s is
48
00
per
wo
rker
p
er
day
, w
hic
h
is
24
0
tim
es
hig
her
p
rod
uct
ivit
y
than
in
cr
aft
pro
du
ctio
n!
Th
e ca
use
of
this
dra
mat
ic i
ncr
ease
in
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, S
mit
h f
ind
s
in t
he
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r, w
hic
h i
s th
e w
ho
le p
roce
ss o
f p
rod
uct
ion
of
nee
dle
s
div
ided
in
to 1
8 v
ery
sim
ple
op
erat
ion
s. E
ach
wo
rker
per
form
s o
nly
on
e o
r
two
of
thes
e o
per
atio
ns,
wh
ich
mak
es p
rod
uct
ion
mu
ch f
aste
r. S
mit
h c
ites
thre
e m
ain
rea
son
s w
hy
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
incr
ease
s th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y o
f
lab
or:
1.
Incr
ease
s w
ork
er's
sk
ills
b
ecau
se
wo
rker
p
erfo
rms
on
ly
a sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ing
op
erat
ion
s th
at a
re s
pec
iali
zed
;
2.
Sav
es t
ime
bec
ause
no
wo
rker
mo
ves
fro
m o
ne
wo
rkin
g p
roce
ss t
o
ano
ther
;
3.
All
ow
s th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f m
ach
iner
y.
Ho
wev
er,
it is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at ev
en A
dam
S
mit
h n
oti
ced
a
dra
wb
ack
o
f d
ivis
ion
o
f w
ork
, st
atin
g
that
it
m
akes
p
eop
le
stu
pid
an
d
des
tro
ys
hu
man
bei
ng
s b
y m
akin
g t
hem
ign
ora
nt
and
th
ey d
o n
ot
know
how
to d
o a
ny
thin
g e
lse
in t
hei
r li
ves
ex
cep
t u
ncr
eati
ve
wo
rk.
Hen
ce,
Sm
ith
's
theo
ries
did
hav
e a
trem
end
ou
s im
pac
t o
n t
he
late
r d
evel
op
men
t o
f sc
ien
tifi
c
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
.20
20 E
xce
llen
t dep
icti
on o
f th
e li
fe a
nd w
ork
of
A.
Sm
ith i
s giv
en b
y G
albra
ith,
John
Ken
net
h,
1977,
The
Age
of U
ncer
tain
ty,
Ho
ug
hto
n M
iffl
in,
Bo
sto
n,
chap
ter
abo
ut
Ad
am
Sm
ith
.
10
2
2) P
rofe
ssio
ns a
re b
ased
on
scie
nce
and
theo
retic
al k
now
ledg
e,
whi
le c
raft
s are
bas
ed o
n ex
peri
ence
A
pro
fess
ion
al
do
es
not
only
dea
l w
ith
routi
ne
task
s,
he
solv
es
pro
ble
ms
by
usi
ng
sci
enti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
Wh
ile
the
inst
alle
r al
mo
st r
ou
tin
ely
sets
p
arq
uet
s,
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
mu
st
use
h
is/h
er
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
bas
ic
scie
nce
s -
mat
hem
atic
s, p
hy
sics
, st
atic
s, m
ech
anic
s -
to b
e ab
le t
o d
esig
n t
he
bri
dg
e.
Of
cou
rse,
ev
en
som
e o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s b
usi
nes
ses
are
rou
tin
ely
add
ress
ed.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
pat
ien
t w
ho
has
a f
ever
, ru
nn
y n
ose
an
d c
ou
gh
com
es t
o a
doct
or,
aft
er a
routi
ne
exam
inat
ion
h
e w
ill
giv
e p
resc
rip
tio
ns
for
cold
to
th
e p
atie
nt.
An
d c
raft
smen
als
o s
om
etim
es h
ave
to s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
a p
lum
ber
mu
st d
isco
ver
wh
y t
her
e h
as b
een
clo
gg
ing
in
th
e
was
hb
asin
. H
ow
ever
, w
hat
d
isti
ng
uis
hes
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
fr
om
th
e
craf
tsm
en's
is
h
is
abil
ity
to
so
lve
aty
pic
al
pro
ble
ms
by
u
sin
g
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
So
, w
hil
e th
e p
lum
ber
wil
l d
isas
sem
ble
was
hb
asin
in
a m
ann
er
wh
ich
he
lear
ned
du
rin
g h
is a
pp
ren
tice
ship
, th
e d
oct
or
wil
l h
ave
to u
se h
is
kn
ow
led
ge
of
gen
etic
s, c
hem
istr
y,
ph
ysi
olo
gy a
nd o
ther
sci
ence
s to
fin
d a
vac
cin
e ag
ain
st s
win
e fl
u.
3) P
rofe
ssio
n ha
s a m
onop
oly
on a
par
ticul
ar a
ctiv
ity.
On
ly a
pro
fess
ion
al s
ho
uld
per
form
act
ivit
ies
that
req
uir
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
kn
ow
led
ge.
Th
us,
a p
erso
n w
ho
has
no
med
ical
deg
ree,
an
d w
ou
ld a
ttem
pt
to
per
form
h
eart
su
rger
y w
ou
ld h
ave
to b
eco
me
a su
bje
ct to
li
abil
ity
. A
nd
des
ign
ing
hy
dro
po
wer
dam
sh
ou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d o
ut
by
a p
erso
n w
ho
has
a
deg
ree
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
pro
fess
ion
als
hav
e a
mo
no
po
ly
to
carr
y
ou
t th
eir
pro
fess
ion
. T
he
stat
e giv
es
the
monopoly
an
d
legal
ly
pro
tect
s it
. T
he
aim
is
to p
reven
t th
e u
nau
tho
rize
d a
nd
un
qu
alif
ied
per
son
s to
101
poin
t out
that
in
th
e w
orl
d
ther
e is
a
gre
at
var
iety
o
f ti
tles
. T
hu
s,
for
exam
ple
, al
l th
e p
eop
le w
ho
hav
e fi
nis
hed
un
iver
sity
in P
ort
ugal
rec
eived
the
titl
e o
f a
do
cto
r, a
nd
aft
er c
om
ple
tin
g t
hei
r d
oct
ora
te d
egre
es t
hey
wer
e
giv
en t
he
titl
e o
f a
pro
fess
or.
36 D
iffe
ren
t st
ates
hav
e d
iffe
ren
t re
qu
irem
ents
that
mu
st b
e m
et f
or
som
eon
e to
get
th
e ap
pro
pri
ate
titl
e. S
o i
n t
he
U.S
., i
f
som
eon
e w
ants
to
bec
om
e a
med
ical
do
cto
r, o
ne
mu
st f
irst
fin
ish
co
lleg
e
(un
iver
sity
), a
nd
th
en g
o t
o a
med
ical
sch
oo
l. A
n a
dd
itio
nal
pro
ble
m i
n t
he
inte
rnat
ion
al
tran
sfer
o
f d
iplo
mas
is
th
e ex
iste
nce
o
f se
mi
pro
fess
ion
s -
occ
up
atio
ns
that
req
uir
e a
sho
rter
du
rati
on
of
trai
nin
g (
2-3
yea
rs).
Ex
amp
les
of
such
sem
ipro
fess
ion
s ar
e n
urs
es a
nd
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs w
ho
gra
du
ate
fro
m
Po
lyte
chn
ic s
cho
ols
. O
ne
of
the
reas
on
s fo
r ac
cep
tin
g t
he
Bo
log
na
pro
cess
is
equ
aliz
ing
th
e ti
tle
in
the
Eu
rop
ean
U
nio
n,
in
ord
er
to
faci
lita
te
lab
or
mo
bil
ity
. T
he
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e ti
tle
is t
o g
ive
info
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t so
met
hin
g
that
so
meo
ne
can
do
. In
ev
ery
day
co
nv
ersa
tio
n,
wh
en w
e m
eet
a n
ew p
erso
n
(say
on
ch
at),
on
e o
f th
e q
ues
tio
ns
that
ari
ses
is w
hat
so
meo
ne
do
es,
or
wh
at
on
e's
pro
fess
ion
is.
Th
e sh
ort
est
answ
er t
o t
his
qu
esti
on
is
to s
pec
ify
tit
les.
Th
us,
by
ass
ign
ing
th
e ti
tle,
sta
tes
gu
aran
tee
that
a p
erso
n b
eco
mes
a p
ro,
and
th
at o
ne
is t
rain
ed t
o p
erfo
rm p
rofe
ssio
n r
equ
irin
g a
un
iver
sity
deg
ree.
It
is t
her
efo
re u
sefu
l to
pu
t th
e ti
tle
on
on
e's
vis
itin
g c
ard
, cr
edit
car
d,
ph
on
e
bo
ok
, ev
en
on
th
e d
oo
r o
f th
e ap
artm
ent,
b
ecau
se
it
giv
es
a p
ote
nti
al
cust
om
ers
the
info
rmat
ion
th
at a
per
son
is
able
to
pro
vid
e a
serv
ice
that
th
e
cust
om
er n
eed
s. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
by
hig
hli
ghti
ng
on
e's
titl
e a
per
son
in
dic
ates
that
he/
she
is a
pro
fess
ion
al.
36 I
bid
, p
. 2
8, n
ote
1.
32
Win
slow
Fre
deri
ck T
aylo
r (18
56-1
915)
If S
mit
h is
co
nsi
der
ed as
th
e fo
un
der
o
f ec
on
om
ics
as a
scie
nce
,
Tay
lor
can
ce
rtai
nly
b
e co
nsi
der
ed as
th
e fo
un
der
o
f th
e sc
ien
ce o
f th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
. H
is l
ife
gre
atly
contr
ibute
d t
o t
his
: he
beg
an t
o w
ork
as a
n o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
wh
o,
afte
r h
e fi
nis
hed
his
stu
die
s at
th
e fa
cult
y o
f
mec
han
ical
en
gin
eeri
ng
, cl
imb
ed t
he
hie
rarc
hic
al l
add
er t
o c
hie
f en
gin
eer.
Su
ch w
ork
ing
car
eer
enab
led
Tay
lor
to k
no
w b
ette
r th
e w
ork
an
d w
ork
ers
at
all
lev
els
of
the
org
aniz
atio
nal
ch
art.
Th
eref
ore
, in
his
wo
rks
he
oft
en c
ited
exp
erie
nce
he
had
as
an o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
. H
e st
ated
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
that
th
e
wo
rker
s ta
lked
en
thu
sias
tica
lly
ab
ou
t th
e at
hle
te w
ho
gav
e h
is b
est
du
rin
g
the
mat
ch (
he
left
th
e h
eart
on
th
e fi
eld
), b
ut
they
th
emse
lves
wer
e p
ron
e to
lazi
ng
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
. T
aylo
r st
ated
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s w
ere
ang
ry w
ith
him
bec
ause
he
wo
rked
ver
y h
ard
, an
d t
hey
wer
e af
raid
th
at t
hei
r su
per
iors
wo
uld
incr
ease
th
eir
stan
dar
ds.
T
hey
w
ent
so fa
r th
at he
was
th
reat
ened
to
be
bea
ten
up
if
he
did
not
red
uce
th
e in
ten
sity
of
his
wo
rk!
Tay
lor
fou
nd
th
e
reas
on
fo
r th
ese
ano
mal
ies
in t
he
inad
equ
ate
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, es
pec
iall
y
in
inad
equ
ate
no
rms.
S
pec
ific
ally
, th
e w
ork
ers
did
n
ot
hav
e a
spec
ific
amo
un
t o
f w
ork
th
ey h
ad t
o d
o d
uri
ng
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs,
so t
hey
tri
ed t
o a
vo
id
wo
rk w
hen
ever
th
ere
sup
erio
r w
as n
ot
nea
rby
. B
ased
on
his
ex
per
ien
ce a
s a
wo
rker
an
d
sub
seq
uen
t re
flec
tio
n
on
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
, T
aylo
r
form
ula
ted
his
pri
nci
ple
s o
f "s
cien
tifi
c m
anag
emen
t."
Bo
th o
bje
ctiv
es c
an b
e
ach
iev
ed
sim
ult
aneo
usl
y
if
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f w
ork
in
crea
ses
eno
ug
h.
Th
eref
ore
, T
aylo
r b
elie
ved
th
at t
he
go
als
of
emp
loy
ers
and
wo
rker
s d
o n
ot
clas
h.
Tay
lor
stat
ed h
ow
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
co
uld
be
incr
ease
d:
33
1.
It i
s n
eces
sary
to
mak
e a
stri
ct d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
into
in
tell
ectu
al a
nd
ph
ysi
cal
(pla
nn
ing
sh
ou
ld p
rece
de
the
exec
uti
on
of
wo
rk).
2.
Ex
per
imen
tati
on
sh
ou
ld f
ind
th
e b
est
way
to
do
th
e jo
b.
3.
Nex
t, t
he
tim
e re
qu
ired
fo
r th
e ex
ecu
tio
n o
f th
e ta
sk,
and
eac
h w
ork
op
erat
ion
sh
ou
ld b
e d
eter
min
ed.
4.
When
the
opti
mal
met
hod i
s es
tabli
shed
, w
ork
ers
nee
d t
o l
earn
ho
w t
o
use
it.
Th
e en
gin
eer
sho
uld
be
a "c
oac
h"
of
emp
loy
ees.
5.
It i
s n
eces
sary
to
ch
oo
se t
he
bes
t to
ols
an
d m
ach
ines
, an
d d
eter
min
e
the
op
tim
al w
ay t
o u
se t
hem
.
6.
Sta
ff
sho
uld
u
nq
ues
tio
nin
gly
o
bey
m
anag
er's
o
rder
s -
a st
rict
dis
cip
lin
e is
re
qu
ired
. L
azy
w
ork
ers
sho
uld
b
e la
id
off
. H
ow
ever
,
pu
nis
hm
ent
sho
uld
be
fair
, an
d t
he
mo
ney
fro
m t
he
fin
es s
ho
uld
be
pu
t in
th
e w
ork
ers'
mu
tual
fu
nd
.
7.
Wo
rker
s sh
ou
ld
be
rew
ard
ed
ind
ivid
ual
ly.
If
he/
she
wo
rks
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e sc
ien
tifi
c o
rgan
izat
ion
, th
e w
ork
er's
sal
ary
sh
ou
ld
be
incr
ease
d b
y 3
0-1
00
% a
nd
th
e w
ork
er s
hould
get
the
awar
d a
s so
on
as p
oss
ible
.
It is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at T
aylo
r's
met
ho
ds
did
n
ot
imm
edia
tely
rece
ive
the
sup
po
rt o
f w
ork
ers
and
tra
de
un
ion
s, s
ince
his
met
ho
ds
wer
e
inte
rpre
ted
as
an a
ttem
pt
of
furt
her
ex
plo
itat
ion
of
wo
rker
s. T
aylo
r h
imse
lf
con
trib
ute
d t
o t
his
bec
ause
in
his
work
s h
e o
ften
use
d h
arsh
wo
rds
wh
en h
e
talk
ed
abo
ut
the
wo
rker
s.
Ho
wev
er,
the
use
of
Tay
lor'
s m
eth
od
s in
th
e
ind
ust
ry l
ed t
o a
n i
nte
nse
in
crea
se i
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y,
wh
ich
is
wh
y h
is w
ork
was
on
e o
f th
e b
asic
wo
rks
for
the
un
der
stan
din
g o
f ec
on
om
ic g
row
th i
n t
he
10
0
Ho
wev
er,
apar
t fr
om
th
e u
sual
mea
nin
g o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al t
her
e is
als
o a
soci
olo
gic
al d
efin
itio
n,
acco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h t
he
pro
fess
ion
is
an o
ccu
pat
ion
that
is
bas
ed o
n h
igh
er e
du
cati
on
, th
at i
s, o
n g
rad
uat
ing
fro
m c
oll
ege.
Th
e
term
pro
fess
ion
is
oft
en i
den
tifi
ed w
ith
th
e co
nce
pt
of
occ
up
atio
n,
so t
he
acti
vit
y fr
om
w
hic
h one
mak
es th
e li
vin
g.
Ho
wev
er,
even
th
ou
gh
ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
is
an o
ccu
pat
ion
, n
ot
ever
y o
ccu
pat
ion
is
a p
rofe
ssio
n.
Bei
ng
a
civ
il e
ng
inee
r is
an
occ
up
atio
n a
nd
a p
rofe
ssio
n,
bu
t a
ben
der
is
just
an
occ
up
atio
n s
ince
it
is n
ot
nec
essa
ry t
o f
inis
h c
oll
ege
for
this
type
of
job.
It i
s
nec
essa
ry h
ere
to d
efin
e an
oth
er r
elat
ed t
erm
, an
d t
hat
is
vo
cati
on
. S
o,
the
vo
cati
on
is
a ti
tle
on
e ac
qu
ires
th
rou
gh
edu
cati
on
. A
lth
ou
gh
th
e co
nce
pts
of
vo
cati
on
an
d o
ccu
pat
ion
in
th
e se
nse
usu
ally
co
inci
de,
th
is m
ay n
ot
alw
ays
be
so.
A p
erso
n w
ho
is
qu
alif
ied
as
civ
il e
ng
inee
r ca
n b
eco
me
a p
oli
tici
an b
y
occ
up
atio
n,
a d
oct
or
of
ph
ilo
sop
hy
can
op
en a
sp
ecia
lize
d s
ho
p f
or
bak
ing
po
pco
rn.
Ho
wev
er,
on
e ca
n b
e a
pro
, in
th
e so
cio
log
ical
sen
se o
f th
e w
ord
, if
ther
e is
a m
atch
of
voca
tio
ns
and
occ
up
atio
ns,
so
if
yo
u w
ork
in
a p
rofe
ssio
n
in w
hic
h o
ne
fin
ish
ed a
co
lleg
e.
Cha
ract
eris
tics o
f a p
rofe
ssio
n
Des
pit
e n
um
ero
us
spec
ific
s o
f th
e v
ario
us
pro
fess
ion
s, t
her
e ar
e th
eir
com
mo
n f
eatu
res,
th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t b
ein
g t
he
foll
ow
ing
:
1) P
rofe
ssio
nalis
m r
equi
res h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion.
Fro
m
a so
cio
log
ical
d
efin
itio
n
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m,
wh
ich
w
e h
ave
pre
vio
usl
y s
tate
d,
the
firs
t p
rere
qu
isit
e to
co
nsi
der
so
meo
ne
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
to f
inis
h c
oll
ege.
Hen
ce t
he
log
ical
co
ncl
usi
on
is
that
a p
ro m
ust
hav
e an
app
rop
riat
e ti
tle
- a
do
cto
r, a
mas
ter,
an
en
gin
eer.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
99
9.
Prof
essi
onal
ism
A d
evel
opm
ent
of
the
craf
t in
to a
pro
fess
ion b
egin
s w
hen
a w
ork
p
erfo
rmed
is
bas
ed o
n t
heo
reti
cal
kn
ow
led
ge.
A c
ivil
en
gin
eer
dif
fers
fr
om
a b
rick
lay
er i
n h
is k
no
wle
dg
e of
stat
ics,
mec
han
ics,
geo
met
ry,
etc.
In
th
e sa
me
way
a
surg
eon
b
eco
mes
th
e m
edic
al
pro
fess
ion
al
(as
op
po
sed
to
th
e b
arb
er
wh
o
has
p
rev
iou
sly
p
erfo
rmed
su
rgic
al
op
erat
ion
s),
wh
en
he
beg
ins
to
bas
e h
is
kn
ow
led
ge
on
th
eori
es
(ph
ysi
olo
gy
, ch
emis
try
, et
c.).
(Š
pore
r)
Def
initi
ons o
f pro
fess
ion35
In e
ver
yd
ay l
ang
uag
e, t
he
term
pro
fess
ion
al i
s u
sual
ly u
sed
fo
r tw
o
mea
nin
gs.
Fir
stly
, a
pro
fess
ion
al i
s a
staf
f m
emb
er w
ho
wo
rks
for
mo
ney
.
Th
us,
in
co
ntr
ast
to t
he
gro
up
of
frie
nd
s w
ho
pla
y f
oo
tbal
l fo
r p
leas
ure
an
d
are
ther
efo
re a
mat
eurs
, a
pro
fess
ion
al f
oo
tbal
l p
lay
er i
s th
e o
ne
wh
o e
arn
s
mo
ney
b
y
pla
yin
g
foo
tbal
l.
In
ord
er
for
a p
erso
n
to
be
con
sid
ered
a
pro
fess
ion
al,
som
eon
e sh
ou
ld b
e w
illi
ng t
o p
ay f
or
his
skil
ls.
So,
a so
ccer
pla
yer
bec
om
es a
pro
fess
ion
al w
hen
th
e au
die
nce
is
read
y t
o b
uy
a t
ick
et t
o
be
able
to
wat
ch h
is s
tun
ts.
An
oth
er m
ean
ing
of
the
term
pro
fess
ion
al i
s an
ex
per
t. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
som
eon
e w
ho
is
able
to
do
a q
ual
ity
jo
b t
hat
he
is e
ng
aged
in.
Acc
ord
ing t
o t
his
mea
nin
g t
he
kil
ler
is a
pro
fess
ion
al p
erso
n w
ho
is
able
to p
erfo
rm h
is "
wo
rk a
ssig
nm
ent"
wit
h a
sin
gle
bu
llet
fro
m a
sn
iper
. W
hen
we
say
th
at
som
eon
e is
a
tru
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
th
at
mea
ns
that
he/
she
is
ded
icat
ed t
o h
is j
ob
an
d t
hat
he/
she
real
ly k
no
ws
ho
w t
o d
o h
is j
ob
wel
l.
35 T
his
and
the
next
cha
pter
are
bas
ed o
n Š
pore
r, Ž
eljk
a, 1
990,
Soc
iolo
gy o
f pr
ofes
sion
s: a
n es
say
on t
he s
ocia
l co
nditi
onal
ity o
f pr
ofes
sion
aliz
atio
n,
Cro
atia
n
Soci
olo
gic
al S
oci
ety, Z
agre
b.
34
ind
ust
rial
era
. H
is m
eth
od
s o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n f
ou
nd
a w
ide
app
lica
tio
n i
n
alm
ost
all
sec
tors
of
the
eco
no
my
.
Fra
nk B
unke
r Gilb
reth
(186
8-19
24)
Gil
bre
th i
s im
po
rtan
t fo
r st
ud
ents
of
civ
il e
ng
inee
rin
g,
no
t o
nly
fo
r h
is
contr
ibuti
ons
to t
he
theo
ry o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk,
bu
t al
so b
ecau
se h
e
dea
lt w
ith
co
nst
ruct
ion
, sp
ecif
ical
ly m
asonry
. L
ike
Tay
lor,
he
lear
nt
fro
m h
is
ow
n e
xp
erie
nce
. H
e st
arte
d w
ork
as
an a
pp
ren
tice
bri
ckla
yer
, b
ut
he
late
r
bec
ame
the
ow
ner
of
a su
cces
sfu
l co
nst
ruct
ion
co
mp
any
. W
hil
e st
ill
wo
rkin
g
as a
bri
ckla
yer
, h
e n
oti
ced
th
at e
ver
y b
rick
lay
er h
ad t
hre
e te
chn
iqu
es:
on
e
that
th
e b
rick
lay
er t
each
es t
o n
ew m
asons,
but
he
him
self
do
es n
ot
use
, an
d
the
slo
w a
nd
fas
t te
chn
iqu
e. L
ater
Gil
ber
th f
ound t
he
mo
st e
ffec
tiv
e m
aso
nry
tech
niq
ue
in w
hic
h h
e el
imin
ated
re
du
nd
ant
mo
ves
(b
end
ing
d
ow
n)
and
rep
lace
d t
he
slo
w m
ov
emen
ts w
ith
th
e fa
st o
nes
. H
e re
du
ced
th
e n
um
ber
of
mo
vem
ents
fro
m 1
8 t
o 5
(m
inim
um
of
just
tw
o m
ov
emen
ts).
Bri
ckla
yer
no
lon
ger
had
to
mo
ve
to r
each
a b
rick
an
d m
ort
ar as
h
is as
sist
ant
wo
rker
pre
par
ed b
rick
s fo
r h
im.
Ab
ou
t G
ilb
reth
's i
nn
ov
atio
n T
aylo
r w
rite
s: "
He
has
intr
od
uce
d s
imp
le e
qu
ipm
ent,
su
ch a
s, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e sc
affo
ldin
g w
ho
se
hei
gh
t ca
n b
e ch
ang
ed,
and
th
e fr
ames
fo
r b
rick
pac
kag
ing
, w
hic
h,
wit
h l
ittl
e
coll
abo
rati
on
of
chea
p u
nsk
ille
d w
ork
ers,
co
mple
tely
eli
min
ate
the
whole
seri
es o
f te
dio
us
long-t
erm
movem
ents
."21
Gil
bre
th's
in
no
vat
ion
in
crea
sed
the
nu
mb
er o
f b
rick
s la
id f
rom
12
0 t
o 3
50
per
ho
ur
per
wo
rker
an
d t
he
wo
rker
s al
so b
ecam
e le
ss t
ired
. G
ilb
reth
is
also
kn
ow
n f
or
hav
ing
in
tro
du
ced
21 T
aylo
r, F
reder
ick W
insl
ow
, 1967
, Sc
ient
ific
Man
agem
ent,
Bel
gra
de:
Oper
atio
n,
p. 211.
35
the
stu
dy
o
f m
ov
emen
t an
d
tim
e.
Cam
era
reco
rded
th
e m
ov
emen
ts
of
bri
ckla
yer
s,
to
iden
tify
opti
mal
m
oves
. H
e in
tro
du
ced
th
e so
-cal
led
chro
no
log
ical
gra
ph
s th
at r
eco
rded
the
movem
ents
of
work
ers.
Gil
bre
th,
as
wel
l as
Tay
lor,
arg
ued
th
at t
her
e w
as o
nly
one
bes
t m
ethod f
or
per
form
ing
any
ph
ysi
cal
wo
rk a
nd
he
trie
d t
o f
ind
su
ch a
met
ho
d.
Gil
bre
th's
an
aly
ses
hav
e fo
un
d
wid
esp
read
u
se
no
t o
nly
in
co
nst
ruct
ion
but
also
in
oth
er
ind
ust
ries
, in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
the
pri
mar
y a
nd
ter
tiar
y s
ecto
rs.
To
day
even
to
p
ath
lete
s u
se
gra
ph
s o
f ch
ron
olo
gic
al
ord
er,
to
imp
rov
e th
eir
tech
niq
ue,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
in
the
hig
h
jum
p.
It
is
import
ant
to
note
th
at
Gil
bre
th's
wif
e, L
illi
an G
ilb
reth
(1
87
8-1
97
2)
con
tin
ued
his
wo
rk a
fter
his
dea
th.
Esp
ecia
lly
si
gn
ific
ant
wer
e h
er
stu
die
s o
f o
pti
mal
p
roce
du
res
in
per
form
ance
of
ho
use
ho
ld c
ho
res.
To
day
's h
ou
sek
eep
ers
are
un
kn
ow
ing
ly
usi
ng
tec
hn
iqu
es a
nd
sch
edu
les
of
ho
me
app
lian
ces
that
wer
e p
erfe
cted
by
Lil
lian
Gil
bre
th h
erse
lf.
Max
Web
er (1
864-
1920
)
An
aly
sis
of
the
clas
sica
l th
eory
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
cer
tain
ly
has
to
in
clu
de
the
wo
rk
of
Max
W
eber
. A
lth
ou
gh
h
e w
as
pri
mar
ily
con
cern
ed w
ith
th
e st
ud
y o
f b
ure
aucr
acy
, h
is a
nal
yse
s o
f id
eal
typ
es o
f fo
rms
of
org
aniz
atio
n c
an b
e ap
pli
ed t
o a
lmo
st a
ny
kin
d o
f w
ork
. W
eber
bel
iev
ed
that
th
e w
ork
sh
ou
ld b
e b
ased
on
the
foll
ow
ing p
rinci
ple
s:
1.
It
is
nec
essa
ry
to
mak
e th
e m
axim
um
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r an
d
spec
iali
zati
on
so
th
at
the
emp
loy
ee
can
b
eco
me
an
exp
ert
of
his
pro
fess
ion
.
2.
It i
s nec
essa
ry t
o h
ave
a st
rict
hie
rarc
hy (
each
lo
wer
ran
kin
g e
mp
loy
ee
sho
uld
b
e u
nd
er co
ntr
ol
of
sen
ior
emp
loy
ees)
. P
yra
mid
al st
ruct
ure
98
5.
Th
e in
tern
ship
p
erio
d
last
s fr
om
g
rad
uat
ion
ti
ll
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t. T
his
per
iod
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y a
lar
ge
ho
rizo
nta
l an
d
smal
l ver
tica
l m
obil
ity.
6.
Fu
ll-t
ime
emp
loy
men
t is
a c
har
acte
rize
d b
y l
arg
e h
ori
zon
tal
and
sm
all
ver
tica
l m
ob
ilit
y,
fin
anci
al s
ecu
rity
an
d a
chie
vem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al
amb
itio
ns.
7.
Aft
er
reti
rem
ent,
th
ere
is
a lo
ss
of
stat
us,
re
du
ctio
n
of
inco
me,
reo
rien
tati
on
o
n
ho
bb
ies,
an
d
a g
rad
ual
re
du
ctio
n
of
wo
rkin
g
and
liv
ing
en
erg
y.
8.
Yo
un
g
and
u
ned
uca
ted
p
eop
le
are
the
mo
st
exp
ose
d
to
un
emp
loy
men
t. U
nem
plo
ym
ent
cau
ses
a lo
ss o
f se
lf-e
stee
m,
crit
icis
m
of
env
iro
nm
ent
psy
cho
log
ical
pro
ble
ms.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
stag
es o
f w
ork
ing
car
eer?
2.
Wh
y i
s th
e p
resc
ho
ol
per
iod
an
im
po
rtan
t p
has
e o
f w
ork
so
cial
izat
ion
?
3.
Ho
w d
oes
th
e sc
ho
ol
affe
ct t
he
soci
aliz
atio
n o
f w
ork
?
4.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
firs
t jo
b?
5.
Wh
at i
s h
ori
zon
tal
and
ver
tica
l m
ob
ilit
y?
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
inte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
per
iod
of
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t?
8.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n f
acto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
succ
ess
of
on
e's
care
er?
9.
Wh
at c
han
ges
do
es t
he
reti
rem
ent
per
iod
bri
ng
?
10
. W
hat
psy
cho
log
ical
dam
ages
are
cau
sed
by
un
emp
loy
men
t?
97
lev
el.
Ho
wev
er,
a d
egre
e is
no
t th
e o
nly
im
po
rtan
t fa
cto
r, b
ut
the
typ
e o
f
edu
cati
on
is
also
im
po
rtan
t. F
or
inst
ance
, th
ere
are
alm
ost
no
un
emp
loy
ed
info
rmat
ics
eng
inee
rs,
bu
t th
ere
is a
lar
ge
nu
mb
er o
f u
nem
plo
yed
po
liti
cal
scie
nce
g
rad
uat
es.
Ho
wev
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f o
ne'
s p
rofe
ssio
n,
alm
ost
al
l
unem
plo
yed
peo
ple
fac
e si
mil
ar p
rob
lem
s. U
nem
plo
ym
ent
lead
s to
a l
oss
of
self
-est
eem
. F
eeli
ng
th
at
no
o
ne
nee
ds
ou
r w
ork
le
ads
to
a fe
elin
g
of
infe
rio
rity
. A
lth
ou
gh
un
emp
loy
ed p
eop
le d
eser
ve
pit
y a
nd
ev
en s
oli
dar
ity
at
the
beg
inn
ing
, th
e lo
ng
er
they
ar
e u
nem
plo
yed
, th
e m
ore
ex
po
sed
to
envir
onm
enta
l cr
itic
ism
they
bec
om
e. U
nem
plo
yed
peo
ple
are
mo
re p
ron
e to
alco
ho
lism
, il
lnes
ses,
sex
ual
pro
ble
ms
and
su
icid
e. U
nem
plo
yed
sin
gle
s ar
e
in
an
esp
ecia
lly
to
ug
h
po
siti
on
b
ecau
se
they
hav
e no
mat
eria
l an
d
psy
cho
log
ical
su
pp
ort
of
thei
r fa
mil
ies.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Th
ere
are
fiv
e st
ages
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r, i
ncl
ud
ing
: p
rep
arat
ory
ph
ase,
th
e fi
rst
job
, th
e in
tern
p
has
e,
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t an
d
reti
rem
ent.
Th
e p
rep
arat
ory
ph
ase
is d
ivid
ed i
nto
pre
sch
oo
l an
d s
cho
ol
per
iod
.
2.
In t
he
pre
sch
oo
l p
erio
d c
hil
dre
n f
ind
ou
t w
hat
th
e w
ork
is,
pla
y t
he
role
of
dif
fere
nt
pro
fess
ion
s an
d a
cqu
ire
the
wo
rkin
g h
abit
s w
hic
h a
re
imp
ort
ant
for
thei
r su
bse
qu
ent
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
.
3.
Th
e sc
ho
ol
teac
hes
ch
ild
ren
sel
f-d
isci
pli
ne,
res
pec
t fo
r au
tho
rity
, an
d
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
po
siti
ve
char
acte
r tr
aits
(d
ilig
ence
, p
ersi
sten
ce,
soli
dar
ity
, et
c.).
4.
Du
rin
g s
cho
oli
ng
th
e fi
rst
job
s ar
e te
mp
ora
ry,
incl
ud
e th
e si
mp
lest
job
s, a
nd
par
t-ti
me
job
s.
36
wit
h
pre
cise
h
iera
rch
y
of
resp
on
sib
ilit
y
resu
lts
in
the
hig
hes
t
effi
cien
cy.
3.
All
mem
ber
s o
f th
e h
iera
rch
y,
exce
pt
for
the
hig
hes
t an
d l
ow
est
on
th
e
scal
e,
com
mu
nic
ate
on
ly
wit
h
thei
r im
med
iate
su
bo
rdin
ate
and
imm
edia
te s
up
erio
r em
plo
yee
.
4.
Su
per
ior
emp
loy
ee i
s re
spo
nsi
ble
no
t only
for
his
ow
n w
ork
, but
also
for
thei
r su
bo
rdin
ate
emp
loy
ees.
5.
Th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
sh
ou
ld e
stab
lish
a r
ule
of
reg
ula
tio
n.
Wri
tten
ab
stra
ct
rule
s sh
ou
ld
go
ver
n
the
beh
avio
r o
f em
plo
yee
s.
Th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
wo
rks
ind
epen
den
tly
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
wh
o i
s cu
rren
tly
em
plo
yed
.
6.
Rec
ruit
men
t an
d
pro
mo
tio
n
sho
uld
b
e b
ased
o
n
qu
alif
icat
ion
s.
Reg
ula
tio
ns
det
erm
ine
the
educa
tional
qual
ific
atio
ns
requir
ed f
or
each
po
siti
on
.
7.
Th
e em
plo
yee
sh
ou
ld b
e ra
tio
nal
, n
ot
emoti
onal
. It
is
nec
essa
ry t
o
app
ly th
e ru
les
equ
ally
to
al
l, re
gar
dle
ss o
f w
ho
th
e in
div
idu
al to
wh
om
th
e ru
les
app
ly i
s.
Web
er s
tate
d t
hat
no
org
aniz
atio
n i
s in
full
com
pli
ance
wit
h t
he
abo
ve
pri
nci
ple
s. H
ow
ever
, W
eber
th
ou
gh
t th
at a
ll o
rgan
izat
ion
s sh
ou
ld s
triv
e fo
r
this
id
eal
typ
e o
f o
rgan
izat
ion
if
they
wan
t to
be
succ
essf
ul.
Hen
ry F
ord
(184
1-19
25)
An
indust
rial
ist
who
appli
ed
Tay
lor'
s pri
nci
ple
s w
as
Hen
ry
Ford
.
Alt
ho
ug
h h
e d
id n
ot
giv
e im
po
rtan
t th
eore
tica
l co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
to t
he
fiel
d o
f
wo
rk o
rgan
izat
ion
, F
ord
bec
ame
a sy
mb
ol
of
the
ind
ust
rial
era
du
e to
th
e
pra
ctic
al a
pp
lica
tio
n o
f "s
cien
tifi
c o
rgan
izat
ion
of
lab
or.
" T
her
efo
re,
the
term
37
Ford
ism
is
use
d f
or
mas
s in
dust
rial
pro
du
ctio
n o
n t
he
asse
mb
ly l
ine.
Aft
er
the
intr
od
uct
ion
o
f as
sem
bly
li
ne,
th
e m
axim
um
div
isio
n
of
labor
and
spec
iali
zati
on
o
f w
ork
ers
for
ver
y
sim
ple
w
ork
o
per
atio
ns,
F
ord
al
so
intr
od
uce
d a
dd
itio
nal
ch
ang
es s
uch
as
the
do
ub
lin
g o
f sa
lari
es o
f w
ork
ers,
pro
vid
ing
al
mo
st "i
dea
l" w
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns,
bri
ght
and ai
ry hal
ls,
idea
l
tem
per
atu
re i
n
fact
ori
es,
free
ho
t m
eals
, et
c. A
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e n
ew w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n,
he
red
uce
d t
he
tim
e re
qu
ired
fo
r a
car
asse
mb
ly f
rom
12
.5
ho
urs
to
ju
st 1
.5 h
ou
rs.
He
crea
ted
a u
nif
ied
pro
du
ctio
n d
om
inat
ed b
y T
-
model
car
s. F
ord
has
bec
om
e k
no
wn
fo
r h
is s
ente
nce
th
at "
bu
yer
s o
f h
is c
ars
can
ch
oo
se w
hat
ever
co
lor
they
wan
t u
nd
er t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
it
is b
lack
."22
Ho
wev
er,
such
p
rod
uct
ion
w
ith
ou
t m
uch
v
aria
tio
n
enab
led
th
e d
rast
ic
red
uct
ion
in
pri
ce o
f th
e ca
r, s
o t
hey
bec
om
e av
aila
ble
to
th
e A
mer
ican
mid
dle
cla
ss.
Ho
wev
er,
ever
yth
ing
was
no
t so
idyll
ic.
One
of
the
pro
ble
ms
that
ap
pea
red
in
his
fac
tori
es w
as h
igh
tu
rno
ver
of
wo
rker
s (w
ork
ers
use
d t
o
leav
e th
e fa
cto
ry
afte
r a
sho
rt
tim
e).
Wh
y
this
w
as
hap
pen
ing
, w
ill
be
answ
ered
in
th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Alt
ho
ug
h i
t is
cer
tain
th
at i
n t
he
anci
ent
tim
es t
her
e w
as a
qu
alit
y
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
- a
s ev
iden
ced
by
th
e q
ual
ity
of
the
bu
ild
ing
s
fro
m t
hat
tim
e -
ther
e w
ere
rela
tiv
ely
few
tex
ts t
hat
sy
stem
atic
ally
eng
aged
in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk u
nti
l th
e 1
8th
cen
tury
. H
ow
ever
,
22 F
ord
, H
enry
and S
amuel
Cro
wth
er,
1973,
My
life
and
Wor
k, A
rno P
ress
, N
ew
York
, p. 72.
96
soci
al s
tatu
s w
hil
e w
ork
ing
, th
an a
fter
he
is r
etir
ed.
Wh
ile
wo
rkin
g h
e h
as a
rep
uta
tio
n,
eno
ug
h m
on
ey a
nd
bu
sin
ess
con
nec
tio
ns,
so
he/
she
is a
lway
s in
dem
and.
Aft
er
bei
ng
reti
red,
man
y
peo
ple
ar
e g
oin
g
to
be
com
ple
tely
forg
ott
en b
y t
he
ver
y p
eop
le w
ho
had
pre
vio
usl
y t
ried
to
be
in g
oo
d r
elat
ion
s
wit
h t
hem
. R
etir
emen
t is
ass
oci
ated
wit
h a
gra
du
al d
ecli
ne
of
hea
lth
an
d l
ife
ener
gy
. S
ince
th
is h
app
ens
to a
ll t
he
peo
ple
of
thei
r ag
e w
ho
get
sic
k a
nd
die
,
the
circ
le o
f fr
ien
ds
and
acq
uai
nta
nce
s am
on
g r
etir
ed p
eop
le i
s in
crea
sin
gly
nar
row
ing
. In
ret
irem
ent,
fin
anci
al s
itu
atio
n w
ors
ens.
Th
e ty
pes
of
acti
vit
ies
also
ch
ang
e, i
n t
erm
s o
f re
ori
enti
ng
th
e w
ork
on
ho
bb
ies.
Ho
wev
er,
man
y
reti
rees
do
no
t k
no
w w
hat
to
do
wit
h f
ree
tim
e. T
her
eby,
those
peo
ple
, w
ho
thro
ug
ho
ut
thei
r w
ork
ing
car
eers
kep
t th
eir
inte
rest
s an
d w
ere
eng
aged
in
crea
tiv
e w
ork
, ar
e b
ette
r o
ff b
ecau
se t
hei
r p
ensi
on
s w
ill
pro
vid
e th
em t
he
ple
asu
res
they
did
no
t h
ave
tim
e fo
r w
hil
e th
ey w
ere
emp
loy
ed.
In a
far
bet
ter
po
siti
on
are
th
ose
ret
iree
s w
ho
hav
e th
eir
ow
n f
amil
y a
nd
liv
e w
ith
it,
than
th
e re
tire
es w
ho
are
lef
t b
ehin
d,
esp
ecia
lly
th
ose
wh
ose
spo
use
has
die
d.
How
ever
, it
is
import
ant
to n
ote
that
ret
irem
ent
may
be
a v
ery
hap
py
per
iod
of
life
- p
reci
sely
bec
ause
of
the
trem
end
ou
s am
ou
nt
of
free
tim
e -
if a
ret
iree
is h
ealt
hy
, fi
nan
cial
ly s
itu
ated
an
d h
as n
um
ero
us
inte
rest
s.
Une
mpl
oym
ent
Un
fort
un
atel
y,
no
t al
l p
eop
le a
re f
ort
un
ate
eno
ug
h t
o h
ave
a st
able
care
er t
hro
ug
ho
ut
thei
r w
ork
ing
liv
es,
so m
any
peo
ple
hav
e to
dea
l w
ith
th
e
pro
ble
m
of
un
emp
loy
men
t.
Th
eref
ore
, at
th
e en
d
of
this
ch
apte
r,
soci
al
cau
ses
and
psy
cho
log
ical
eff
ects
of
un
emp
loy
men
t w
ill
be
exam
ined
. N
ot
all
cate
go
ries
o
f p
eop
le
are
equ
ally
ex
po
sed
to
u
nem
plo
ym
ent.
T
he
mo
st
vu
lner
able
so
cial
gro
up
s ar
e y
ou
ng
peo
ple
and p
eop
le w
ith l
ow
educa
tional
95
of
edu
cati
on
an
d
com
pen
sate
a
po
ore
r b
ack
gro
un
d
and
lo
wer
le
vel
o
f
fore
kn
ow
led
ge
wit
h o
ne'
s o
wn
eff
ort
s.
Imp
ort
ant
fact
ors
th
at a
ffec
t o
ne'
s su
cces
s ar
e th
e fo
llo
win
g:
amb
itio
n,
pen
etra
tin
g p
ow
er an
d co
mm
itm
ent
to th
e w
ork
an
d su
cces
s. A
mb
itio
us
men
, ev
en w
ith
ou
t p
aren
tal
hel
p,
oft
en a
chie
ve
mo
re w
ith
th
eir
dil
igen
t w
ork
than
th
ose
to
w
ho
m ev
ery
thin
g is
"s
erv
ed o
n th
e pal
m."
S
o,
to m
ake
a
com
par
iso
n,
even
th
ou
gh
much
dep
ends
on t
he
card
s o
ne
get
s, w
ith
a q
ual
ity
of
pla
yin
g o
ne
can
win
th
e g
ame
even
if
the
oth
er p
lay
er h
as b
ette
r ca
rds
than
him
. S
till
, a
fact
or
of
luck
pla
ys
an i
mp
ort
ant
role
, an
d,
in c
ase
of
fail
ure
on
e d
oes
no
t al
way
s n
eed
to
bla
me
him
self
. A
fter
all
, in
th
is t
ime
of
glo
bal
eco
no
mic
cri
sis,
man
y d
ilig
ent
wo
rker
s w
ill
lose
th
eir
job
s n
ot
by
thei
r fa
ult
. In
sh
ort
, fo
r m
any
peo
ple
th
e p
erio
d o
f p
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent
wil
l n
ot
nec
essa
rily
b
e a
per
iod
o
f g
reat
b
usi
nes
s su
cces
s.
Th
e en
tire
gen
erat
ion
o
f p
eop
le,
wh
o w
ere
vic
tim
s o
f th
e p
roce
ss o
f tr
ansi
tio
n an
d
pri
vat
izat
ion
, h
as l
ost
a j
ob
or
had
to
ret
ire
just
at
the
pea
k o
f th
eir
crea
tiv
e
ener
gy
. 5. R
etir
emen
t
Ret
irem
ent,
th
e la
st p
has
e o
f th
e w
ork
ing
car
eer,
is
acco
mp
anie
d b
y a
sho
ck s
imil
ar t
o t
he
tran
siti
on
fro
m s
cho
ol
to w
ork
. T
he
gen
eral
ten
den
cy,
wh
ich
is
pre
sen
t in
th
e w
ho
le w
orl
d,
is t
hat
peo
ple
get
ret
ired
mu
ch l
ater
than
bef
ore
. T
his
fac
t is
mai
nly
du
e to
th
e p
rolo
ng
atio
n o
f li
fe,
bu
t is
als
o a
resu
lt o
f lo
w p
ensi
on
s, a
nd
man
y p
eop
le a
re f
orc
ed t
o w
ork
as
lon
g a
s th
ey
feel
cap
able
of
wo
rkin
g.
Ret
irem
ent
bri
ng
s m
any
ch
ang
es.
Fir
stly
, it
ch
ang
es t
he
soci
al s
tatu
s.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
gen
eral
man
ager
of
a co
mp
any
has
a c
om
ple
tely
dif
fere
nt
38
ther
e ar
e se
nio
r au
tho
rs w
ho
stu
die
d s
om
e as
pec
ts o
f w
ork
, su
ch a
s
Xen
op
ho
n,
Cat
o,
Leo
nar
do
, G
alil
eo,
Vo
ban
etc
.
2.
Sm
ith
cit
ed t
hre
e m
ain
rea
son
s w
hy
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
incr
ease
s
pro
duct
ivit
y:
it i
ncr
ease
s w
ork
ers'
skil
ls,
saves
tim
e an
d a
llow
s th
e
intr
od
uct
ion
of
mac
hin
ery
.
3.
Tay
lor
intr
oduce
d t
he
so-c
alle
d s
cien
tifi
c m
anag
emen
t th
at i
s b
ased
on
fin
din
g o
pti
mal
met
ho
ds,
an
d m
ach
iner
y a
nd
to
ols
req
uir
ed t
o p
erfo
rm
this
op
erat
ion
.
4.
Gil
bre
th
intr
od
uce
d
the
stu
dy
of
movem
ent
and
tim
e.
In
the
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry h
e fo
un
d t
he
op
tim
al m
eth
od
s o
f m
aso
nry
.
5.
Web
er f
orm
ula
ted
th
e co
nce
pt
of
idea
l ty
pe
of
org
aniz
atio
n,
wh
ich
is
bas
ed
on
sp
ecia
liza
tio
n,
hie
rarc
hy
, fo
rmal
ru
les,
el
igib
ilit
y
and
imp
erso
nal
ity
.
6.
Fo
rd a
pp
lied
Tay
lor'
s p
rin
cip
les
of
scie
nti
fic
man
agem
ent,
in
tro
du
ced
the
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
lin
e an
d h
e d
emo
nst
rate
s th
e ef
fica
cy o
f p
rop
er
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
in
pra
ctic
e.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
ich
au
tho
rs d
ealt
wit
h t
he
pro
ble
ms
of
wo
rk i
n t
he
An
cien
t T
imes
and
th
e R
enai
ssan
ce?
2.
Wh
y
did
S
mit
h
bel
iev
e th
at
the
div
isio
n
of
wo
rk
incr
ease
s
pro
du
ctiv
ity
?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic p
rin
cip
les
of
scie
nti
fic
man
agem
ent?
4.
Wh
y i
s G
ilb
reth
im
po
rtan
t to
th
e th
eory
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
?
5.
On
w
hic
h
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld,
acco
rdin
g
to
Web
er,
be
bas
ed
wo
rk
org
aniz
atio
n o
f b
ure
aucr
acy
?
39
6.
Wh
at
wer
e th
e g
reat
est
ach
iev
emen
ts
of
Hen
ry
Fo
rd?
Wh
y
is
it
imp
ort
ant
to t
he
theo
ry o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk?
94
stim
ula
tes
emp
loy
ees
to s
top
ch
ang
ing
jo
bs
and
to
try
to
fin
d a
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
per
iod
of
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t is
at
the
sam
e ti
me
the
gre
ates
t p
erio
d o
f su
cces
s in
a c
aree
r, t
hat
succ
ess
is n
ot
the
sam
e fo
r al
l
emp
loy
ees.
It
w
ill
ther
efo
re
be
imp
ort
ant
to
men
tio
n
the
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ce
the
lik
elih
oo
d
of
on
e's
succ
ess
wh
ich
th
e in
div
idu
al
can
no
t
infl
uen
ce
pri
mar
ily
d
ue
to
par
ents
' p
rofe
ssio
ns
and
cl
ass
lev
el.
In
all
soci
etie
s th
ere
is a
ten
den
cy o
f in
her
itin
g t
he
clas
s p
osi
tio
n,
no
t o
nly
bec
ause
of
the
inh
erit
ance
, b
ut
also
bec
ause
of
the
fact
th
at r
ich
par
ents
can
pay
fo
r
an e
lite
sch
oo
l to
ed
uca
te t
hei
r ch
ild
ren
. T
hey
can
als
o p
rovid
e th
e ca
pit
al s
o
that
th
ey c
an s
tart
th
eir
ow
n b
usi
nes
s o
r th
ey h
ave
go
od
co
nn
ecti
on
s to
fin
d a
bet
ter
job
fo
r th
eir
chil
dre
n.
Aft
er a
ll,
rich
peo
ple
hav
e a
gre
ater
lik
elih
oo
d
of
fin
din
g a
wea
lth
y s
po
use
.
Occ
up
atio
n o
f p
aren
ts a
lso
aff
ects
su
cces
s. S
tud
ies
in t
he
U.S
. h
ave
sho
wn
th
at 7
0%
of
peo
ple
hav
e th
e sa
me
lev
el o
f ed
uca
tio
n a
s th
eir
par
ents
.
Ch
ild
ren
of
un
iver
sity
pro
fess
ors
hav
e a
rich
er v
oca
bu
lary
in
chil
dh
oo
d t
han
chil
dre
n o
f p
aren
ts w
ith
lo
wer
ed
uca
tio
nal
sta
tus.
An
d i
nte
llig
ence
lar
gel
y
(85%
) dep
ends
on t
he
gen
es.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e su
cces
s d
epen
ds
on
fac
tors
to
wh
ich
an
in
div
idu
al h
as n
o i
nfl
uen
ce.
Ho
wev
er,
this
do
es n
ot
in a
ny
sen
se
mea
n t
hat
on
e's
acti
vit
y d
oes
no
t af
fect
th
e su
cces
s o
f o
ne'
s ca
reer
. S
ince
in
mo
der
n s
oci
etie
s ed
uca
tio
n i
s av
aila
ble
to
alm
ost
all
so
cial
cla
sses
- a
nd
educa
tion i
s one
of
the
most
im
port
ant
fact
ors
fo
r su
cces
s -
it i
s cl
ear
that
edu
cati
on
is
the
mea
ns
wit
h w
hic
h c
hil
dre
n w
ho
co
me
fro
m t
he
po
ore
st
fam
ilie
s ca
n s
kip
a n
um
ber
of
step
s o
n t
he
soci
al l
add
er a
nd
bec
om
e ri
cher
and
mo
re s
ucc
essf
ul
than
th
eir
par
ents
. T
he
lev
el o
f ed
uca
tio
n o
f th
e p
aren
ts
do
es n
ot
hav
e to
be
a cr
uci
al f
acto
r b
ecau
se a
per
son
can
acq
uir
e a
hig
h l
evel
93
mo
no
ton
y o
f w
ork
, jo
b i
nse
curi
ty,
auto
crat
ic a
nd
so
met
imes
im
mo
ral
and
ille
gal
b
ehav
ior
of
man
ager
s. In
ad
dit
ion
, at
th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f h
is ca
reer
emp
loy
ees
gen
eral
ly d
o j
ob
s th
at a
re b
elo
w t
he
lev
el t
hat
th
ey e
xp
ecte
d
du
rin
g t
hei
r sc
ho
oli
ng
. T
he
inte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d r
un
s fr
om
gra
du
atio
n t
o o
bta
in
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t. T
his
per
iod
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y l
arg
e h
ori
zon
tal
and
smal
l v
erti
cal
mo
bil
ity
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, p
eop
le
in
the
U.S
.,
wh
o
are
bet
wee
n 1
8 t
o 3
5 y
ears
old
, ch
ang
e o
n a
ver
age
thre
e jo
bs,
an
d o
ver
35
yea
rs
of
age
un
til
thei
r re
tire
men
t o
ne
job
on
av
erag
e. T
he
per
iod
of
inte
rnsh
ip i
s
also
th
e p
erio
d w
hen
, b
ecau
se o
f la
ck o
f ex
per
ience
and t
he
pri
nci
ple
of
sen
iori
ty,
it i
s th
e m
ost
dif
ficu
lt t
o g
et a
jo
b.
Ho
wev
er,
tho
se w
ho
hav
e
succ
essf
ull
y o
ver
com
e th
e in
tern
ship
per
iod
are
co
min
g t
o t
he
pea
k o
f th
eir
care
er, an
d t
hat
is
a p
erio
d o
f per
man
ent
emplo
ym
ent.
4. P
erm
anen
t em
ploy
men
t
Th
e p
erio
d o
f p
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent
do
es n
ot
beg
in a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e
for
all
emplo
yee
s. H
ow
ever
, fu
ll-t
ime
emplo
ym
ent
typic
ally
beg
ins
at t
he
age
of
35
an
d l
asts
un
til
reti
rem
ent
at t
he
age
of
65
. D
uri
ng
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t -
un
lik
e al
l p
rev
iou
s st
ages
of
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r –
ther
e is
a b
ig
ver
tica
l an
d s
mal
l h
ori
zon
tal
mo
bil
ity
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, d
uri
ng
th
is p
erio
d w
e
can
ex
pec
t co
nti
nu
ou
s ca
reer
ad
van
cem
ent,
esp
ecia
lly
am
on
g h
igh
ly s
kil
led
wo
rker
s. S
ince
th
e b
enef
its
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e ad
van
cem
ent,
th
is p
erio
d
is c
har
acte
rize
d b
y f
inan
cial
sec
uri
ty a
nd
th
e ac
hie
vem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al
amb
itio
ns.
Get
tin
g a
per
man
ent
job
is
mo
stly
co
nn
ecte
d w
ith
get
tin
g m
arri
ed
for
two r
easo
ns.
Fir
stly
, fu
ll-t
ime
emplo
ym
ent
pro
vid
es m
ater
ial
secu
rity
,
and
hel
ps
peo
ple
to
dec
ide
to g
et m
arri
ed m
ore
eas
ily
. S
eco
nd
ly,
mar
riag
e
40
41
4.
Elto
n M
ayo'
s Exp
erim
ents
(188
0-19
49)
Th
ere
was
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
a w
ork
er w
ho
com
pla
ined
a g
reat
dea
l ab
out
bad
fo
od
at
a
rest
aura
nt.
A
fe
w
day
s af
ter
the
inte
rvie
w,
she
acci
den
tall
y
met
th
e in
terv
iew
er
and
th
anked
him
fo
r m
akin
g
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
co
nv
ey h
er c
om
pla
int
and
ther
e w
as a
big
im
pro
vem
ent.
A
nd
th
e in
terv
iew
er
did
n
ot
do
an
yth
ing
, ex
cep
t th
at
he
gav
e th
e w
ork
ers
a ch
ance
to
co
mp
lain
. (M
ille
r an
d F
orm
).
Life
and
car
eer o
f May
o
Un
lik
e T
aylo
r an
d G
ilb
reth
, w
ho
had
beg
un
to
dea
l w
ith
th
e th
eory
afte
r st
arti
ng
th
eir
care
ers
as o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
s, M
ayo
sta
rted
do
ing
res
earc
h
wo
rk a
s a
un
iver
sity
pro
fess
or
(he
tau
gh
t lo
gic
s an
d p
sych
olo
gy
). H
is c
aree
r
beg
an
in
his
n
ativ
e A
ust
rali
a,
wh
ere
he
tau
gh
t at
th
e U
niv
ersi
ty
of
Qu
een
slan
d.
In
19
19
M
ayo
w
as
awar
ded
R
ock
efel
ler
sch
ola
rsh
ip
at
the
Un
iver
sity
of
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia.
Fro
m 1
92
6 t
o 1
94
7 h
e ta
ug
ht
ind
ust
rial
res
earc
h
at H
arv
ard
B
usi
nes
s S
cho
ol.
In
th
e U
SA
, M
ayo
ca
rrie
d o
ut
his
fa
mo
us
exp
erim
ents
wh
ich
fo
un
ded
so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
as
a sc
ien
ce.2
3
Exp
erim
ents
with
ligh
ting
Stu
art
Ch
ase
(19
45
) d
escr
ibes
May
o's
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
lig
hti
ng
th
at
sig
nif
ican
tly
in
flu
ence
d t
he
late
r fo
rmat
ion
of
his
th
eory
:
In 1
92
4 W
este
rn E
lect
ric
agre
ed t
o s
tud
y t
he
imp
act
of
lig
hti
ng
o
n w
ork
. It
was
ass
um
ed t
hat
th
e b
ette
r th
e li
gh
tin
g,
the
bet
ter
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. T
wo
gro
up
s o
f w
ork
ers
wer
e se
lect
ed.
Th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
23 F
or
a m
ore
det
aile
d d
escr
ipti
on
of
the
life
and w
ork
of
May
o's
see
Mil
ler,
D
elb
ert
C,
an
d W
illi
an H
. F
orm
, In
dust
rial
Soc
iolo
gy: a
n In
trod
uctio
n to
the
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k Re
latio
ns, N
ew Y
ork
: H
arp
er a
nd
Bro
ther
s, 1
95
1, p
p 1
4-9
an
d 5
3-1
12
.
92
oft
en e
ven
ash
amed
of
thei
r jo
bs
bec
ause
th
ey b
elie
ve
that
th
is i
s a
job
bel
ow
thei
r in
tell
ectu
al
cap
abil
itie
s.
Th
at
firs
t jo
b
is
char
acte
rize
d
by
la
rge
ho
rizo
nta
l an
d s
mal
l v
erti
cal
mo
bil
ity
. H
ow
ever
, d
uri
ng
th
eir
coll
ege
yea
rs,
they
can
get
bet
ter
job
s. P
up
ils
and
stu
den
ts o
ften
wo
rk p
art-
tim
e o
r w
ork
du
rin
g t
he
ho
lid
ays.
So
, it
is
a te
mp
ora
ry e
mp
loy
men
t, a
nd
ed
uca
tio
n t
akes
pre
ced
ence
ov
er w
ork
.
3. T
rans
ition
from
scho
ol to
wor
k an
d in
tern
ship
per
iod
T
he
tran
siti
on f
rom
sch
ool
to w
ork
(w
ith t
he
tran
siti
on t
o r
etir
emen
t)
is o
ne
of
two
maj
or
mil
esto
nes
in
th
e w
ork
ing
lif
e o
f m
an.
Th
eref
ore
, w
e
wil
l fi
rst
stat
e th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t d
iffe
ren
ces
bet
wee
n
the
per
iod
o
f
edu
cati
on
an
d p
erio
ds
of
emp
loy
men
t. T
he
firs
t b
ig d
iffe
ren
ce i
s a
bet
ter
and
mo
re
imm
edia
te
mo
tiv
atio
n
for
work
ing
than
fo
r ed
uca
tin
g.
When
emp
loy
ed,
the
wo
rker
get
s a
sala
ry,
and t
his
enab
les
him
to
sat
isfy
a l
arg
e
nu
mb
er o
f h
is n
eed
s. H
ow
ever
, th
e w
ork
sch
edu
le i
s m
uch
str
icte
r at
th
e
wo
rk p
lace
th
an a
t sc
ho
ol,
an
d t
he
amo
un
t o
f fr
ee t
ime
is r
edu
ced
. D
isci
pli
ne
at w
ork
is
also
str
icte
r th
an a
t sc
ho
ol.
Du
rin
g h
is s
tud
ies
he
is d
evel
op
ing
-
by
re
spec
tin
g th
e au
tho
rity
o
f P
rofe
sso
r -
coll
egia
l re
lati
on
ship
b
etw
een
teac
her
s an
d
stu
den
ts,
at
wo
rk
a st
rict
er
com
pli
ance
w
ith
the
form
al
auth
ori
ty o
f th
e su
per
vis
or
is u
sual
ly e
xp
ecte
d.
At
wo
rk,
pro
gre
ss i
s sl
ow
er
than
at
sc
ho
ol,
an
d
the
pro
ced
ure
o
f ad
van
cem
ent
is
less
d
efin
ed.
Ad
van
cem
ent
oft
en d
epen
ds
on
fac
tors
th
at a
re n
ot
dir
ectl
y a
sso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
qu
alit
y
of
wo
rk.
Ad
van
cem
ent
dep
end
s o
n
rela
tio
nsh
ips,
fr
ien
dsh
ip,
bea
uty
o
r as
sert
iven
ess
of
emp
loy
ees.
P
sych
olo
gic
al
pro
ble
ms
of
yo
un
g
emplo
yee
s ca
n c
ause
som
e oth
er f
acto
rs -
wo
rk w
ith
th
e o
lder
po
pu
lati
on
(du
rin
g t
hei
r sc
ho
ol
yea
rs s
tud
ents
are
const
antl
y s
urr
ounded
by t
hei
r pee
rs),
91
go
ing
to
sch
oo
l ch
ild
ren
hav
e to
get
use
d t
o t
he
sch
edu
le i
n w
hic
h a
larg
e p
art
of
the
day
th
ey m
ust
dev
ote
to
lea
rnin
g.
2.
Sch
oo
l te
ach
es c
hil
dre
n t
o r
esp
ect
auth
ori
ty,
esp
ecia
lly
th
e au
tho
rity
of
the
teac
her
. T
his
res
pec
t fo
r h
iera
rch
y i
s la
ter
tran
smit
ted
to
acc
ept
the
auth
ori
ty o
f th
eir
sup
erio
rs a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
3.
Sch
oo
l al
so
dev
elo
ps
oth
er
char
acte
r tr
aits
su
ch
as:
dil
igen
ce,
per
sist
ence
, co
mp
etit
ive
spir
it,
gri
t, g
oo
d-m
ann
ers,
so
lid
arit
y,
etc.
4.
Ho
wev
er,
som
e n
egat
ive
ph
eno
men
a ar
e al
so
dev
elo
pin
g
– b
ein
g
env
iou
s o
f b
ette
r st
ud
ents
, ly
ing
to
ju
stif
y n
on
-att
end
ance
at
sch
oo
l,
etc.
5.
Du
rin
g s
cho
ol
yea
rs t
he
amo
un
t o
f w
ork
o
uts
ide
sch
oo
l in
crea
ses.
Dai
ly d
uti
es m
ay i
ncl
ud
e p
erfo
rmin
g h
ou
seh
old
ch
ore
s, l
oo
kin
g a
fter
sib
lin
gs,
h
elp
ing
w
ith
th
e fa
mil
y b
usi
nes
s, ta
kin
g th
e g
arb
age
ou
t,
go
ing
to
th
e st
ore
an
d e
tc.
2. F
irst
jobs
M
ost
st
ud
ents
ea
rn
thei
r fi
rst
spen
din
g
money
in
hig
h
school.
Alt
ho
ug
h w
e d
o n
ot
hav
e ac
cura
te d
ata
on
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
stu
den
ts w
ho
are
wo
rkin
g i
n C
roat
ia (
the
larg
est
par
t o
f th
e w
ork
do
ne
is n
ot
reg
iste
red
),
on
e g
ets
the
imp
ress
ion
th
at t
his
is
less
th
an i
n t
he
U.S
. w
her
e 8
0%
of
hig
h
sch
oo
l st
ud
ents
an
d 9
7%
of
un
iver
sity
stu
den
ts w
ork
occ
asio
nal
ly.
The
most
com
mo
n m
oti
ves
fo
r th
e fi
rst
emp
loy
men
t ar
e: e
arn
ing
mo
ney
, g
ain
ing
wo
rk
exp
erie
nce
, g
ain
ing
fi
nan
cial
in
dep
end
ence
fr
om
p
aren
ts
and
g
ain
ing
con
fid
ence
.
D
uri
ng
sc
ho
oli
ng
, th
ey
are
most
ly
doin
g
the
sim
ple
st
jobs
-
wai
tres
sin
g,
ph
ysi
cal
lab
or,
sel
lin
g n
ewsp
aper
s et
c. P
up
ils
and
stu
den
ts a
re
42
wo
rked
un
der
th
e sa
me
lig
hti
ng
all
th
e ti
me.
Th
e li
gh
tin
g w
as g
rad
ual
ly
inte
nsi
fied
in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
. A
nd
in
th
at g
rou
p p
rod
uct
ivit
y
incr
ease
d.
Exce
llen
t! I
t m
ight
be
exp
ecte
d.
Ho
wev
er,
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
als
o w
ent
up
, al
tho
ug
h t
he
lig
hti
ng
was
no
t b
ette
r fo
r a
can
dle
! T
his
was
to
tall
y u
nex
pec
ted
. T
her
e w
ere
also
so
me
oth
er
stra
ng
e re
sult
s. T
hey
red
uce
d t
he
bri
gh
tnes
s o
f th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
s b
elo
w t
he
lev
el o
f b
rig
htn
ess
of
the
con
tro
l g
rou
p.
Th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y o
f ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
in
crea
sed
! A
nd
th
e sa
me
hap
pen
ed i
n t
he
contr
ol
gro
up
!24
Ho
w t
o e
xp
lain
th
ese
un
exp
ecte
d r
esu
lts
of
the
exp
erim
ent?
Ho
w t
o
exp
lain
th
at p
rod
uct
ivit
y w
as i
ncr
easi
ng
in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up u
nti
l it
reac
hed
th
e le
vel
of
lig
ht
such
as
mo
on
lig
ht!
? M
ayo
had
no
an
swer
to
th
e
qu
esti
on
s w
hil
e d
oin
g
the
exp
erim
ent.
H
e fo
un
d
the
answ
ers
to
thes
e
qu
esti
on
s o
nly
aft
er h
is l
ater
ex
per
imen
ts.
Exp
erim
ents
with
rela
ys
To
an
swer
th
ese
qu
esti
on
s an
d t
o e
xp
lore
ad
dit
ion
al f
acto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f la
bo
r, M
ayo
o
rgan
ized
a
new
ex
per
imen
t in
th
e te
st
roo
m,
wh
ere
six
fem
ale
wo
rker
s –
wh
o w
ere
cho
sen
in
su
ch a
way
th
at t
he
two
ch
ose
n h
ad t
o c
ho
ose
th
e o
ther
fo
ur
rem
ain
ing
co
-wo
rker
s –
work
ed o
n
tele
ph
on
e re
lay
s. D
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t, s
om
e p
oli
cies
wer
e ch
ang
ed a
nd
they
m
easu
red
h
ow
th
ese
chan
ges
af
fect
th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y
of
lab
or.
T
he
exp
erim
ent
had
th
e fo
llo
win
g s
tag
es:
1.
Th
e fi
rst
con
dit
ion
was
a w
ork
ing
wee
k o
f 4
8 h
ou
rs (
six d
ays
a w
eek
for
eig
ht
ho
urs
of
wo
rk).
No b
reak
whil
e w
ork
ing.
24 D
escr
ipti
ons
of
the
exper
imen
ts t
aken
fro
m C
has
e, S
tuar
t an
d M
aria
n T
yle
r C
has
e, 1
945, M
en a
t Wor
k, so
me
dem
ocra
tic m
etho
ds fo
r the
pow
er a
ge, H
arco
urt
, B
race
an
d C
om
pan
y,
New
Yo
rk,
pp
. 9
-27
.
43
2.
Intr
od
uct
ion
o
f a
gro
up
p
aym
ent
acco
rdin
g
to
per
form
ance
-
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
crea
sed
.
3.
Wo
rker
s w
ere
giv
en
two
b
reak
s fo
r 5
m
inu
tes
– p
rod
uct
ivit
y
incr
ease
d.
4.
Bre
aks
wer
e ex
ten
ded
to
10
min
ute
s -
pro
du
ctiv
ity
gre
atly
in
crea
sed
.
5.
Intr
od
uct
ion
o
f si
x
bre
aks
for
5
min
ute
s –
pro
du
ctiv
ity
sl
igh
tly
dec
reas
ed.
6.
Bre
aks
wer
e re
du
ced
to
tw
o,
bu
t w
ith
a h
ot
mea
l pai
d b
y t
he
com
pan
y
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y i
ncr
ease
d.
7.
Th
e w
ork
ing
day
was
red
uce
d f
or
hal
f an
ho
ur
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y g
reat
ly
incr
ease
d.
8.
An
oth
er h
alf-
ho
ur
sho
rten
ing
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y r
emai
ned
th
e sa
me.
9.
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f w
ork
ing
day
fo
r an
ho
ur
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y i
ncr
ease
d.
10
. W
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns
wer
e re
turn
ed t
o t
he
beg
inn
ing
of
the
exper
imen
t
– p
rod
uct
ivit
y m
axim
ally
in
crea
sed
!
Ho
w t
o e
xp
lain
th
ese
un
exp
ecte
d r
esu
lts?
Do
th
ey m
ean
th
at i
t d
oes
no
t m
atte
r w
hat
th
e li
gh
tin
g i
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
or
if t
he
work
ers
hav
e a
bre
ak o
r n
ot,
or
if y
ou
giv
e th
em t
hei
r m
eal
or
no
t, o
r w
hat
th
eir
wo
rkin
g
ho
urs
ar
e?
Th
e an
swer
to
th
ese
qu
esti
on
s is
n
egat
ive.
A
ll
this
af
fect
s
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, b
ut
ther
e w
as a
no
ther
fac
tor,
th
at w
as u
nti
l th
en n
egle
cted
, an
d
that
is
the
ple
asu
re o
f m
en i
n t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. W
hen
May
o d
isco
ver
ed t
his
,
un
til
then
neg
lect
ed f
acto
r, a
sp
ecia
l b
ran
ch o
f so
cio
log
y w
as f
ou
nd
ed -
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
90
the
earl
y p
erio
d o
f li
fe s
tim
ula
te t
he
succ
ess
at w
ork
bu
sin
ess
in t
he
mat
ure
ph
ase
of
life
. T
he
role
of
par
ents
is
par
ticu
larl
y i
mp
ort
ant
sin
ce c
hil
dre
n
un
con
scio
usl
y
tak
e th
eir
par
ents
as
ro
le
mo
del
s.
Ev
en
the
firs
t w
ork
exper
ience
, w
hic
h b
egin
s ar
ound t
he
thir
d y
ear
of
life
, is
ass
oci
ated
wit
h
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
chil
dre
n
that
th
e par
ents
go
to
work
ev
ery
day
. B
y
imit
atin
g a
du
lts,
kid
s lo
ve
to p
lay
th
e ro
les
of
cert
ain
pro
fess
ion
s. T
hey
lo
ve
to m
ake
cak
es w
ith
th
eir
mo
ther
s o
r p
lay
th
e ro
le o
f th
e w
ork
ing
ph
ysi
cian
s,
sale
sper
son
etc
. S
uch
gam
es a
re i
mp
ort
ant
in t
he
stu
dy
of
soci
aliz
atio
n a
nd
ther
efo
re
sho
uld
b
e en
cou
rag
ed.
Ch
ild
ren
sh
ou
ld
be
inv
olv
ed
in
wo
rk
acti
vit
ies
at h
om
e m
ore
oft
en,
for
exam
ple
, w
hen
cle
anin
g t
he
apar
tmen
t.
Ch
ild
ren
sh
ou
ld l
earn
to
do
cer
tain
tas
ks
as s
oo
n a
s th
ey c
an p
erfo
rm s
om
e
acti
vit
ies
- p
utt
ing
th
e to
ys
in t
he
toy
bo
x,
mak
ing
bed
s. I
n t
his
way
, p
aren
ts
hav
e le
ss h
ou
seh
old
ch
ore
s, a
nd
ch
ild
ren
acq
uir
e w
ork
hab
its.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
extr
emel
y i
mp
ort
ant
to p
rais
e a
chil
d f
or
each
act
ivit
y w
hic
h i
s ca
rrie
d o
ut,
bec
ause
pra
ise
and
aw
ard
s ad
dit
ion
ally
mo
tiv
ate
kid
s to
wo
rk.
So
, ti
ps
on
mo
tiv
atio
n,
rew
ard
s an
d p
un
ish
men
t, w
hic
h w
ere
ou
tlin
ed i
n t
he
pre
vio
us
chap
ter,
can
be
par
tial
ly a
pp
lied
to
mo
tiv
ate
chil
dre
n t
o w
ork
. T
hu
s, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e m
eth
od
se
lf-f
ulf
illi
ng
p
rop
hec
y ca
n b
e ap
pli
ed to
ch
ild
ren
.
Ass
ura
nce
th
at t
hey
wil
l su
ccee
d i
n t
hei
r ef
fort
s if
th
ey w
ork
har
d e
no
ug
h,
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
th
at a
ch
ild
wil
l ac
tual
ly s
ucc
eed i
n a
chie
vin
g t
he
go
al (
for
exam
ple
, in
lea
rnin
g).
1. b
) Sch
ool a
nd w
ork
soci
aliz
atio
n
Th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e sc
ho
ol
per
iod
mak
es a
hu
ge
mil
esto
ne
in c
hil
d's
soci
aliz
atio
n.
Th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t in
flu
ence
s o
f sc
ho
ol
are
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Sch
oo
l te
ach
es c
hil
dre
n s
elf-
dis
cip
lin
e. M
any
ch
ild
ren
had
alm
ost
a
wh
ole
day
to
pla
y b
efo
re s
tart
ing
sch
oo
l. H
ow
ever
, w
hen
th
ey s
tart
89
8. W
orki
ng c
aree
r
Ev
ery
thin
g I
hav
e d
on
e so
far
in
my
lif
e, I
hav
e done
in o
rder
to
do
les
s. (
ano
ny
mo
us
gra
ffit
i)
Intr
oduc
tion
Th
is
chap
ter
exam
ines
th
e re
lati
on
ship
b
etw
een
a
man
an
d
wo
rk
du
rin
g h
is l
ifet
ime,
fro
m b
irth
til
l th
e en
d o
f li
fe.
Th
e g
oal
of
the
chap
ter
is
to i
ntr
oduce
stu
den
ts t
o t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
sta
ges
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r an
d t
he
pro
ble
ms
that
wai
t fo
r th
em i
n t
hes
e st
ages
.
We
dis
tin
gu
ish
fiv
e st
ages
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r:34
1.
Pre
par
atio
n
a. P
re-s
cho
ol
per
iod
b.
Sch
oo
l p
erio
d
2.
Fir
st j
ob
s
3.
Th
e tr
ansi
tio
n f
rom
sch
oo
l to
wo
rk a
nd
in
tern
ship
per
iod
4.
Per
man
ent
emplo
ym
ent
5.
Pen
sio
n
1. P
repa
ratio
n 1.
a) P
re-s
choo
l per
iod
As
we
hav
e p
rev
iou
sly
st
ated
(s
ee
p.
55
-6),
ch
ild
ho
od
h
as
an
imp
ort
ant
role
in
th
e w
ork
ing
car
eer,
as
wo
rkin
g h
abit
s th
at a
re a
cqu
ired
in
34 D
isp
lay
of
wo
rkin
g c
aree
rs i
s al
so m
ade
acco
rdin
g t
o M
ull
er a
nd F
orm
, O
p.
cit.
, p
p.
62
7-9
58
.
44
Exp
lana
tion
of e
xper
imen
tal r
esul
ts
Lat
er,
rese
arch
res
ult
s o
f th
e ex
per
imen
t sh
ow
ed t
hat
th
e d
ecis
ion
,
wh
en t
he
two
sta
ff m
emb
ers
had
to
ch
oo
se t
hei
r co
-wo
rker
s, m
igh
t h
ave
bee
n c
ruci
al f
or
the
exp
erim
ent.
Th
is c
reat
ed a
co
mp
act
wo
rkin
g t
eam
in
wh
ich
th
e w
ork
ers
felt
co
mfo
rtab
le o
r at
lea
st f
ar m
ore
co
mfo
rtab
le t
han
at
thei
r u
sual
wo
rkin
g p
lace
, w
her
e th
ey h
ad n
ever
bee
n a
sked
ab
ou
t an
yth
ing
,
esp
ecia
lly
no
t ab
ou
t w
ho
th
ey w
ante
d t
o w
ork
wit
h.
Ho
wev
er,
this
was
ju
st
on
e o
f th
e re
aso
ns
for
rela
tiv
ely
h
igh
p
rod
uct
ivit
y
of
wo
rker
s fo
r th
e
du
rati
on
o
f th
e ex
per
imen
t,
esp
ecia
lly
in
it
s fi
nal
st
age.
A
no
ther
v
ery
imp
ort
ant
fact
or
was
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s fe
lt t
hat
so
meo
ne
app
reci
ated
th
em
and
th
ey f
elt
imp
ort
ant
(wh
ich
was
no
t th
e ca
se b
efo
re)
bec
ause
th
ey k
new
that
th
ey w
ere
par
tici
pat
ing
in
th
e ex
per
imen
t. T
he
sense
of
import
ance
incr
ease
d
thei
r sa
tisf
acti
on
at
w
ork
w
hic
h
po
siti
vel
y
affe
cted
th
e
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. T
his
ev
en l
ed t
o a
dec
reas
e o
f ab
sen
teei
sm.
So
met
imes
th
ere
was
th
e im
pre
ssio
n t
hat
th
e g
irls
co
uld
no
t w
ait
to g
et t
o w
ork
! T
hey
sel
ecte
d
the
met
hod o
f w
ork
them
selv
es,
wh
ich
en
cou
rag
ed c
reat
ivit
y.
(Was
th
is i
n
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
Tay
lor'
s ad
vic
e?)
Job
sat
isfa
ctio
n l
ed t
o a
sen
se o
f re
lati
ve
free
dom
in p
erfo
rmin
g t
hei
r jo
bs,
whic
h w
ork
ers
did
not
abuse
, an
d i
t al
so
incr
ease
d
thei
r se
nse
o
f re
spo
nsi
bil
ity.
Po
siti
ve
rela
tio
nsh
ips
wer
e al
so
refl
ecte
d i
n t
he
fact
th
at t
hey
wer
e n
ot
just
wo
rker
s h
elp
ing
eac
h o
ther
at
wo
rk,
bu
t th
ey a
lso
beg
an t
o s
oci
aliz
e ex
ten
siv
ely
in
th
eir
spar
e ti
me,
an
d
wh
en t
he
arg
um
ents
bro
ke
ou
t, t
hey
had
a c
har
acte
rist
ic o
f a
fam
ily
feu
d
rath
er t
han
dis
rup
ted
hu
man
rel
atio
nsh
ips.
All
this
gre
atly
red
uce
d m
enta
l
fati
gu
e o
f w
ork
ers,
an
d i
t w
as a
new
fac
tor
fou
nd
in
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
Unti
l th
en,
rese
arch
ers
had
bee
n
full
y
focu
sed
o
n
the
elim
inat
ion
an
d
45
red
uct
ion
of
ph
ysi
cal
fati
gu
e. I
n p
rev
iou
s st
ud
ies
hu
man
s w
ere
trea
ted
as
a
kin
d o
f m
ach
ine,
in
wh
ich
th
e w
ork
had
to
rea
ch a
n o
pti
mal
rat
io b
etw
een
the
ener
gy
in
ves
ted
an
d t
he
per
form
ance
acc
om
pli
shed
. H
ow
ever
, M
ayo
's
exp
erim
ents
sh
ow
ed t
hat
th
e m
an s
ho
uld
not
be
trea
ted a
s a
mac
hin
e, a
nd
that
we
mu
st t
ake
care
of
his
men
tal
moo
d a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
Th
is w
as o
ne
of
the
gre
ates
t ac
hie
vem
ents
of
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
The
basi
c el
emen
ts o
f May
o's t
heor
y
Bas
ed o
n h
is e
xp
erim
ents
, M
ayo
form
ula
ted a
theo
ry w
hic
h i
s al
so c
alle
d
the
theo
ry
of
hu
man
re
lati
on
s (h
um
an
rela
tio
ns
app
roac
h).
T
he
bas
ic
elem
ents
of
this
th
eory
are
th
e fo
llo
win
g:
1.
So
fa
r th
e st
ud
ies
hav
e fo
cuse
d
on
th
e in
div
idual
m
oti
vat
ion
of
wo
rker
s. H
ow
ever
, M
ayo
sh
ow
ed t
hat
, at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
work
ers
act
as a
tea
m,
no
t ju
st a
s a
gro
up
of
iso
late
d i
nd
ivid
ual
s.
2.
Co
llab
ora
tio
n a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce d
oes
no
t al
way
s o
ccu
r sp
on
tan
eou
sly
-
it n
eed
s to
be
stim
ula
ted
. O
ne
po
ssib
le w
ay t
o a
chie
ve
this
is
to l
et t
he
wo
rker
s ch
oo
se t
hei
r o
wn
co
-wo
rker
s.
3.
Ind
ivid
ual
pro
ble
ms
wit
h w
ork
ers
may
be
du
e to
so
cial
pro
ble
ms.
Fo
r
exam
ple
, a
go
od
wo
rker
can
su
dd
enly
per
form
bad
ly a
t w
ork
if
he
get
s in
to c
on
flic
t w
ith
his
co
llea
gu
es a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
and
fam
ily
pro
ble
ms
can
hav
e an
im
pac
t o
n a
per
son
's w
ork
as
wel
l.
4.
Wo
rk i
s n
ot
just
a m
ean
s o
f ea
rnin
g m
on
ey,
bu
t it
can
als
o b
e a
sou
rce
of
hu
man
sat
isfa
ctio
n.
5.
Mo
ney
is
just
a m
ean
s to
sti
mu
late
wo
rker
s.
6.
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f w
ork
d
epen
ds,
am
on
g
oth
er
thin
gs,
o
n
wo
rker
s'
acce
pta
nce
of
the
form
al s
up
erv
iso
r as
a r
eal
lead
er.
Sp
ecif
ical
ly,
if
88
87
8.
At
the
dis
cip
lin
ary
mee
tin
g,
the
emp
loy
ee n
eed
s to
kn
ow
wh
at h
e d
id
wro
ng
, w
hat
is
exp
ecte
d f
rom
him
an
d w
hat
wil
l h
app
en i
f h
e d
oes
no
t
chan
ge
his
beh
avio
r.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Ex
pla
in t
he
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
n i
ntr
insi
c an
d e
xtr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
!
2.
Wh
ich
rew
ard
s ca
n b
e g
iven
to
em
plo
yee
s?
3.
Wh
at k
ind
of
pri
ze m
on
ey h
as t
he
hig
hes
t m
oti
vat
ion
al f
orc
e?
4.
Wh
at a
re t
he
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent?
5.
Wh
ich
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld b
e re
spec
ted
du
rin
g p
un
ish
men
t?
6.
What
pen
alti
es m
ay b
e im
pose
d o
n e
mplo
yee
s?
7.
Fo
r w
hat
kin
d o
f o
ffen
se i
s a
ver
bal
war
nin
g g
iven
?
8.
Fo
r w
hat
kin
d o
f o
ffen
ce i
s a
wri
tten
war
nin
g g
iven
?
9.
Fo
r w
hat
ty
pe
of
vio
lati
on
s ca
n a
n e
mp
loy
ee b
e im
med
iate
ly f
ired
?
10
. S
pec
ify
th
e ru
les
for
con
du
ctin
g a
dis
cip
lin
ary
mee
tin
g!
46
the
super
vis
or
is n
ot
an a
uth
ori
ty t
o w
ork
ers
- b
ecau
se t
he
sup
erv
iso
r
do
es n
ot
kn
ow
or
can
no
t o
rgan
ize
wo
rk -
th
en t
he
pro
du
ctio
n e
ffec
ts
wil
l b
e w
ors
e th
an e
xp
ecte
d.
7.
Ph
ysi
cal
wo
rkin
g
con
dit
ion
s,
alth
ou
gh
si
gn
ific
ant,
h
ave
a sm
alle
r
imp
act
on
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
an t
he
psy
cho
log
ical
an
d s
oci
al f
acto
rs.
8.
Fee
lin
gs
and
sat
isfa
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s at
wo
rk h
ave
a g
reat
im
pac
t o
n
pro
du
ctiv
ity
.
9.
Men
tal
fati
gu
e is
wo
rse
for
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
an p
hy
sica
l fa
tig
ue.
10
. It
is
nec
essa
ry t
o a
llo
w t
he
wo
rker
s to
say
wh
at b
oth
ers
them
(se
e th
e
exam
ple
at
the
beg
inn
ing
of
this
ch
apte
r).
11
. W
ork
and l
eisu
re c
an n
ever
be
com
ple
tely
sep
arat
ed.
Th
e si
tuat
ion
at
ho
me
sig
nif
ican
tly
aff
ects
pro
du
ctiv
ity
of
wo
rk.
12
. E
mp
loy
ers
wh
o c
are
abo
ut
the
nee
ds
of
wo
rker
s an
d r
esp
ect
wo
rker
s
ach
iev
e g
reat
er p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
It i
s in
th
e in
tere
st o
f em
plo
yer
s to
hav
e
a h
um
ane
atti
tud
e to
war
d w
ork
ers.
13
. In
form
al
gro
ups
are
ver
y
impo
rtan
t fo
r th
e fu
nct
ion
ing
o
f th
e
com
pan
y.
Cri
ticis
m o
f May
o's t
heor
y
Alt
ho
ug
h M
ayo
's t
heo
ry h
ad a
str
on
g i
nfl
uen
ce o
n t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
man
y a
uth
ors
hav
e d
isp
ute
d h
is c
on
clu
sio
ns.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
cri
tici
sm i
s
that
May
o c
ame
to h
is c
on
clu
sio
ns
bas
ed o
n t
he
exper
imen
ts,
and t
her
e is
no
evid
ence
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s at
th
e ac
tual
wo
rkp
lace
beh
ave
in t
he
sam
e w
ay a
s
in
the
exp
erim
enta
l co
nd
itio
ns.
T
her
efo
re,
the
clai
m,
that
at
w
ork
pla
ce
wo
rker
s re
spo
nd
p
osi
tiv
ely
to
h
um
an
emp
loy
er-e
mp
loy
ee re
lati
on
ship
, is
dis
pu
ted
bec
ause
it
just
hap
pen
ed d
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t.
47
Th
e se
con
d
typ
e o
f cr
itic
ism
al
leg
es
that
th
e M
ayo
su
gg
este
d
man
ipu
lati
on
of
wo
rker
s -
a m
ore
hu
man
e at
titu
de
of
emp
loy
ers
tow
ard
s
wo
rker
s in
ord
er t
o e
xp
loit
th
em m
ore
. M
ayo
co
ncl
ud
ed t
hat
wo
rker
s o
per
ate
on
th
e b
asis
of
emo
tio
n,
bu
t em
plo
yer
s ac
t ra
tio
nal
ly -
bas
ed o
n t
he
log
ic o
f
pro
fit.
Th
e th
ird
ty
pe
of
crit
icis
m,
wh
ich
could
condit
ional
ly b
e ca
lled
Mar
xis
t,
arg
ues
th
at
May
o
do
es
no
t n
oti
ce
an
ob
ject
ive
op
po
siti
on
o
f in
tere
sts
bet
wee
n
emp
loy
ers
and
w
ork
ers.
H
um
ane
trea
tmen
t ca
nn
ot
reso
lve
irre
conci
lable
confl
ict
of
inte
rest
s th
at e
xis
ts b
etw
een
th
e ca
pit
alis
t cl
ass
and
the
wo
rkin
g c
lass
.
Con
tinge
ncy
appr
oach
in so
ciol
ogy
of w
ork
Aft
er t
he
Sec
on
d W
orl
d W
ar,
a n
ew t
heo
ry c
alle
d c
on
dit
ion
al a
cces
s in
soci
olo
gy
o
f w
ork
b
ecam
e d
om
inan
t.
Th
is
theo
ry
trie
d
to
reco
nci
le
the
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f cl
assi
cal
theo
ry (T
aylo
r) an
d m
od
ern
th
eory
(M
ayo
).
25
Wh
ile
thes
e tw
o a
uth
ors
tri
ed t
o f
ind
th
e u
niv
ersa
l p
rin
cip
les
that
wo
uld
wo
rk fo
r al
l ty
pes
o
f w
ork
, co
nte
mp
ora
ry au
tho
rs su
gg
est
that
d
iffe
ren
t
acti
vit
ies
req
uir
e d
iffe
ren
t b
ehav
ior
of
man
ager
s. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e p
oli
ce
stat
ion a
nd t
he
univ
ersi
ty c
ann
ot
be
man
aged
in
the
sam
e w
ay.
Even
at
the
un
iver
sity
, a
dif
fere
nt
mo
del
of
beh
avio
r is
ex
pec
ted
by
a D
ean
at
Aca
dem
y
of
Art
in
rel
atio
n t
o a
Dea
n a
t th
e F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g.
Th
eref
ore
,
rese
arch
ers
nee
d
to
iden
tify
al
l th
e re
lev
ant
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ce
the
sele
ctio
n o
f th
e p
rop
er m
eth
od
s to
ad
min
iste
r w
ork
ers.
Th
is d
oes
no
t m
ean
25 F
or
a d
etai
led
des
crip
tio
n o
f th
e co
nd
itio
nal
appro
ach s
ee V
ecch
io,
Rober
t P
.,
2003,
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Beha
vior
: C
ore
Con
cept
s, T
hom
son
/ S
outh
-Wes
tern
, M
ason,
Oh
io,
p.
11
-3.
86
Sum
mar
y
1.
Rew
ard
an
d
pra
ise
hav
e a
stro
ng
er
moti
vat
ional
fo
rce
than
pu
nis
hm
ent.
2.
Th
e fo
llo
win
g
rew
ard
s ar
e av
aila
ble
to
su
per
vis
ors
: p
rais
e,
acknow
led
gem
ent
(dip
lom
as,
pla
qu
etes
), s
tatu
s sy
mb
ols
(o
ffic
ial
car,
off
ice,
sec
reta
ry),
fre
e d
ays,
ad
van
cem
ent
and
pri
ze m
on
ey.
3.
In m
ost
cas
es,
the
bes
t re
sult
s ar
e o
bta
ined
wit
h i
nd
ivid
ual
fin
anci
al
rew
ard
s o
n t
he
bas
is o
f o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia a
nd
an
an
nu
al b
on
us.
4.
Ign
ori
ng
, "s
cow
l" a
nd
pre
ven
tio
n a
re a
lter
nat
ives
to p
unis
hm
ent
and
sho
uld
be
use
d f
or
min
or
off
ense
s.
5.
Wh
ile
pu
nis
hin
g o
ne
sho
uld
sti
ck t
o t
he
pri
nci
ple
of
imp
erso
nal
ity
,
un
iver
sali
ty,
con
sist
ency
, ap
pro
pri
aten
ess,
em
bar
rass
men
t an
d
imm
edia
cy.
6.
Man
ager
s h
ave
acce
ss
to
the
foll
ow
ing
p
enal
ties
: in
form
al
ver
bal
war
nin
gs,
wri
tten
war
nin
gs,
pro
bat
ion
, tr
ansf
er t
o a
lo
wer
po
siti
on
,
fin
e, s
usp
ensi
on
an
d f
irin
g a
wo
rker
.
7.
A p
erso
n c
an b
e fi
red
fo
r th
e fo
llo
win
g o
ffen
ses:
th
eft,
des
tru
ctio
n o
f
com
pan
ies'
pro
per
ty,
fig
hts
, d
rug
use
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, d
iso
bed
ien
ce
of
reg
ula
tio
ns
and
ord
ers,
do
cum
ent
forg
ery
, fa
lsif
yin
g d
iplo
mas
an
d
oth
er d
ocu
men
ts,
lyin
g a
t an
in
terv
iew
fo
r a
job
, b
ein
g a
bse
nt
fro
m
wo
rk
wit
ho
ut
no
tify
ing
y
ou
r su
per
vis
or
for
thre
e o
r m
ore
d
ays,
refu
sin
g t
o c
arry
ou
t d
uti
es,
inte
nti
on
ally
tak
ing a
ctio
ns
that
cau
se
seri
ou
s d
amag
e o
r en
dan
ger
th
e li
fe o
r h
ealt
h o
f w
ork
ers.
85
wo
rker
s.33 I
t is
im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
man
ager
s m
ust
tak
e in
to a
cco
un
t th
at
all
the
pen
alti
es,
and
esp
ecia
lly
th
e m
ost
sev
ere,
must
be
imple
men
ted i
n
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e la
w,
so t
hat
dec
isio
ns
wo
uld
no
t b
e d
ism
isse
d l
ater
in
cou
rt f
or
fail
ure
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
reg
ula
tory
pro
ced
ure
s.
Dis
cipl
inar
y m
eetin
g
In
the
end
, it
is
n
eces
sary
to
m
enti
on
a
few
ti
ps
reg
ard
ing
th
e
dis
cipli
nar
y m
eeti
ng w
ith a
n e
mp
loy
ee.
Bef
ore
th
e m
eeti
ng
, it
is
nec
essa
ry t
o
pre
par
e al
l th
e re
lev
ant
fact
s ab
ou
t th
e em
plo
yee
's v
iola
tio
ns
(wh
ich
he
did
,
wher
e, w
hen
an
d how
). T
he
firs
t su
ch m
eeti
ng
sh
ould
be
hel
d w
ith th
e
emp
loy
ee
in
pri
vat
e.
It
is
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
that
th
e su
per
ior
rem
ain
s
com
ple
tely
cal
m d
uri
ng
su
ch a
mee
tin
g (
ang
er i
s a
sig
n o
f w
eak
nes
s).
At
the
mee
ting i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o t
ell
the
emplo
yee
what
he
did
wro
ng,
what
is
expec
ted f
rom
him
and w
hat
wil
l h
app
en i
f h
e d
oes
no
t ch
ang
e h
is b
ehav
ior.
It i
s ex
trem
ely
im
po
rtan
t th
at s
up
erv
iso
r k
eep
s h
is w
ord
bec
ause
if
in t
he
end
he
do
es n
ot
pu
nis
h a
wo
rker
he
thre
aten
ed,
his
au
tho
rity
wil
l b
e p
erm
anen
tly
dim
inis
hed
. It
is
im
port
ant
for
a p
un
ish
men
t to
b
e ap
pro
pri
ate
and
in
acco
rdan
ce
wit
h
thes
e in
stru
ctio
ns,
an
d
the
fact
th
at
the
fun
ctio
n
of
pu
nis
hm
ent
is n
ot
rev
eng
e, b
ut
a ch
ang
e o
f b
ehav
ior
mu
st b
e ta
ken
in
to
acco
un
t.
33 D
escr
ipti
on o
f pen
alti
es f
or
cert
ain o
ffen
ses
is t
aken
fro
m O
ber
le,
RL
, 1978,
Enfo
rcin
g d
isci
pli
ne
mea
sure
s, Pe
rson
nel J
ourn
al, p. 30.
48
that
Tay
lor
and
May
o w
ere
wro
ng
. In
dee
d,
the
mo
der
n o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk
use
s b
oth
, a
scie
nti
fic
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
an
d t
he
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f th
e
theo
ry o
f h
um
an r
elat
ion
s. H
ow
ever
, th
e ar
t o
f m
anag
emen
t is
no
t ju
st a
bo
ut
the
dil
emm
a o
f w
het
her
to
mo
tiv
ate
emp
loy
ees
wit
h a
hig
her
sal
ary
or
to
hav
e a
go
od
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
th
em o
r n
ot.
Th
e ar
t o
f m
anag
emen
t is
to
tak
e
into
ac
cou
nt
man
y
oth
er
fact
ors
: th
e ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y,
the
edu
cati
on
al
stru
ctu
re o
f th
e la
bo
r fo
rce,
th
e si
tuat
ion
at
the
mar
ket
an
d t
he
size
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n i
n w
hic
h p
eop
le a
re e
mp
loy
ed.
At
this
po
int
we
wil
l n
ot
go
in
to
furt
her
pre
sen
tati
on
of
con
dit
ion
al a
pp
roac
h b
ecau
se t
he
chap
ters
th
at f
oll
ow
are
bas
ed p
reci
sely
on
th
is a
pp
roac
h,
and
th
e b
asic
ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f th
e
con
dit
ion
al ap
pro
ach
w
ill
bec
om
e ev
iden
t o
n th
e b
asis
o
f an
aly
zin
g th
e
mo
de
of
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
th
eir
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
, re
war
ds
etc.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Elt
on
M
ayo
is
th
e fo
un
der
o
f th
e so
cio
log
y
of
wo
rk,
esp
ecia
lly
bec
ause
he
intr
od
uce
d t
he
exp
erim
enta
l m
eth
od
s in
th
e re
sear
ch o
f
wo
rk.
2.
Ex
per
imen
t w
ith
li
gh
tin
g
gav
e u
nex
pec
ted
re
sult
s b
ecau
se
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
crea
sed
ev
en w
hen
th
e li
gh
t in
ten
sity
was
dec
reas
ed.
In
add
itio
n,
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
g
rew
st
ead
ily
in
th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
in
wh
ich
th
e in
ten
sity
of
lig
ht
was
alw
ays
the
sam
e.
3.
Th
e sa
me
thin
g h
app
ened
in
th
e ex
per
imen
t w
ith
th
e re
lay
bec
ause
pro
du
ctiv
ity
g
rew
al
mo
st
con
tin
uo
usl
y
des
pit
e m
any
ch
ang
es:
the
intr
od
uct
ion
an
d
elim
inat
ion
o
f b
reak
, sh
ort
enin
g
and
ex
ten
din
g
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs,
pro
vid
ing
ho
t m
eals
etc
.
49
4.
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts s
tres
sed
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f p
sych
olo
gic
al f
acto
rs
in l
abo
r p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
in
crea
sed
sat
isfa
ctio
n a
t w
ork
-
wh
ich
w
as
the
resu
lt
of
wo
rker
s ab
ilit
y
to
cho
ose
co
-wo
rker
s
them
selv
es,
thei
r g
reat
er f
reed
om
to w
ork
and h
um
ane
trea
tmen
t of
wo
rker
s -
lead
to
in
crea
sed
eff
icie
ncy
.
5.
On t
he
bas
is o
f ex
per
imen
ts,
May
o f
orm
ula
ted h
is t
heo
ry o
f (h
um
an
rela
tio
ns)
acc
ord
ing
to
wh
ich
it
is i
n t
he
inte
rest
of
emp
loy
ers
to h
ave
a h
um
ane
atti
tud
e to
war
ds
the
wo
rker
s an
d t
hey
sh
ou
ld t
ake
care
of
thei
r physi
cal
and m
enta
l nee
ds,
bec
ause
such
an a
ppro
ach l
eads
to a
n
incr
ease
in
pro
du
ctiv
ity
.
6.
May
o h
as b
een
cr
itic
ized
fo
r n
ot
pro
vin
g th
at w
ork
ers
beh
ave
the
sam
e d
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t an
d d
uri
ng
ev
ery
day
wo
rk.
He
on
ly
enh
ance
d a
fu
rth
er e
xp
loit
atio
n o
f w
ork
ers
and
his
pro
po
sals
can
no
t
reso
lve
the
fun
dam
enta
l co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n w
ork
an
d c
apit
al.
7.
A d
om
inan
t ap
pro
ach
in
mo
der
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk i
s a
con
dit
ion
al
app
roac
h
that
tr
ies
to
com
bin
e th
e cl
assi
c (T
aylo
r's)
an
d
mo
der
n
(May
o's
) ap
pro
ach
o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
. T
he
con
dit
ion
al
app
roac
h s
eek
s to
id
enti
fy a
ll t
he
rele
van
t fa
cto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
pro
per
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
y i
s M
ayo
sig
nif
ican
t fo
r so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
2.
Des
crib
e an
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
lig
hti
ng
!
3.
Des
crib
e an
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
rel
ays!
4.
Wh
y d
id n
ot
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts a
chie
ve
the
resu
lts
that
he
exp
ecte
d
bef
ore
th
e ex
per
imen
t?
84
Ser
iou
s o
ffen
se
imm
edia
tely
re
qu
ires
a
wri
tten
war
ning
. S
uch
vio
lati
on
s ar
e: s
leep
ing
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
neg
lig
ence
cau
sin
g
pro
per
ty d
amag
e, d
iso
bed
ien
ce (
mil
d v
iola
tio
ns
of
wri
tten
ru
les
or
ord
ers
of
a su
per
ior)
, an
d a
bse
nce
fro
m w
ork
wit
ho
ut
no
tify
ing
au
tho
riti
es.
In c
ase
that
su
ch
vio
lati
on
s te
nd
to
b
e re
pea
ted,
we
must
ap
ply
ev
en
tougher
pen
alti
es.
If
a w
ritt
en
war
nin
g
do
es
no
t w
ork
, th
e em
plo
yee
m
ay
be
on
prob
atio
n. F
or
exam
ple
, h
is d
aily
or
wee
kly
sal
ary
may
be
ded
uct
ed,
no
tin
g
that
the
dec
isio
n w
ill
not
be
imp
lem
ente
d i
f in
th
e n
ext
thre
e m
on
ths
he
do
es
no
t m
ake
a si
ng
le o
ffen
se.
Som
e pow
ers
can b
e ta
ken
aw
ay f
rom
a n
egli
gen
t em
plo
yee
(re
mov
al)
or
he
can b
e m
oved
to a
noth
er l
oca
tio
n.
Th
us,
th
e m
ilit
ary
oft
en p
un
ish
es
off
icer
s b
y
mo
vin
g
them
in
to
the
pro
vin
ce
(tran
sfer
).
Mo
re
sev
ere
pu
nis
hm
ent
is t
o m
ov
e to
a l
ow
er r
ated
an
d p
oo
rly
pai
d j
ob
.
Ev
entu
ally
th
e m
ost
se
rio
us
pen
alti
es w
ill
be
list
ed,
such
as
fin
es
(un
pai
d m
on
thly
wag
es),
per
man
ent
sala
ry re
duct
ion,
sus
pens
ion
from
work
or
bei
ng
fire
d. B
eing f
ired
is
the
most
sev
ere
pu
nis
hm
ent
an e
mp
loy
er c
an
giv
e. A
ll o
ther
pen
alti
es a
re t
he
resp
on
sib
ilit
y o
f th
e st
ate.
A p
erso
n c
an b
e
fire
d f
or
the
foll
ow
ing
off
ense
s: t
hef
t, d
estr
uct
ion o
f co
mpan
ies'
pro
per
ty,
fig
hts
, d
rug
use
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, d
iso
bed
ien
ce o
f re
gu
lati
on
s an
d o
rder
s,
do
cum
ent
forg
ery
, fa
lsif
yin
g d
iplo
mas
an
d o
ther
d
ocu
men
ts,
lyin
g at
an
inte
rvie
w
for
a jo
b,
bei
ng
ab
sen
t fr
om
w
ork
w
ith
ou
t n
oti
fyin
g
yo
ur
sup
erv
iso
r fo
r th
ree
or
mo
re d
ays,
ref
usi
ng t
o c
arry
out
duti
es,
inte
nti
onal
ly
tak
ing
act
ion
s th
at c
ause
ser
iou
s d
amag
e o
r en
dan
ger
th
e li
fe o
r h
ealt
h o
f
83
Her
zeg
ov
ina,
h
as
the
rig
ht
to
hav
e h
ors
e-ri
din
g
less
on
s,
mas
sag
e,
sau
na
and
oth
er p
riv
ileg
es w
hil
e se
rvin
g t
ime
in p
riso
n.
So
, if
th
e
emp
loy
ee is
p
enal
ized
b
y b
ein
g re
loca
ted
to
a
new
w
ork
ing
p
lace
wh
ere
ther
e ar
e b
ette
r w
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns,
th
en s
uch
pu
nis
hm
ent
do
es
no
t h
ave
a p
rev
enti
ve
effe
ct.
6.
Imm
edia
cy.
Th
e p
un
ish
men
t sh
ou
ld b
e im
po
sed
im
med
iate
ly a
fter
th
e
off
ence
is
bei
ng
co
mm
itte
d b
ecau
se i
t w
ou
ld t
hen
hav
e th
e g
reat
est
edu
cati
on
al
imp
act.
H
ow
ever
, th
e n
eed
to
im
ple
men
t ap
pro
pri
ate
dis
cip
lin
ary
p
roce
edin
gs
oft
en
pre
ven
ts
the
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
the
pri
nci
ple
of
imm
edia
cy.
Type
s of p
unis
hmen
t
Pre
vio
usl
y,
it w
as s
tate
d t
hat
on
e o
f th
e p
rin
cip
les
that
sh
ou
ld b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
duri
ng t
he
punis
hm
ent
is a
pri
nci
ple
of
adeq
uac
y.
Ther
efore
, it
is
nec
essa
ry
to
spec
ify
th
e p
un
ish
men
ts
fro
m
the
leas
t to
m
ost
se
ver
e.
Alt
ho
ug
h
isol
atio
n is
n
ot
a fo
rmal
p
un
ish
men
t,
it
is
wo
rth
m
enti
on
ing
bec
ause
it
is o
ne
of
the
most
co
mm
on
in
form
al s
anct
ion
s. I
n s
mal
l to
wn
s
peo
ple
oft
en i
sola
te p
eop
le w
ho
do
no
t fi
t th
e u
nw
ritt
en m
ora
l ru
les
of
that
pla
ce.
Als
o,
wo
rker
s o
ften
iso
late
th
eir
coll
eges
wh
o d
o n
ot
wan
t to
jo
in t
he
stri
ke,
wh
ich
th
e m
ajo
rity
of
un
ion m
ember
s d
ecid
ed t
o p
arti
cipat
e in
. T
he
mil
des
t fo
rm o
f p
un
ish
men
t is
an
in
form
al v
erba
l war
ning
. It
is
bei
ng
use
d
for
min
or
vio
lati
on
s o
f w
ork
d
isci
pli
ne
- u
nci
vil
ized
b
ehav
ior
(sh
ou
tin
g,
swea
rin
g,
etc.
), d
elay
s at
wo
rk,
lazi
nes
s, i
gn
ora
nce
an
d i
nef
fici
ency
at
wo
rk
and
fo
r th
e u
nau
tho
rize
d d
epar
ture
fro
m w
ork
. O
f co
urs
e, i
f su
ch a
vio
lati
on
is r
epet
itiv
e, i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o i
mp
ose
mo
re s
ever
e sa
nct
ion
s.
50
5.
Iden
tify
th
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f M
ayo
's t
heo
ry!
6.
What
is th
e m
ain
crit
icis
ms
May
o’s
theo
ry?
7.
Wh
at i
s a
con
dit
ion
al a
pp
roac
h i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk?
51
5.
Sele
ctio
n of
wor
kers
Wri
te y
ou
r o
wn
res
um
e b
ased
on
th
is t
emp
late
:
CU
RR
ICU
LU
M V
ITA
E
IVO
IVIĆ
K
ačić
eva
26, 1
0000
Zag
reb
Tel
.: 3
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(1
) 4
44
44
44
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ax:
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99
) 9
99
99
99
E
-mai
l: i
vic
@g
rad
.hr
CA
RE
ER
•
Exc
elle
nt r
esul
ts in
sch
ooli
ng a
nd in
itia
l wor
k ex
peri
ence
s.
ED
UC
AT
ION
F
AC
UL
TY
O
F
CIV
IL
EN
GIN
EE
RIN
G,
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
O
F
ZA
GR
EB
S
tud
ent
Oct
ob
er 2
00
8 -
to
day
•
Com
plet
ed th
e fi
rst s
emes
ter
• G
PA
3.9
/ 5.
0 •
Exc
elle
nt g
rade
s in
Mat
hs,
Des
crip
tive
Geo
met
ry a
nd S
ocio
logy
of
Wo
rk a
nd
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s F
IRS
T G
RA
MM
AR
SC
HO
OL
, Z
AG
RE
B
Stu
den
t S
epte
mb
er 2
00
4 -
Ju
ne
20
08
•
Gra
duat
ed a
nd e
xem
pted
fro
m w
riti
ng
th
e sc
ho
ol
leav
ing
ex
am d
ue
to e
xce
llen
t g
rad
es
• G
PA
4.6
/ 5.
0 •
Exc
elle
nt
grad
es
in
subj
ects
th
at
are
rele
vant
to
th
e jo
b:
Mat
hem
atic
s, P
hy
sics
, C
hem
istr
y,
Cro
atia
n,
En
gli
sh,
Ger
man
82
thin
ks
that
it
is d
ue
to h
is s
up
erio
r's
dis
lik
e to
war
ds
him
, an
d a
n e
ven
wors
e si
tuat
ion w
ould
be
if t
he
oth
er e
mplo
yee
s fe
el t
hat
the
man
ager
is s
ub
ject
ive
and
th
at h
e is
pu
nis
hin
g t
hat
per
son j
ust
bec
ause
he
is
ob
no
xio
us.
2.
Uni
vers
ality
. U
niv
ersa
lity
o
f p
un
ish
men
t is
co
nn
ecti
ng
w
ith
imp
erso
nal
ity
. It
is
no
t en
ou
gh
to
ju
stly
pu
nis
h o
nly
an
in
div
idu
al,
bu
t
it i
s al
so n
eces
sary
to
pu
nis
h a
ll w
ho
mak
e so
me
vio
lati
on
s. O
nly
in
that
cas
e a
sen
se o
f ju
st p
un
ish
men
t ca
n b
e ac
hie
ved
. F
or
exam
ple
, in
Rog
ozni
ca n
ear
Šib
enik
som
e pe
ople
's h
ouse
s, w
hich
wer
e il
lega
lly
bu
ilt,
w
ere
pu
lled
d
ow
n,
and
so
me
oth
er
peo
ple
w
ere
able
to
sub
seq
uen
tly
le
gal
ize
thei
r il
leg
al
ho
use
s.
It
is
log
ical
th
at
tho
se,
wh
ose
h
ou
ses
wer
e p
ull
ed d
ow
n,
hav
e ex
per
ien
ced
in
just
ice,
ev
en
tho
ug
h t
hey
bro
ke
the
con
stru
ctio
n l
aw.
3.
Con
sist
ency
. It
is
n
ot
eno
ug
h
that
al
l ar
e eq
ual
ly
cov
ered
w
ith
pu
nis
hm
ent,
b
ut
it
is
nec
essa
ry
to
alw
ays
det
erm
ine
the
sam
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
for
the
sam
e o
ffen
se.
Inco
nsi
sten
t p
un
ish
men
t is
th
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
in w
hic
h o
ne
is p
un
ish
ed w
ith
a w
age
red
uct
ion
, an
d t
he
seco
nd
tim
e an
oth
er e
mp
loy
ee f
or
the
sam
e off
ense
, is
punis
hed
only
wit
h a
war
nin
g.
4.
Appr
opri
aten
ess i
s th
e p
rin
cip
le a
cco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h a
min
or
off
ense
is
pu
nis
hed
w
ith
a
smal
ler
pu
nis
hm
ent
and
a m
ajor
off
ence
w
ith
a
seri
ou
s p
un
ish
men
t.
5.
Emba
rras
smen
t m
ean
s th
at p
un
ish
men
t, i
n o
rder
to
hav
e th
e ef
fect
,
mu
st c
ause
so
me
dis
com
fort
to
th
ose
wh
o a
re p
un
ish
ed.
Fo
r in
stan
ce,
in t
he
pu
bli
c th
ere
was
a n
egat
ive
reac
tio
n t
o t
he
new
s th
at B
ilja
na
Pla
všić
, a
pers
on w
ho w
as c
onvi
cted
of
war
cri
mes
in
Bos
nia
and
81
3.
Prev
entio
n. I
t is
no
t sa
id b
y c
oin
cid
ence
th
at o
pp
ort
un
ity
mak
es t
he
thie
f. I
f an
act
ivit
y,
wh
ich
bri
ng
s co
sts
to t
he
com
pan
y,
wan
ts t
o b
e
sto
pp
ed,
then
p
rev
enti
on
is
u
sual
ly
a m
uch
bet
ter
solu
tion
than
pu
nis
hm
ent.
F
or
exam
ple
, if
th
e p
ho
ne
bil
ls ar
e to
o hig
h,
a good
solu
tio
n i
s to
dia
l ze
ro w
hen
an
em
plo
yee
wan
ts t
o c
all,
bec
ause
in
this
way
ov
erse
as c
alls
or
call
s to
mo
bil
e p
ho
nes
are
pre
ven
ted
. In
th
is
way
we
wil
l ac
hie
ve
bet
ter
resu
lts
than
pu
nis
hin
g w
ork
ers
wh
o u
se t
he
ph
on
e fo
r p
erso
nal
use
.
Ho
wev
er,
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent
som
etim
es d
o n
ot
wo
rk,
and
th
en
the
pu
nis
hm
ent
mu
st b
e ap
pro
ach
ed o
r o
ther
wis
e, t
he
sup
erv
iso
r w
ill
lose
the
auth
ori
ty.
Du
rin
g h
is w
ork
ing
yea
rs e
ver
y c
ivil
en
gin
eer
wil
l p
rob
ably
be
in a
sit
uat
ion
wh
en h
e w
ill
no
t b
e ab
le t
o c
han
ge
his
em
plo
yee
's b
ehav
ior
and th
e only
ch
oic
e w
ill
be
to th
reat
en him
w
ith a
fine
or
punis
hm
ent.
Pu
nis
hm
ent
has
th
ree
bas
ic f
un
ctio
ns.
Fir
stly
, if
it
is p
rop
erly
use
d,
a ch
ang
e
of
off
ender
's
beh
avio
r ca
n
be
ach
ieved
. S
eco
nd
ly,
the
pu
nis
hm
ent
may
tem
pora
rily
or
per
man
entl
y e
lim
inat
e th
e o
ffen
der
s. T
hir
dly
, p
enal
ties
det
er
po
ten
tial
off
end
ers.
If
an e
mp
loy
ee s
ees
that
so
meo
ne
has
bee
n f
ired
du
e to
thef
t, h
e w
ill
cert
ain
ly t
hin
k t
wic
e b
efo
re a
nd
he
do
es t
he
sam
e o
ffen
ce.
Rul
es o
f pun
ishm
ent
In o
rder
for
a punis
hm
ent
to a
chie
ve
its
go
al,
wh
ile
sen
ten
cin
g t
he
foll
ow
ing
fu
nd
amen
tal
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld b
e o
bse
rved
:
1.
Impe
rson
ality
. Pu
nis
hm
ent
sho
uld
no
t b
e b
ased
on
per
son
al a
nim
osi
ty.
Inap
pro
pri
ate
beh
avio
r sh
ould
be
pu
nis
hed
, n
ot
the
per
son
. T
he
pu
nis
hm
ent
wil
l n
ot
be
edu
cati
on
al i
f a
per
son
wh
o i
s b
ein
g p
un
ish
ed
52
• P
rais
ed b
y th
e C
ou
nci
l o
f T
each
ers
for
exce
llen
ce i
n a
ll f
ou
r y
ears
of
sch
oo
lin
g
AD
DIT
ION
AL
ED
UC
AT
ION
F
IRS
T P
RIM
AR
Y M
US
IC S
CH
OO
L,
ZA
GR
EB
S
tud
ent
Sep
tem
ber
19
98
- J
un
e 2
00
0
• C
ompl
eted
the
firs
t tw
o gr
ades
•
Cou
rses
: Mus
ic T
heor
y (S
olfe
ggio
), G
uita
r A
DD
ITIO
NA
L S
KIL
LS
•
Dri
ving
lice
nse
(cat
egor
ies
A a
nd B
)
• E
xcel
lent
kn
owle
dge
of
com
pute
r pr
ogra
ms
Wor
d,
Exc
el
and
Au
toC
AD
A
WA
RD
S
20
07
– w
on
th
e fi
rst
pla
ce a
t th
e ci
ty c
om
pet
itio
n i
n p
hy
sics
W
OR
K E
XP
ER
IEN
CE
C
ON
ST
RA
CT
ION
CO
MP
AN
Y «
BR
ICK
» A
ssis
tan
t at
co
nst
ruct
ion
sit
e Ju
ly a
nd
Au
gu
st 2
00
8
BA
R "
SP
RIT
ZE
R"
Wai
ter
July
an
d A
ug
ust
20
07
F
OR
EIG
N L
AN
GU
AG
ES
•
Exc
elle
nt k
now
ledg
e of
Eng
lish
(le
arnt
thro
ugho
ut s
choo
ling
) •
A g
ood
know
ledg
e of
the
Ger
man
lan
guag
e (l
earn
t fo
r fo
ur y
ears
in
hig
h s
cho
ol)
53
How
to c
hoos
e th
e w
orke
rs?
On
e o
f th
e sk
ills
yo
u n
eed
to
hav
e as
a c
ivil
en
gin
eer
is t
he
abil
ity
to
sele
ct t
he
bes
t o
f th
ose
wo
rker
s w
ho
are
co
mp
etin
g f
or
a post
. S
ucc
essf
ul
org
aniz
atio
n a
nd
man
agem
ent
of
wo
rker
s is
far
eas
ier
to i
mp
lem
ent
if a
civ
il
eng
inee
r h
as a
sk
ille
d l
abo
r fo
rce.
How
ever
, it
is
not
easy
to m
ake
the
right
sele
ctio
n.
Aft
er a
ll,
peo
ple
oft
en t
ry t
o f
ind
a r
igh
t sp
ou
se f
or
yea
rs,
and
yet
,
they
sti
ll m
ake
mis
takes
, w
hic
h c
an b
e se
en f
rom
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
div
orc
es.
No
w
on
der
th
at
emp
loy
ers
mak
e th
e m
ista
ke
wh
en
cho
osi
ng
th
e ri
gh
t
can
did
ate
sin
ce t
hey
use
rel
ativ
ely
sca
rce
dat
a an
d c
and
idat
es t
ry t
o p
ort
ray
them
selv
es i
n t
he
bes
t li
gh
t. T
her
efo
re,
it i
s n
ot
alw
ays
easy
fo
r th
ose
wh
o
nee
d t
o m
ake
a ch
oic
e, t
o c
ho
ose
th
e p
erso
n b
est
suit
ed f
or
a p
ost
. T
her
efo
re,
in t
his
sec
tio
n w
e w
ill
sho
w s
om
e te
chn
iqu
es t
hat
in
crea
se t
he
pro
bab
ilit
y o
f
corr
ect
dec
isio
ns
in o
rder
to
ch
oo
se t
he
rig
ht
can
did
ate
for
a p
ost
.26
App
licat
ion
form
and
CV
Can
did
ate
sele
ctio
n
pro
cess
b
egin
s b
y
pu
bli
shin
g
a te
nd
er
wh
ich
sho
uld
cle
arly
sp
ecif
y w
hat
is
requir
ed o
f ca
ndid
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b.
Insu
ffic
ien
t
crit
eria
w
ill
on
ly
un
nec
essa
rily
b
urd
en
the
com
mit
tee
to
dec
ide
on
th
e
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
sin
ce t
he
com
mit
tee
would
be
fill
ed w
ith a
num
ber
of
app
lica
tio
ns
for
the
com
pet
itio
n b
y t
he
peo
ple
who
do
no
t h
ave
the
req
uir
ed
qu
alit
y.
Pro
hib
itiv
e cr
iter
ia
can
ca
use
n
o
one
to
apply
fo
r th
e jo
b.
An
26 F
or
a m
ore
det
aile
d a
nal
ysi
s o
f th
e ca
ndid
ate
sele
ctio
n p
roce
ss s
ee D
essl
er,
Gar
y,
2005,
Hum
an R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent.
Pea
rso
n E
du
cati
on
, U
pp
er S
add
le R
iver
, U
SA
, es
pec
iall
y p
ages
11
0-2
65
, an
d A
rno
ld,
Joh
n e
t al
, 2
00
5,
Psy
cho
log
y o
f W
ork
: U
nd
erst
and
ing
H
um
an B
ehav
ior
in th
e W
ork
pla
ce,
Pre
nti
ce H
all,
L
on
do
n,
esp
ecia
lly
pag
es 1
32-2
01.
80
An
nu
al b
on
us
has
an
eff
ect
of
a "p
osi
tiv
e sh
ock
" th
at s
tim
ula
tes
emp
loy
ees
for
furt
her
eff
ort
s.
Puni
shm
ent o
f wor
kers
It h
as a
lrea
dy b
een s
tate
d t
hat
the
rew
ard
s ar
e a
much
more
moti
vat
ional
forc
e th
an p
un
ish
men
t. A
fter
all
, an
yo
ne
can
th
ink
of
a si
tuat
ion
in
wh
ich
th
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
had
ju
st
the
op
po
site
ef
fect
fr
om
w
hat
w
as
expec
ted.
For
exam
ple
, a
stu
den
t w
ho
get
s a
bad
gra
de
in a
su
bje
ct o
ften
lo
ses
inte
rest
in
that
su
bje
ct.
Th
eref
ore
, su
cces
sfu
l m
anag
ers
mu
st a
vo
id p
un
ish
ing
wo
rker
s,
exce
pt
in
case
s w
her
e th
e p
un
ish
men
t is
th
e o
nly
o
pti
on
. T
her
efo
re,
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent
wil
l b
e li
sted
fir
st:
1.
Igno
ring
. So
met
imes
it
is g
oo
d t
o p
rete
nd t
hat
you h
ave
not
noti
ced
som
e ti
ny
m
isd
emea
no
r.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
stu
den
ts
in
a le
ctu
re
can
som
etim
es
mak
e in
app
rop
riat
e re
mar
ks
or
star
t ta
lkin
g
wit
h
a
coll
eag
ue
du
rin
g a
lec
ture
. If
co
mm
ents
are
no
t to
o i
nap
pro
pri
ate
or
if
a st
ud
ent
sto
ps
talk
ing
so
on
, th
e b
est
thin
g a
pro
fess
or
can
do
is
to
pre
ten
d t
hat
su
ch b
ehav
ior
was
no
t noti
ced.
Sim
ilar
ly,
a su
per
vis
or
does
not
nee
d t
o r
eact
to e
ver
y l
ittl
e fl
aw w
ork
ers
mak
e b
ecau
se a
con
stan
t sc
old
ing
dem
oti
vat
es e
mp
loy
ees.
2.
"Sco
wl."
If
so
meo
ne
do
es
no
t w
ant
to
tole
rate
o
ne'
s co
nd
uct
an
y
furt
her
, an
d i
t is
a s
mal
l m
isd
emea
nor,
som
etim
es i
t is
enough t
o s
how
that
th
e em
plo
yee
's b
ehav
ior
is n
ot
app
rov
ed w
ith
fac
ial
exp
ress
ion
s
and
a b
od
y l
ang
uag
e. P
eop
le h
ave
lear
ned
to
un
der
stan
d n
on
-ver
bal
com
mu
nic
atio
n,
and
sh
arp
lo
ok
, w
ith
wh
ich
can
eli
min
ate
un
wan
ted
beh
avio
r, c
an s
om
etim
es b
e q
uit
e en
ou
gh
fo
r "p
un
ish
men
t".
79
for
all
acti
vit
ies,
do
es n
ot
exis
t. I
n s
om
e in
du
stri
es i
t is
bet
ter
to r
ewar
d
ind
ivid
ual
ly,
and
in
oth
ers
in g
rou
ps.
Gen
eral
ly,
in t
ho
se i
nd
ust
ries
in
wh
ich
the
ind
ivid
ual
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n i
s i
mp
ort
ant
to t
he
(job o
f a
Sal
esm
an),
it
is
bet
ter
to p
ay i
nd
ivid
ual
ly,
and
in
act
ivit
ies
that
req
uir
e te
am w
ork
(M
edic
al
Ad
vis
ory
Bo
ard
) it
is
bet
ter
to r
ewar
d t
he
wh
ole
gro
up
. H
ow
ever
, th
e b
est
solu
tio
n i
s o
ften
a c
om
bin
atio
n o
f re
war
ds.
So
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
foo
tbal
l cl
ub
s
giv
e d
iffe
ren
t am
ou
nts
of
mo
ney
to
bu
y p
lay
ers,
dep
end
ing
on
th
e q
ual
ity
of
ind
ivid
ual
pla
yer
s, b
ut
if t
he
clu
b w
ins
the
Eu
rop
ean
Ch
amp
ion
s C
up
, th
en
the
pre
miu
m is
al
loca
ted
eq
ual
ly,
in o
ther
w
ord
s o
n th
e b
asis
o
f g
rou
p
pay
men
ts.
As
far
as o
bje
ctiv
e an
d s
ub
ject
ive
eval
uat
ion
is
con
cern
ed,
it i
s
log
ical
th
at
the
ob
ject
ive
crit
eria
g
ive
bet
ter
resu
lts
bec
ause
th
ey
are
mea
sura
ble
, so
it
is e
asie
r fo
r ev
ery
on
e to
ass
ess
wh
o d
eser
ved
th
e re
war
d.
How
ever
, it
is
so
met
imes
use
ful
to
rew
ard
em
plo
yee
s o
n
the
bas
is
of
sub
ject
ive
esti
mat
es b
ecau
se i
t is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy t
o q
uan
tify
a p
erso
n's
work
per
form
ance
. A
sim
ilar
ex
amp
le i
s th
e ri
gh
t o
f te
ach
ers
to a
war
d s
tud
ents
extr
a p
oin
ts f
or
bei
ng
act
ive
in t
he
clas
s. A
lthough i
t is
bet
ter
to e
val
uat
e on
the
bas
is o
f m
easu
rab
le r
esu
lts,
such
as
the
num
ber
of
poin
ts o
n t
he
test
, it
is
use
ful
to a
dd
itio
nal
ly r
ewar
d t
he
stu
den
ts w
ho
en
able
d t
he
qu
alit
y o
f cl
asse
s
at
sem
inar
s th
rou
gh
th
eir
dis
cuss
ions.
P
robab
ly
the
big
ges
t su
rpri
se
of
Law
ler'
s co
ncl
usi
on
is
that
it
is b
est
to p
ay t
he
rew
ard
s in
th
e fo
rm o
f an
nu
al
bo
nu
ses.
S
pec
ific
ally
, it
w
ou
ld
be
log
ical
to
co
ncl
ud
e th
at
the
gre
ates
t
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce
is a
rew
ard
hat
is
pai
d i
mm
edia
tely
aft
er p
erfo
rmed
wo
rk.
Bu
t p
erh
aps
the
ann
ual
b
on
use
s ar
e th
e m
ost
ef
fect
ive
bec
ause
o
f la
rge
amo
un
ts o
f m
on
ey,
wh
ich
are
pai
d a
t once
, an
d t
hey
are
more
sti
mula
ting
than
th
e re
war
d t
hat
is
dis
trib
ute
d t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
yea
r in
sm
all
amo
un
ts.
54
app
lica
tio
n f
orm
can
be
eith
er f
ree
or
on
th
e at
tach
ed f
orm
. A
fter
th
ey a
pp
ly
for
the
com
pet
itio
n,
the
com
mit
tee
should
eli
min
ate
cand
idat
es w
ho
do
no
t
fulf
ill
the
crit
eria
o
f th
e te
nd
er.
Ho
wev
er,
the
app
lica
tio
n fo
rms
pro
vid
e
add
itio
nal
in
form
atio
n
abo
ut
the
can
did
ate.
F
or
exam
ple
, n
um
ero
us
gram
mat
ical
err
ors
in th
e te
xt o
f th
e ap
plic
atio
n or
rés
umé
are
neit
her
a go
od
reco
mm
end
atio
n
for
a se
cret
aria
l p
osi
tio
n,
no
r fo
r th
e jo
b
of
Cro
atia
n
lan
gu
age
teac
her
. In
so
me
wes
tern
co
un
trie
s (f
or
exam
ple
, in
th
e U
.S.)
mem
ber
s o
f th
e co
mm
itte
e ch
eck
w
ith
p
rev
iou
s em
plo
yer
s w
het
her
th
e
info
rmat
ion
giv
en i
n t
he
app
lica
tio
n f
or
the
ten
der
are
co
rrec
t. I
n t
his
way
it
is p
oss
ible
to
ob
tain
fu
rth
er i
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t th
e w
ork
per
form
ance
an
d
char
acte
r o
f th
e ca
nd
idat
es.
So
met
imes
th
e ca
nd
idat
e is
ask
ed t
o s
ub
mit
a
wri
tten
rec
om
men
dat
ion
fro
m p
rev
iou
s em
plo
yer
s o
r p
rofe
sso
rs.
Ho
wev
er,
pra
ctic
e h
as s
ho
wn
th
at t
he
dat
a in
th
e re
com
men
dat
ion
s ar
e n
ot
par
ticu
larl
y
use
ful
bec
ause
th
e p
eop
le w
ho
wri
te r
eco
mm
end
atio
ns
usu
ally
des
crib
e th
eir
can
did
ates
in
a b
ette
r li
gh
t th
an t
hey
rea
lly
are
, w
ish
ing
to
hel
p t
hem
fin
d
emp
loy
men
t.
So
mew
hat
g
reat
er
ob
ject
ivit
y
can
b
e ac
hie
ved
if
th
e
reco
mm
endat
ions
are
sent
dir
ectl
y t
o t
he
com
mit
tee,
so
th
at t
he
can
did
ate
is
no
t ab
le t
o r
ead
wh
at i
s sa
id i
n t
he
reco
mm
end
atio
n l
ette
r. T
her
e ar
e m
ajo
r
dif
fere
nce
s in
wri
ting a
CV
fro
m s
tate
to
sta
te.
Th
us,
in
Ger
man
y,
it i
s
exp
ecte
d f
rom
th
e ca
nd
idat
e to
su
bm
it h
is p
ho
to,
bu
t in
th
e U
.S.
it i
s n
ot
the
pra
ctic
e. F
ren
ch e
mp
loy
ers
oft
en u
se t
he
serv
ices
of
a g
rap
ho
log
ist,
an
d t
he
can
did
ates
are
ask
ed t
o w
rite
an
ap
pli
cati
on
fo
rm a
nd
CV
by
han
d.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e is
no
sci
enti
fic
cert
ain
ty t
hat
on
e's
char
acte
r ca
n b
e ju
dg
ed o
n t
he
bas
is
of
han
dw
riti
ng
. W
hil
e in
Fra
nce
th
e d
ata
on
th
e m
arit
al s
tatu
s an
d a
ge
of
can
did
ates
are
man
dat
ory
, su
ch d
ata
are
no
t ev
en m
enti
on
ed i
n t
he
US
, in
ord
er t
o a
vo
id d
iscr
imin
atio
n o
n t
he
bas
is o
f ag
e o
r m
arit
al s
tatu
s. I
n s
ho
rt,
55
the
app
lica
tio
ns,
C
Vs
and
re
com
men
dat
ion
s m
ay
be
imp
ort
ant
in
the
sele
ctio
n
of
can
did
ates
. H
ow
ever
, h
igh
-qu
alit
y
sele
ctio
n
of
staf
f sh
ou
ld
incl
ud
e o
ther
ch
eck
up
s th
at a
re l
iste
d b
elo
w.
Can
dida
te te
stin
g
To
day
mo
der
n p
sych
olo
gy
off
ers
man
y a
dd
itio
nal
met
ho
ds
that
can
be
use
d t
o c
hec
k t
he
qu
alit
y o
f ap
pli
can
ts f
or
a jo
b.
Her
e w
e w
ill
dea
l w
ith
th
e
IQ t
ests
, k
no
wle
dg
e te
sts,
psy
cho
log
ical
tes
ts,
test
s o
f p
hy
sica
l fi
tnes
s an
d
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
ests
. T
od
ay,
the
IQ o
f a
per
son c
an b
e ex
actl
y m
easu
red b
y
stan
dar
diz
ed
test
s.
Th
eref
ore
, so
me
com
pan
ies
use
th
ese
test
s in
th
e
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
bec
ause
it
is l
og
ical
th
at t
he
mo
re i
nte
llig
ent
peo
ple
wil
l b
e m
ore
su
cces
sfu
l in
th
eir
wo
rk.
An
ad
dit
ion
al a
dv
anta
ge
of
thes
e te
sts
is
that
th
ey
are
rela
tivel
y
sim
ple
an
d
inex
pen
sive.
F
or
exam
ple
, it
is
rela
tiv
ely
eas
y t
o o
bta
in s
tan
dar
diz
ed c
om
pu
ter
test
s of
inte
llig
ence
that
can
mea
sure
in
tell
igen
ce o
f ca
nd
idat
es in
a
short
ti
me.
In
tell
igen
ce te
sts
are
cert
ain
ly a
ver
y u
sefu
l to
ol,
esp
ecia
lly
fo
r ta
sks
that
req
uir
e cr
eati
vit
y o
f
wo
rker
s (i
nte
llig
ence
is
the
abil
ity
to
co
pe
wit
h n
ew s
itu
atio
ns)
. H
ow
ever
,
thes
e te
sts
are
no
t en
ou
gh
, b
ecau
se i
nte
llig
ence
is
just
on
e o
f th
e tr
aits
th
at
affe
ct w
ork
per
form
ance
. F
or
exam
ple
, a
per
son m
ay b
e in
tell
igen
t, b
ut
it
cou
ld b
e ig
no
ran
t fo
r sp
ecif
ic t
yp
e o
f w
ork
. In
th
is c
ase
it i
s b
ette
r to
hir
e a
per
son
th
at h
as a
sli
gh
tly
lo
wer
IQ
, b
ut
is a
n e
xp
ert
in h
is/h
er f
ield
. S
om
e
ver
y i
nte
llig
ent
peo
ple
can
be
anti
soci
al,
wh
ich
mak
es t
hem
in
cap
able
to
wo
rk
in
a g
rou
p.
Th
eref
ore
, a
com
ple
te
chec
ku
p
of
can
did
ates
sh
ou
ld
incl
ud
e o
ther
tes
ts.
Pro
fici
ency
tes
ts a
re c
on
du
cted
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er a
per
son
wh
o h
as
com
ple
ted
tr
ain
ing
re
ally
h
as
eno
ug
h
kn
ow
led
ge
to
per
form
a
job
. F
or
78
fact
th
at o
nly
22
% o
f w
ork
ers
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
bel
ieve
that
thei
r sa
lary
is
dir
ectl
y d
epen
den
t o
n t
he
wo
rkin
g r
esu
lts.
31
Th
e re
sear
cher
s w
ere
intr
igu
ed b
y t
he
qu
esti
on
of
ho
w t
he
pri
ze m
on
ey
can
ac
hie
ve
the
bes
t ef
fect
o
f m
oti
vat
ing
em
plo
yee
s,
so
they
d
id
the
exp
erim
ents
to
fin
d a
nsw
ers
to t
he
foll
ow
ing
qu
esti
on
s:
1.
Is i
t m
ore
eff
icie
nt
to r
ewar
d i
nd
ivid
ual
ly o
r in
gro
up
s?
2.
Is i
t b
ette
r to
hav
e o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia (
stan
dar
d)
or
it i
s b
ette
r to
en
able
man
ager
s to
su
bje
ctiv
ely
ev
alu
ate
wo
rker
s w
ho
sh
ou
ld
get
th
e
rew
ard
?
3.
Is i
t b
ette
r to
pay
th
e re
war
d i
mm
edia
tely
or
in a
dd
itio
n t
o a
mo
nth
ly
sala
ry, o
r in
th
e fo
rm o
f an
nu
al b
on
use
s?
Law
ler'
s st
ud
ies
hav
e sh
ow
n t
hat
in
most
cas
es t
he
bes
t re
sult
s ar
e
ach
iev
ed b
y r
ewar
din
g i
nd
ivid
ual
ly o
n t
he
bas
is o
f o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia a
nd
wit
h a
n a
nn
ual
bo
nu
s.32 H
ow
ever
, th
e d
isad
van
tag
es o
f in
div
idu
al r
ewar
ds
are:
it
ca
use
s je
alo
usy
, o
stra
cism
(r
efu
sin
g
the
win
nin
g
indiv
idual
) an
d
po
ssib
le f
alsi
fica
tio
n o
f re
sult
s. I
n c
ontr
ast,
the
cooper
atio
n w
ithin
the
gro
up
is i
ncr
ease
d i
f w
ork
ers
are
rew
ard
ed a
cco
rdin
g t
o p
erfo
rman
ce o
f th
e g
rou
p
or
per
form
ance
o
f th
e en
tire
o
rgan
izat
ion
. H
ow
ever
, in
th
is
way
th
e
com
pet
itio
n
bet
wee
n
wo
rker
s is
re
du
ced,
whic
h
can
also
hav
e neg
ativ
e
con
seq
uen
ces.
Th
us,
Law
ler
con
clu
des
th
at t
her
e th
e b
est
way
of
rew
ard
ing
31 I
bid
, p. 95.
32 S
ee L
awle
r II
I, E
.E.
and G
.D.
Jankin
s, S
trat
egic
Rew
ard S
yst
ems,
in M
.D.
Dunnet
te
and
L.M
. H
ugs
(eds.
),
1992,
Han
dboo
k of
Ind
ustr
ial
and
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Psyh
olog
y, C
onsu
ltin
g P
sych
olo
gis
ts P
ress
, P
aolo
Alt
o;
Law
ler
III,
E.E
., 1
971,
Pay
and
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Effe
ctiv
ness
, M
cGra
w-H
ill,
N
ew
York
; L
awle
r II
I,
E.E
.,
New
A
ppro
aches
to P
ay:
Innovat
ions
That
Work
, Pe
rson
nel 5
3,
II-2
3;
Law
ler
III,
E.E
., 1
981,
Pay
and
Org
anza
tion
Dev
elop
men
t, A
ddis
on-W
esle
y,
Rea
din
g,
Mas
s; L
awle
r II
I, E
.E.,
1984,
What
ever
Hap
pen
ed t
o I
nce
nti
ve
Pay
, N
ew M
anag
emen
t 1,
pp.
37-4
1.
77
3.
Adva
ncem
ent
is a
lso
a s
ign
ific
ant
form
of
rew
ard
ing
an
d t
her
efo
re
mo
tiv
atin
g w
ork
ers,
es
pec
iall
y if
w
ork
ers
feel
th
at th
ey ar
e b
ein
g
adv
ance
d
acco
rdin
g
to
thei
r m
erit
an
d
for
thei
r w
ork
. T
her
efo
re,
man
ager
s ar
e ad
vis
ed t
o c
on
sult
th
eir
wo
rker
s b
efo
re a
dv
anci
ng
th
e
emp
loy
ees,
to
mak
e su
re t
hat
th
ey c
ho
se t
he
rig
ht
per
son
fo
r th
is f
orm
of
rew
ard
.
4.
Free
day
s can
als
o b
e a
form
of
rew
ard.
If t
he
wo
rker
has
do
ne
his
jo
b
wel
l an
d b
efo
re t
he
dea
dli
ne,
giv
ing
his
a f
ew d
ays
off
can
be
a g
oo
d
form
of
rew
ard
fo
r h
is w
ork
.
5.
Em
plo
yee
s ca
n
be
rew
ard
ed
in
man
y
oth
er
way
s -
by
p
rov
idin
g
off
icia
l ca
rs a
nd o
ffic
ial
cell
ph
on
es,
pro
vid
ing
a l
arg
er o
ffic
e (w
hic
h
is a
lso
an
in
dic
ato
r o
f em
plo
yee
's s
tatu
s),
by
off
erin
g h
im p
erso
nal
secr
etar
ies
etc.
6.
As
much
as
the
pre
vio
usl
y m
enti
oned
ty
pes
of
rew
ard
s ar
e ef
fect
ive,
mo
ney
rem
ain
s th
e m
ost
eff
ecti
ve
form
of
mo
tiv
atio
n t
o w
ork
, an
d i
t
wil
l b
e sp
ecif
ical
ly a
dd
ress
ed i
n t
he
nex
t se
ctio
n.
Priz
e m
oney
P
rize
mon
ey,
as t
he
most
eff
ecti
ve
mo
tiv
ator,
can
be
succ
essf
ul
wh
en
it i
s ac
tual
ly i
n l
ine
wit
h t
he
resu
lts
of
on
e's
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
if e
mp
loy
ees
bel
iev
e th
at p
rize
mo
ney
is
giv
en,
for
exam
ple
, b
ecau
se o
f th
e cl
ose
nes
s to
the
gen
eral
m
anag
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f th
e q
ual
ity
o
f w
ork
, th
en th
e m
on
ey
rew
ard m
ight
even
hav
e a
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
o
n o
ther
em
plo
yee
s. In
o
ther
wo
rds,
th
ere
sho
uld
be
a cl
ear
lin
k b
etw
een
th
e re
sult
s an
d t
he
amo
un
t o
f
pri
ze m
on
ey.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s n
ot
easy
to
ach
iev
e th
is,
and
th
is i
s se
en i
n t
he
56
exam
ple
, peo
ple
who h
ave
com
ple
ted m
edic
al s
tud
ies
ou
tsid
e th
e U
.S.
- an
d
wan
t to
get
a j
ob
in
th
at c
ou
ntr
y -
mu
st p
ass
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s M
edic
al
Lic
ensi
ng
Ex
amin
atio
n (
US
ML
E).
27 T
his
tes
t is
use
d t
o c
hec
k w
het
her
a
per
son
, w
ho
h
as
a fo
rmal
ed
uca
tio
n
in
med
icin
e,
real
ly
has
en
ou
gh
kn
ow
led
ge
to w
ork
as
a p
hy
sici
an.
Sim
ilar
tes
ts c
an b
e ca
rrie
d o
ut
in o
ther
sect
ors
, in
clu
din
g t
he
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry.
Psy
cho
log
ical
tes
ts a
re a
lso
use
d i
n t
he
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s. T
hes
e
test
s m
easu
re
the
mo
tiv
atio
n
of
work
, te
mper
amen
t,
abil
ity
to
co
ntr
ol
emo
tio
ns,
au
tho
rita
tiv
enes
s o
f p
eop
le,
soci
al
inte
llig
ence
, th
e ab
ilit
y
to
acce
pt
crit
icis
m,
etc.
Ho
wev
er,
un
lik
e IQ
tes
ts,
wh
ose
res
ult
s ar
e re
lati
vel
y
easy
to
in
terp
ret,
fo
r p
sych
olo
gic
al t
ests
it
is n
eces
sary
to
hir
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
psy
cho
log
ists
wh
o w
ill
corr
ectl
y i
nte
rpre
t th
e te
st r
esu
lts.
For
som
e jo
bs,
such
as,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
mem
ber
s o
f th
e sp
ecia
l fo
rces
of
the
arm
y a
nd
th
e
po
lice
, th
ey u
se te
sts
to ch
eck
th
e p
hy
sica
l ab
ilit
ies
such
as
en
du
ran
ce,
stre
ng
th,
agil
ity
, ac
cura
cy,
etc.
In t
he
end
, w
e h
ave
to m
enti
on
so
cio
dra
mat
ical
tes
ts w
ho
se p
rim
ary
fun
ctio
n i
s to
in
ves
tig
ate
the
spo
nta
neo
us
beh
avio
r o
f ca
nd
idat
es.2
8 D
uri
ng
thes
e te
sts,
th
e in
div
idu
al d
oes
no
t k
no
w w
hat
is
real
ly t
este
d.
On
e ex
amp
le
of
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
est
is a
sit
uat
ion
wh
ere
a g
rou
p o
f ca
nd
idat
es i
s se
nt
to a
cam
p.
Wh
at is
o
bse
rved
is
h
ow
th
e ca
nd
idat
es w
ill
org
aniz
e th
emse
lves
spo
nta
neo
usl
y (
sin
ce t
her
e is
no
org
aniz
atio
n p
rev
iou
sly
mad
e),
in o
rder
, fo
r
exam
ple
, to
get
wat
er s
up
ply
, co
llec
t fo
od
, p
rep
are
a ca
mp
etc
. P
arti
cula
rly
monit
ore
d i
s th
e per
son w
ho w
ill
sponta
neo
usl
y b
eco
me
the
lead
er o
f th
e
27 I
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t th
is t
est
can
be
fou
nd
at:
h
ttp
://w
ww
.usm
le.o
rg/G
ener
al_
Info
rmat
ion/b
ull
etin
/2009/2
009bull
etin
28 A
go
od
des
crip
tio
n o
f so
cio
dra
mat
ical
tes
ts c
an b
e fo
und i
n M
ille
r an
d F
orm
, o
p. ci
t., p
p. 5
16
-23
.
57
gro
up
. S
uch
a p
erso
n s
ho
ws
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
"bo
rn"
lead
ers,
an
d
thu
s is
id
enti
fied
as
a su
itab
le p
erso
n f
or
a m
anag
eria
l p
osi
tio
n.
Fo
r su
ch a
test
, th
e p
erso
n in
ch
arg
e is
en
gag
ed to
o
bse
rve
the
can
did
ates
, b
ut
the
can
did
ates
do
no
t k
no
w w
hic
h p
erso
n i
s re
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r th
eir
eval
uat
ion
.
Task
On
e o
f th
e si
mp
lest
an
d m
ost
eff
ecti
ve
way
s to
scr
een
can
did
ates
is
to
giv
e th
em a
tas
k.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if o
ne
wan
ts t
o h
ire
a ce
ram
ist,
giv
ing
him
a
task
to
pu
t ti
les
in t
he
bat
hro
om
is
a w
ay t
o c
hec
k h
is q
ual
ity
an
d s
pee
d o
f
wo
rk.
A g
oo
d w
ay t
o c
hec
k a
un
iver
sity
tea
cher
is
to a
sk h
im t
o g
ive
a
lect
ure
. T
od
ay,
ther
e ar
e st
and
ard
ized
wo
rk t
ask
s fo
r o
ther
pro
fess
ion
s, f
or
exam
ple
, fo
r a
care
er o
f a
man
ager
. H
ow
ever
, it
is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy t
o f
ind
the
rig
ht
way
to
sel
ect
task
s fo
r al
l ty
pes
of
care
ers.
Inte
rvie
w
All
th
e te
chn
iqu
es a
re e
xte
nsi
vel
y u
sed
in
th
e se
lect
ion
of
wo
rker
s.
Ho
wev
er,
the
inte
rvie
w
is
cert
ain
ly
the
mo
st
wid
ely
u
sed
m
eth
od
o
f
sele
ctio
n.
Th
e re
aso
n is
si
mp
le.
It is
re
lati
vel
y ea
sy to
im
agin
e th
at th
e
wo
rker
s ar
e n
ot
bei
ng
tes
ted
, b
ut
it i
s al
mo
st i
nco
nce
ivab
le n
ot
to i
nte
rvie
w
the
per
son
on
e w
ants
to
em
plo
y.
Th
eref
ore
, it
is
nec
essa
ry t
o s
pec
ify t
he
resu
lts
of
rese
arch
in
th
is a
rea.
In
terv
iew
s ar
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
str
uct
ure
d a
nd
un
stru
ctu
red
. S
tru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s h
ave
pre
det
erm
ined
qu
esti
on
s, b
asic
ally
the
sam
e fo
r al
l ca
nd
idat
es,
wh
ile
in t
he
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
qu
esti
on
s ar
e
chan
ged
. T
her
efo
re,
the
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
is
m
uch
m
ore
si
mil
ar
to
ever
yd
ay c
on
ver
sati
on
. It
sh
ou
ld b
e n
ote
d t
hat
th
e st
ruct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
ws
are
76
com
es t
o w
ork
bef
ore
off
ice
ho
urs
. It
is
imp
ort
ant
to e
mp
has
ize
that
th
e
pra
ise
and a
war
d h
ave
a m
uch
bet
ter
effe
ct t
han
pu
nis
hm
ent
and
reb
uk
e.
Type
s of r
ewar
ds
Man
ager
s h
ave
the
full
ran
ge
of
rew
ard
s at
th
eir
dis
po
sal,
am
on
g w
hic
h
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
wil
l b
e m
enti
on
ed:
1.
Prai
se i
s a
ver
bal
rew
ard
fo
r p
erfo
rmin
g g
oo
d w
ork
. A
lth
ou
gh
it
is
free
, it
has
a v
ery
str
on
g p
osi
tiv
e ef
fect
on
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
. A
fter
all
,
any
on
e ca
n r
ecal
l h
ow
bei
ng
pra
ised
by
a t
each
er f
urt
her
mo
tiv
ated
us
to l
earn
the
subje
cts
or,
how
wel
l w
e w
ere
mo
tiv
ated
aft
er o
ur
par
ents
pra
ised
us.
Oth
erw
ise,
it
is b
est
to p
rais
e a
wo
rker
in
th
e p
rese
nce
of
oth
er
emp
loy
ees
bec
ause
th
en
they
b
eco
me
furt
her
m
oti
vat
ed.
In
con
tras
t, t
he
crit
icis
m s
ho
uld
be
giv
en i
n p
riv
ate
bec
ause
on
ly t
hen
it
has
a p
osi
tiv
e m
oti
vat
ion
al f
orc
e. C
riti
cism
in f
ront
of
oth
er w
ork
ers
is
per
ceiv
ed a
s an
att
ack
on
on
e's
ow
n p
erso
nal
ity
, an
d h
e m
ay b
eco
me
dem
oti
vat
ed t
o w
ork
.
2.
An i
nte
gra
l par
t of
the
org
aniz
atio
nal
cu
ltu
re o
f su
cces
sfu
l co
mp
anie
s
is g
ivin
g a
war
ds to
wo
rker
s. T
his
in
clu
des
dec
lari
ng
an
em
plo
yee
of
the
mo
nth
, a
wo
rker
o
f th
e y
ear,
ce
leb
rati
ng
an
niv
ersa
ries
o
f th
e
emp
loy
ee i
n t
he
com
pan
y (
ten
th,
twen
tiet
h,
and
oth
er a
nn
iver
sari
es),
gra
nti
ng
dip
lom
as f
or
a w
ell
do
ne
job
, et
c. A
nd
th
ese
typ
es o
f re
war
ds
hav
e an
im
po
rtan
t m
oti
vat
ion
al r
ole
, am
on
g o
ther
th
ing
s, b
ecau
se t
hey
rein
forc
e a
sen
se
of
bel
on
gin
g.
Mo
reo
ver
, th
e F
acu
lty
o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
Zag
reb
pro
clai
ms
the
bes
t st
ud
ents
, an
d t
hei
r p
ictu
res
are
po
sted
on
th
e n
oti
ce b
oar
d o
f th
e F
acu
lty
.
75
7.
Rew
ardi
ng a
nd p
unis
hing
wor
kers
Wh
en t
hey
ask
ed D
rak
on
t w
hy
he
intr
od
uce
d t
he
dea
th p
enal
ty
for
mo
st c
rim
inal
off
ense
s, h
e an
swer
ed t
hat
he
bel
iev
ed t
hat
sm
all
off
ense
s [f
or
exam
ple
, st
eali
ng
ap
ple
s -
MA
] d
eser
ve
the
dea
th p
enal
ty,
and th
at he
could
not
thin
k of
a m
ore
se
ver
e p
un
ish
men
t fo
r m
ore
se
rio
us
off
ense
s. (
Plu
tarc
h a
bo
ut
Dra
ko
nt)
The
role
of r
ewar
d an
d pu
nish
men
t in
mot
ivat
ion
for w
ork
Psy
cho
log
y d
isti
ng
uis
hes
tw
o t
yp
es o
f w
ork
moti
vat
ion:
intr
insi
c an
d
extr
insi
c.
Intr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
is
in
tern
al,
wh
ich
co
mes
fr
om
th
e w
ork
er
him
self
. F
or
exam
ple
, w
hen
so
meo
ne
is p
lay
ing
th
e p
ian
o f
or
on
e's
ow
n
enjo
ym
ent,
on
e is
dri
ven
by
in
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Su
ch a
per
son
do
es n
ot
nee
d a
ny
ad
dit
ion
al r
ewar
d b
ecau
se h
e fi
nd
s fu
lfil
lmen
t in
th
e ac
tiv
itie
s h
e is
carr
yin
g o
ut.
We
enco
un
ter
this
ty
pe
of
mo
tiv
atio
n e
ven
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
teac
her
s so
met
imes
re
ally
en
joy
te
ach
ing
, es
pec
iall
y w
hen
stu
den
ts
are
inte
rest
ed
in
lear
nin
g.
Extr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
is
exte
rnal
mo
tiv
atio
n.
An
ex
amp
le o
f ex
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s a
wag
e. A
wo
rker
at
the
asse
mb
ly l
ine
do
es n
ot
wo
rk b
ecau
se t
his
wo
rks
cau
ses
him
ple
asu
re,
bu
t
bec
ause
he
nee
ds
the
mo
ney
. In
pre
vio
us
chap
ters
, th
e to
pic
of
intr
insi
c
mo
tiv
atio
n w
as m
enti
on
ed,
and
in
th
is ch
apte
r th
e em
ph
asis
w
ill
be
on
extr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
.
Ex
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s b
ased
on
rew
ards
and p
unis
hm
ents
. H
ow
ever
,
in o
rder
fo
r re
war
ds
and
pu
nis
hm
ents
to
be
effe
ctiv
e, i
t is
im
po
rtan
t th
at t
he
beh
avio
r o
f th
e p
erso
n,
wh
o im
po
sed
th
ese
mea
sure
s, is
ex
emp
lary
. F
or
exam
ple
, a
man
ager
who i
s la
te f
or
work
wil
l not
achie
ve
the
sam
e re
sult
s –
if h
e is
try
ing t
o p
reven
t del
ays
of
his
wo
rker
s -
as a
man
ager
wh
o r
egu
larl
y
58
bet
ter
for
the
ob
ject
ive
asse
ssm
ent
of
can
did
ates
, es
pec
iall
y w
hen
co
mb
ined
wit
h a
qu
anti
tati
ve
asse
ssm
ent
of
can
did
ates
fo
r ea
ch a
nsw
er.
Th
e ad
van
tag
e
of
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s is
a g
reat
er s
po
nta
nei
ty o
f co
nv
ersa
tio
n a
nd
a
gre
ater
op
po
rtu
nit
y f
or
free
ex
pre
ssio
n o
f in
terv
iew
ees.
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e ty
pe
of
qu
esti
on
s,
we
dis
tin
gu
ish
a
situ
atio
nal
inte
rvie
w a
nd
a b
ehav
iora
l in
terv
iew
. In
th
e si
tuat
ion
al i
nte
rvie
w c
and
idat
es
are
exam
ined
ho
w t
hey
wo
uld
beh
ave
in a
hy
po
thet
ical
sit
uat
ion
, an
d i
n t
he
beh
avio
ral
inte
rvie
w w
e te
st h
ow
th
e ca
nd
idat
es b
ehav
e in
rea
l si
tuat
ion
s.
Ther
e ar
e al
so
the
so-c
alle
d
stre
ss
inte
rvie
ws
in
wh
ich
ca
nd
idat
es
are
del
iber
atel
y a
sked
pro
vo
cati
ve
qu
esti
on
s to
tes
t th
eir
abil
ity t
o c
ontr
ol
thei
r
emo
tio
ns.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
can
did
ate
was
un
emp
loyed
, an
inte
rvie
wer
is
try
ing
to
pro
vo
ke
the
qu
esti
on
: W
hat
mis
tak
es h
ave
yo
u d
on
e at
wo
rk s
ince
no
on
e w
ante
d t
o h
ire
yo
u f
or
six
mo
nth
s? S
om
e p
rob
lem
iss
ues
are
als
o
use
d
to
see
wh
at
is
a ca
nd
idat
e re
aso
nin
g
wh
en
un
der
st
ress
(a
nd
th
e
inte
rvie
w i
tsel
f is
a s
tres
s).
An
ex
amp
le o
f su
ch a
qu
esti
on
is
the
foll
ow
ing
:
Joh
n a
nd
An
tho
ny
to
get
her
hav
e 2
1 d
oll
ars.
Ho
w m
any
do
llar
s d
oes
Jo
hn
hav
e if
A
nth
on
y h
as 2
0 k
un
as m
ore
th
an h
im?
Alt
ho
ug
h it
is
a
sim
ple
mat
hem
atic
al q
ues
tio
n,
man
y ca
nd
idat
es g
ive
the
wro
ng
an
swer
b
ecau
se
they
fee
l n
erv
ou
s d
uri
ng
th
e in
terv
iew
.
Nu
mb
er o
f ex
amin
ers
in t
he
inte
rvie
w m
ay v
ary
fro
m o
ne
to r
elat
ivel
y
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f co
mm
itte
e m
emb
ers
(usu
ally
th
e co
mm
itte
e h
as
thre
e
mem
ber
s, b
ut
ther
e ar
e ti
mes
wh
en t
her
e ar
e m
ore
mem
ber
s).
Th
e re
aso
n f
or
the
lack
o
f n
um
ero
us
com
mit
tee
mem
ber
s is
a
cost
ly
pro
ced
ure
as
fo
r
sele
ctin
g t
he
can
did
ate
all
com
mit
tee
mem
ber
s m
ust
be
pai
d.
Ho
wev
er,
the
com
mit
tee
in t
hat
cas
e is
much
mo
re o
bje
ctiv
e b
ecau
se t
he
chan
ce o
f th
e
sub
ject
ive
asse
ssm
ent
of
on
e m
an's
ju
dg
men
t in
ch
oo
sin
g a
can
did
ate
is
59
red
uce
d.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
fo
rm o
f in
terv
iew
is
an i
mm
edia
te c
on
ver
sati
on
,
bu
t th
e in
terv
iew
ov
er t
he
ph
on
e is
als
o o
ften
use
d,
esp
ecia
lly
wh
en t
he
can
did
ates
li
ve
far
fro
m
the
pla
ce
wh
ere
the
inte
rvie
w
tak
es
pla
ce.
An
add
itio
nal
ad
van
tag
e o
f te
lep
ho
ne
inte
rvie
ws
is
the
elim
inat
ion
o
f
can
did
ate'
s p
hy
sica
l ap
pea
ran
ce a
s a
fact
or
in d
ecis
ion
-mak
ing
ab
ou
t w
hic
h
mo
re w
ill
be
said
lat
er.
In r
ecen
t ti
mes
, a
tele
inte
rvie
w,
at w
hic
h c
om
mit
tee
mem
ber
s co
mm
un
icat
e w
ith
th
e ca
nd
idat
e o
ver
th
e In
tern
et
usi
ng
th
e
cam
era,
is
use
d m
ore
fre
qu
entl
y.
Du
e to
th
e re
du
ctio
n i
n t
rav
el c
ost
s, t
he
use
of
that
tec
hn
iqu
e is
lik
ely
to
in
crea
se i
n t
he
futu
re.
In th
e en
d,
it is
im
po
rtan
t to
sa
y h
ow
ef
fici
ent
inte
rvie
ws
are
for
qu
alit
y
sele
ctio
n
of
emp
loy
ees.
In
sh
ort
, st
ud
ies
hav
e sh
ow
n
that
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s le
ave
a la
rge
pro
bab
ilit
y o
f su
bje
ctiv
ity
in
ass
essi
ng
can
did
ates
. It
is
pro
ven
th
at t
he
ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
of
the
can
did
ate,
his
attr
acti
ven
ess,
hum
or,
fi
rm
han
dsh
ake
and
lookin
g
into
th
e ey
es
of
the
exam
iner
are
mu
ch m
ore
im
po
rtan
t in
th
e se
lect
ion
of
the
can
did
ate
than
qu
alit
y r
esp
on
ses.
So
, it
is
adv
ised
to
use
str
uct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
ws,
a l
arg
er
nu
mb
er o
f co
mm
itte
e m
emb
ers,
th
e ev
alu
atio
n o
f ea
ch a
nsw
er f
rom
1 t
o 3
or
1-5
, d
eter
min
ing
in
ad
van
ce w
hic
h a
nsw
er i
s co
rrec
t an
d w
hic
h i
s in
corr
ect.
In t
his
way
a g
reat
er o
bje
ctiv
ity
in
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g i
s ac
hie
ved
. H
ow
ever
, it
is p
rov
en t
hat
ev
en s
uch
a m
eth
od
has
bee
n l
ess
effi
cien
t th
an t
he
mo
st
effi
cien
t m
eth
od
, an
d t
hat
is
giv
ing t
he
task
to
th
e ca
nd
idat
e.
How
to b
e se
lect
ed?
So
far
, th
e m
eth
od
s o
f ch
oo
sin
g a
go
od
em
plo
yee
hav
e b
een
an
aly
zed
.
How
ever
, now
new
ti
ps
wil
l be
giv
en
on
h
ow
y
ou
ca
n
incr
ease
th
e
74
5.
Co
mp
are
May
o's
an
d M
aslo
w's
th
eory
!
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
McC
lell
and
's t
heo
ry?
7.
Wh
at i
s a
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y a
nd w
hat
does
it
mea
n f
or
work
mo
tiv
atio
n?
8.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
? G
ive
an e
xam
ple
!
73
3.
Gen
eral
ly,
the
low
er n
eed
s h
ave
gre
ater
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce,
an
d h
igh
er
nee
ds
occ
ur
wh
en t
he
low
er n
eed
s ar
e sa
tisf
ied
. H
ow
ever
, th
ere
are
man
y d
evia
tio
ns
fro
m t
his
ru
le.
4.
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry i
s im
port
ant
for
the
mo
tiv
atio
n o
f w
ork
bec
ause
it
show
s th
at i
t is
not
enough t
o j
ust
giv
e th
e w
ork
ers
a sa
lary
, b
ut
they
also
hav
e a
nee
d t
o a
chie
ve
soci
al n
eed
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
the
nee
d
for
app
reci
atio
n,
even
fo
r se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n.
5.
McC
lell
and
st
ress
es
the
imp
ort
ance
o
f ch
ild
ho
od
fo
r fu
ture
w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Ho
wev
er,
chil
dh
oo
d i
s n
ot
cru
cial
bec
ause
mo
tiv
atio
n c
an
be
stre
ng
then
ed w
ith
ad
equ
ate
trai
nin
g e
ven
am
on
g a
du
lts.
6.
Sel
f-fu
lfil
lin
g
pro
ph
ecy
is
a
met
ho
d
in
wh
ich
p
osi
tiv
e p
rev
iou
s
exp
ecta
tio
ns
are
use
d b
ecau
se t
hey
hav
e a
larg
e im
pac
t o
n t
he
fin
al
resu
lt o
f th
e w
ork
. T
her
efo
re,
po
siti
ve
wo
rk e
nv
iro
nm
ent,
op
tim
isti
c
spir
it an
d p
rais
ing
th
e em
plo
yee
s h
ave
a p
osi
tive
impac
t on w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
7.
Man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es
is
a m
eth
od
in
w
hic
h
emp
loy
ees
det
erm
ine
thei
r o
per
atio
nal
go
als
tog
eth
er w
ith
th
eir
sup
erio
rs.
Th
is
met
ho
d
has
b
een
a
ver
y
succ
essf
ul
met
ho
d
in
incr
easi
ng
w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s m
oti
vat
ion
and
wh
y i
s it
rel
ativ
ely
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
nal
yze
it?
2.
Ho
w d
oes
Mas
low
cla
ssif
y h
um
an n
eed
s?
3.
Wh
at i
s th
e n
eed
fo
r se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n?
4.
Wh
at i
s th
e si
gn
ific
ance
of
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry f
or
the
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n?
60
pro
bab
ilit
y f
or
get
tin
g a
jo
b.
Bas
ic t
ips
for
wri
tin
g C
Vs
and
ho
w t
o b
ehav
e
du
rin
g t
he
inte
rvie
w w
ill
also
be
pre
sen
ted
.
Cur
ricu
lum
Vita
e
At
the
beg
inn
ing
of
the
chap
ter
ther
e is
an
im
agin
ary
CV
of
a st
ud
ent
fro
m t
he
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
. A
few
mo
re t
ips
for
wri
tin
g a
CV
wil
l
be
add
ed h
ere.
1.
Wri
te co
nci
se an
d re
adab
le C
Vs.
C
V sh
ou
ld b
e ea
sy to
re
ad an
d
sho
uld
at
trac
t th
e at
ten
tio
n
of
the
com
mit
tee.
T
her
efo
re,
om
it
un
nec
essa
ry d
etai
ls,
for
exam
ple
, h
ob
bie
s th
at h
ave
no
thin
g t
o d
o w
ith
com
pet
itio
n.
2.
If
edu
cati
on
is
y
ou
r st
ren
gth
, p
ut
the
dat
a o
n
sch
oo
lin
g
at
the
beg
inn
ing
of
a C
V.
Oth
erw
ise,
pu
t th
e ex
per
ien
ce i
n t
he
firs
t p
lace
.
So
rt t
he
dat
a in
rev
erse
ch
ron
olo
gic
al o
rder
, b
ecau
se t
he
rece
nt
dat
a is
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant
to y
ou
r em
plo
yer
th
an t
he
old
dat
a.
3.
If y
ou
fin
ish
ed c
oll
ege,
hig
h s
cho
ol
is n
ot
men
tioned
. If
you g
raduat
ed
fro
m h
igh
sch
oo
l, e
lem
enta
ry s
cho
ol
is n
ot
men
tio
ned
. T
he
facu
lty
sho
uld
al
way
s b
e st
ated
, ev
en if
you hav
e a
mas
ter'
s deg
ree
or
a
do
cto
rate
.
4.
Spec
ify t
he
languag
es y
ou c
an s
pea
k,
and k
now
ledge
of
com
pute
r
skil
ls.
5.
Sp
ecif
y h
ob
bie
s th
at m
ay b
e im
po
rtan
t fo
r th
e jo
b a
nd
th
ose
in
wh
ich
yo
u h
ave
ach
iev
ed g
reat
su
cces
ses.
6.
Ch
eck
po
ssib
le s
pel
lin
g a
nd
gra
mm
atic
al e
rro
rs i
n y
ou
r C
V b
ecau
se
they
lea
ve
a b
ad i
mp
ress
ion
.
61
Rul
es fo
r go
od b
ehav
ior
duri
ng th
e in
terv
iew
1.
Bef
ore
th
e in
terv
iew
co
llec
t as
mu
ch i
nfo
rmat
ion
as
po
ssib
le a
bo
ut
the
emplo
yer
. C
all
the
com
pan
y a
nd
ask
fo
r d
etai
ls a
bo
ut
the
off
ered
jo
b.
2.
Rea
d y
ou
r C
V w
ell
and
be
pre
par
ed f
or
qu
esti
on
s re
late
d t
o y
ou
r C
V.
3.
Dre
ss cl
assi
call
y (s
uit
s fo
r m
en an
d co
stu
mes
fo
r w
om
en).
A
vo
id
bri
gh
t co
lors
, ex
cess
ive
jew
elry
an
d h
eavy m
akeu
p,
but
do n
ot
hid
e
stre
ng
ths
of
yo
ur
app
eara
nce
b
ecau
se
stu
die
s h
ave
sho
wn
th
at
ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
is
o
ne
of
the
mo
st
imp
ort
ant
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ces
the
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s.
4.
Pre
par
e fo
r fr
equ
entl
y a
sked
qu
esti
on
s, s
uch
as:
a) W
hat
is
yo
ur
gre
ates
t q
ual
ity
?
b)
Do
yo
u h
ave
any
dra
wb
ack
s th
at y
ou
wo
uld
lik
e to
ch
ang
e?
c) W
hat
sal
ary
do
yo
u e
xp
ect?
d)
Wh
at w
ork
ex
per
ien
ce d
o y
ou
hav
e fo
r th
is j
ob
?
5.
Be
sure
to
co
me
to t
he
inte
rvie
w b
efo
re t
he
sch
edu
led
tim
e. Y
ou
r la
te
arri
val
at
the
inte
rvie
w i
s al
mo
st a
cer
tain
rea
son f
or
elim
inat
ion.
In
add
itio
n,
the
earl
ier
arri
val
wil
l ca
lm y
ou
do
wn
an
d y
ou
mig
ht
fin
d
ou
t so
me
add
itio
nal
in
form
atio
n a
bo
ut
the
inte
rvie
w.
6.
Do
no
t u
nd
eres
tim
ate
yo
urs
elf.
Th
e v
ery
fac
t th
at y
ou
go
t en
roll
ed a
t
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
is
an
in
dic
ato
r o
f y
ou
r q
ual
ity
,
esp
ecia
lly
in
a c
ou
ntr
y w
her
e o
nly
8%
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
has
a c
oll
ege
deg
ree.
Yo
ur
chan
ce o
f g
etti
ng
a j
ob
wil
l in
crea
se s
ign
ific
antl
y w
hen
yo
u s
ucc
essf
ull
y f
inis
h y
ou
r st
ud
ies.
If
we
add
yo
ur
kn
ow
led
ge
of
fore
ign
lan
gu
ages
, th
e ab
ilit
y t
o w
ork
on
th
e co
mp
ute
r an
d y
ou
r o
ther
qu
alit
ies,
wh
ich
sh
ou
ld b
e cl
earl
y s
tate
d i
n y
ou
r C
V a
nd
du
rin
g t
he
72
easi
ly
qu
anti
fied
, it
is
u
sual
ly
stil
l p
oss
ible
to
ap
ply
th
e m
eth
od
o
f
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es.
It i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at t
he
task
s
sho
uld
b
e ch
alle
ng
ing
, b
ut
atta
inab
le.
If
task
s ar
e n
ot
suff
icie
ntl
y
chal
len
gin
g,
hu
man
re
sou
rces
co
mp
anie
s w
ill
no
t b
e ex
plo
ited
en
ou
gh
.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e is
a b
igg
er p
rob
lem
if
the
task
s ar
e n
ot
atta
inab
le,
bec
ause
in
this
cas
e fr
ust
rati
on
of
the
man
agem
ent
and e
mplo
yee
s w
ill
on
ly p
ile
up
. In
add
itio
n,
it i
s n
eces
sary
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s g
et f
eed
bac
k o
n t
he
qu
alit
y o
f th
eir
work
in o
rder
to k
now
if
the
way
they
wo
rk i
s su
cces
sfu
l. S
o t
he
wo
rker
s ar
e
in a
sim
ilar
po
siti
on
as
the
stu
den
ts s
ince
aft
er t
he
exam
th
ey w
ant
to g
et
gra
des
as
soo
n a
s th
ey c
an,
to d
eter
min
e if
th
ey a
re i
n a
go
od
co
mm
and
of
the
mat
eria
l. F
inal
ly,
it s
ho
uld
be
no
ted
th
at w
ith
th
e m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
it
is d
esir
able
to
giv
e a
rela
tiv
ely
hig
h d
egre
e o
f au
ton
om
y t
o
emp
loy
ees.
U
ltim
atel
y,
wh
eth
er
the
met
ho
ds
cho
sen
b
y
the
wo
rker
ar
e
corr
ect
wil
l b
e se
en w
hen
th
e ef
fect
of
his
/her
wo
rk i
s p
erio
dic
ally
tes
ted
.
Ho
wev
er,
if
the
met
ho
d
of
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es
is
to
be
succ
essf
ul,
it
must
be
com
ple
men
ted
wit
h a
deq
uat
e re
war
ds
to w
ork
ers
and
wo
rker
s w
ho
do
no
t fu
lfil
l th
e o
bje
ctiv
es s
ho
uld
be
pu
nis
hed
. T
hat
wil
l b
e
the
top
ic o
f th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Moti
vat
ion
is
rela
tivel
y
dif
ficu
lt
to
inv
esti
gat
e b
ecau
se
the
sam
e
beh
avio
r ca
n b
e th
e re
sult
of
dif
fere
nt
mo
tiv
es,
and
th
e sa
me
mo
tiv
e
may
cau
se d
iffe
ren
t b
ehav
iors
.
2.
Mas
low
id
enti
fies
fi
ve
typ
es o
f n
eed
s:
ph
ysi
olo
gic
al n
eed
s, sa
fety
nee
ds,
so
cial
nee
ds,
th
e n
eed
fo
r ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d t
he
nee
d f
or
self
-
actu
aliz
atio
n.
71
such
as:
"I
can
do
it"
, "w
e ar
e th
e b
est"
, "w
e w
ill
mak
e it
," b
ecau
se s
uch
an
app
roac
h i
ncr
ease
s th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk a
nd
in
crea
ses
the
lik
elih
oo
d o
f
succ
ess.
On
e ca
n g
ener
ally
say
th
at o
pti
mis
m f
eed
s it
self
wit
h c
on
seq
uen
ces.
Sim
ilar
ly,
pes
sim
ism
(th
e b
elie
f th
at o
ne
wil
l fa
il)
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
that
th
is w
ill
real
ly h
app
en.
An
oth
er m
eth
od
, w
hic
h h
as a
lso
bee
n s
ucc
essf
ul
in p
ract
ice,
is
the
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es.
It
is
the
met
ho
d
in
wh
ich
em
plo
yee
s
det
erm
ine
thei
r w
ork
ing
g
oal
s to
get
her
w
ith
th
eir
sup
erio
rs.
In a
pri
vat
e
agre
emen
t w
ith
his
su
per
iors
an
em
plo
yee
an
d a
su
per
ior
mak
e p
lan
s w
hat
they
wil
l d
o i
n t
he
up
com
ing
per
iod
, u
sual
ly w
ith
in s
ix m
on
ths
to a
yea
r.
Aft
er t
hat
per
iod
has
pas
sed
, th
e su
per
ior
wit
h h
is e
mp
loy
ees
chec
ks
wh
eth
er
the
agre
ed o
bje
ctiv
es h
ave
bee
n ac
hie
ved
. In
th
is w
ay,
the
emp
loy
ee is
po
siti
vel
y m
oti
vat
ed b
ecau
se h
e h
as d
eter
min
ed h
is g
oal
s b
y h
imse
lf,
and
thu
s as
sum
ed t
he
resp
on
sibil
ity f
or
achie
vin
g t
he
go
als.
Th
e p
rere
qu
isit
e fo
r
the
app
lica
tio
n o
f m
eth
od
s o
f m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
is
mea
sura
ble
pro
duct
ivit
y,
whic
h i
s not
alw
ays
easy
to
acc
om
pli
sh.
Ho
wev
er,
wit
h t
he
pro
per
met
ho
d m
easu
rab
le g
oal
s ca
n b
e d
eter
min
ed t
o m
ost
em
plo
yee
s. T
he
norm
ca
n
be
det
erm
ined
fo
r ex
ecuti
ve
wo
rker
s,
and
h
igh
er
po
siti
on
ed
man
ager
s co
uld
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
set
a g
oal
to
in
crea
se p
rod
uct
ion
by
a c
erta
in
per
cen
tag
e,
red
uce
co
sts,
im
pro
ve
sale
s,
etc.
A
g
oo
d
exam
ple
o
f
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es i
s th
e w
ay t
he
un
iver
sity
tea
cher
s ar
e b
ein
g
con
tro
lled
. T
hey
are
re-
elec
ted
ev
ery
fiv
e y
ears
, an
d i
t is
ch
eck
ed w
het
her
they
ar
e el
igib
le
to
rem
ain
in
th
e cu
rren
t p
osi
tio
n
(ass
ista
nt
pro
fess
or,
pro
fess
or)
, o
r w
het
her
th
ey c
an b
e u
pg
rad
ed t
o a
hig
her
po
siti
on
. T
her
eby
,
mea
sura
ble
cri
teri
a ar
e b
ein
g d
eter
min
ed -
th
e n
um
ber
of
pu
bli
shed
pap
ers,
the
gra
des
th
ey r
ecei
ve
fro
m s
tud
ents
etc
. T
hu
s, e
ven
in
sec
tors
th
at a
re n
ot
62
inte
rvie
w,
then
th
ere
is
no
re
aso
n
to
be
afra
id
of
the
sele
ctio
n
pro
ced
ure
of
can
did
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b.
7.
Be
con
fid
ent,
bu
t n
ot
arro
gan
t.
8.
Lo
ok
th
e ex
amin
ers
in t
he
eyes
an
d b
e sm
ilin
g.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o p
hy
sica
l
app
eara
nce
, n
on
ver
bal
fac
tors
, w
hic
h a
ffec
t th
e im
pre
ssio
n y
ou
lea
ve,
are
also
im
po
rtan
t.
9.
Lea
rn
yo
ur
pre
sen
tati
on
b
y
hea
rt.
Be
sure
to
m
enti
on
y
ou
r w
ork
exp
erie
nce
, ed
uca
tio
n,
abil
ity
to
sp
eak
fo
reig
n l
ang
uag
es a
nd
sp
ecia
l
qu
alif
icat
ion
s.
10
. L
iste
n t
o q
ues
tio
ns
care
full
y a
nd
an
swer
th
em d
irec
tly
. A
sk f
or
an
exp
lan
atio
n i
f y
ou
do
no
t u
nd
erst
and
th
e q
ues
tio
n.
11
. D
o n
ot
forg
et t
o p
rais
e th
e ex
amin
ers
for
ask
ing
th
e q
ues
tio
ns
and
con
du
ctin
g
the
inte
rvie
w
bec
ause
it
in
crea
ses
yo
ur
chan
ce
to
be
cho
sen
.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Em
plo
yee
sel
ecti
on
is
a v
ery
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t in
th
e m
anag
emen
t o
f
work
ers
bec
ause
the
pro
per
sel
ecti
on
of
wo
rker
s in
crea
ses
the
chan
ce
of
a su
cces
sfu
l b
usi
nes
s.
2.
Wo
rker
s ar
e u
sual
ly s
elec
ted
on
th
e b
asis
of
an a
pp
lica
tio
n f
or
the
ten
der
, C
V,
lett
er o
f re
com
men
dat
ion
, ta
sk c
om
ple
tio
n,
and
in
terv
iew
.
3.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
tes
ts f
or
the
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers
are
inte
llig
ence
test
s, a
chie
vem
ent
test
s, p
sych
olo
gic
al t
ests
, p
hy
sica
l fi
tnes
s te
sts
and
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
ests
.
4.
Giv
ing
wo
rk t
ask
s h
as p
rov
en t
o b
e th
e m
ost
ob
ject
ive
met
ho
d o
f
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers.
63
5.
Inte
rvie
ws
are
div
ided
in
to s
tru
ctu
red
and u
nst
ruct
ure
d;
they
can
als
o
be
div
ided
in
to s
itu
atio
nal
, b
ehav
iora
l an
d s
tres
s in
terv
iew
s.
6.
Can
did
ates
may
be
inte
rvie
wed
by
an
in
div
idu
al o
r co
mm
itte
e. T
he
Co
mm
itte
e is
a b
ette
r (t
ho
ug
h m
ore
ex
pen
siv
e) s
olu
tio
n b
ecau
se i
t
red
uce
s th
e p
oss
ibil
ity
of
sub
ject
ive
sele
ctio
n o
f ca
nd
idat
es.
7.
Ob
ject
ivit
y
of
the
sele
ctio
n
is
gre
ater
w
hen
usi
ng
a st
ruct
ure
d
inte
rvie
w,
and
w
hen
th
e m
emb
ers
of
the
com
mit
tee
eval
uat
e th
e
can
did
ates
fo
r ea
ch q
ues
tio
n o
n t
he
bas
is o
f p
red
eter
min
ed c
rite
ria.
8.
Ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
an
d n
on
-ver
bal
co
mm
un
icat
ion
pla
y a
n i
mp
ort
ant
role
in
sel
ecti
on
of
a ca
nd
idat
e.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n p
rob
lem
s th
at m
ake
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s h
ard
er?
2.
What
met
hods
are
use
d t
o s
elec
t em
plo
yee
s?
3.
Ho
w v
alu
able
are
rec
om
men
dat
ion
let
ters
in
th
e se
lect
ion
pro
cess
?
4.
Wh
ich
tes
ts a
re u
sed
to
sel
ect
the
emp
loy
ees?
5.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
ost
ob
ject
ive
met
ho
d i
n s
elec
tio
n o
f w
ork
ers?
6.
Wh
at t
yp
es o
f in
terv
iew
s ar
e th
ere?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
adv
anta
ges
of
a st
ruct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
w?
8.
Wh
at k
ind
of
inte
rvie
w i
s a
stre
ss i
nte
rvie
w?
9.
How
can
obje
ctiv
ity o
f th
e in
terv
iew
be
incr
ease
d?
10
. W
hat
are
th
e b
enef
its
of
tele
ph
on
e in
terv
iew
s?
11
. L
ist
the
bas
ic r
ule
s fo
r w
riti
ng
a g
oo
d C
V!
12
. S
pec
ify
th
e ru
les
of
a g
oo
d b
ehav
ior
at t
he
inte
rvie
w!
70
bec
ause
th
ere
is
an
adeq
uat
e tr
ain
ing
w
hic
h
incr
ease
s m
oti
vat
ion
-
bu
t
man
ager
s sh
ould
be
awar
e th
at s
om
e w
ork
ers
hav
e lo
wer
sta
rtin
g p
osi
tio
n
bec
ause
th
ey w
ere
inad
equ
atel
y e
du
cate
d i
n c
hil
dh
oo
d.
Met
hods
of e
ncou
ragi
ng w
ork
mot
ivat
ion
In
pra
ctic
e se
lf-f
ulf
illi
ng
p
roph
ecy
and
man
agem
ent
tow
ards
ob
ject
ives
are
tw
o p
rov
en m
eth
od
s o
f in
crea
sin
g w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Wh
at i
s
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y w
ill
be
bes
t ex
pla
ined
wit
h t
he
des
crip
tio
n o
f o
ne
exp
erim
ent.
Tw
o g
rou
ps
of
stu
den
ts w
ere
crea
ted
wh
ose
tas
k w
as t
o t
rain
rats
in
a r
apid
pas
sag
e th
rou
gh
th
e la
by
rin
th.
Th
e fi
rst
gro
up
was
to
ld t
hat
thei
r ra
ts w
ere
ver
y i
nte
llig
ent,
an
d t
he
seco
nd w
as t
old
that
thei
r ra
ts w
ere
no
t in
tell
igen
t. A
fter
a
wh
ile
they
m
easu
red th
e su
cces
s of
rats
pas
sing
thro
ug
h t
he
lab
yri
nth
. O
f co
urs
e, t
he
firs
t g
rou
p a
chie
ved
far
bet
ter
resu
lts.
Ho
wev
er,
the
po
int
was
th
at t
he
lead
ers
of
the
exp
erim
ent
del
iber
atel
y p
ut
equ
ally
su
cces
sfu
l ra
ts
in
bo
th
gro
up
s.
Th
is
mea
ns
that
su
bse
qu
ent
dif
fere
nce
s in
th
e re
sult
s b
etw
een
th
e tw
o
gro
up
s w
ere
a re
sult
o
f
con
vic
tio
ns
of
thei
r „c
oach
es"
that
th
ey c
an a
chie
ve
go
od
or
bad
res
ult
s. T
he
accu
racy
o
f th
ese
fin
din
gs
was
co
nfi
rmed
b
y
sim
ilar
ex
per
imen
ts
wit
h
stu
den
ts
and
ex
per
imen
ts
wit
h
sold
iers
in
th
e Is
rael
i ar
my
. In
th
ese
exp
erim
ents
, th
e in
stru
cto
rs w
ere
told
that
one
gro
up i
s re
ally
succ
essf
ul
and
in t
he
end
th
is g
rou
p a
chie
ved
bet
ter
resu
lts,
alt
ho
ug
h a
t th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e
exper
imen
t both
gro
ups
wer
e co
mple
tely
eq
ual
. F
rom
th
ese
exp
erim
ents
, w
e
can c
oncl
ude
that
peo
ple
ach
ieved
bet
ter
resu
lts
when
you t
rust
in t
hem
, an
d
wh
en y
ou
ex
pec
t g
oo
d r
esu
lts
fro
m t
hem
, an
d t
hat
is
exac
tly
wh
at t
he
effe
ct
of
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y m
eth
od
s is
bas
ed o
n.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
man
ager
s
sho
uld
en
cou
rag
e a
po
siti
ve
atm
osp
her
e at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce w
ith
sta
tem
ents
69
sho
wn
in
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
Th
eref
ore
, a
succ
essf
ul
man
ager
nee
ds
to b
e
awar
e o
f al
l th
e em
plo
yee
's
nee
ds
and
st
riv
e to
m
eet
them
in
o
rder
to
incr
ease
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. L
ack
of
Tay
lor
and
Fo
rd's
ap
pro
ach
was
th
at t
hey
con
cen
trat
ed o
nly
on
th
e lo
wes
t n
eed
s o
f w
ork
ers.
McC
lella
nd's
theo
ry o
f mot
ivat
ion
Wh
en
talk
ing
ab
ou
t w
ork
m
oti
vat
ion
, th
en
on
e sh
ou
ld
def
init
ely
men
tion M
cCle
llan
d bec
ause
he
has
in
ves
tig
ated
th
e re
aso
ns
wh
y m
any
peo
ple
are
un
mo
tiv
ated
to
wo
rk.
Th
e ca
use
s o
f th
is s
itu
atio
n M
cCle
llan
d
fou
nd
pri
mar
ily
in
ch
ild
ho
od
. H
is r
esea
rch
has
sh
ow
n t
hat
ch
ild
ren
wh
ose
par
ents
en
cou
rag
e au
ton
om
y (
for
exam
ple
, st
ori
ng
to
ys,
go
ing
to
sch
oo
l an
d
cro
ssin
g t
he
road
by
th
emse
lves
) ac
hie
ve,
on
av
erag
e, b
ette
r p
erfo
rman
ce
resu
lts
wh
en t
hey
gro
w u
p.
Co
nst
ant
sup
po
rt a
nd
pra
ise
fro
m t
hei
r p
aren
ts
stim
ula
te c
hil
dre
n's
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
wh
ich
lat
er r
emai
ns
for
life
. T
he
sto
ries
that
kid
s re
ad i
n c
hil
dh
oo
d m
ay a
lso
hav
e a
po
siti
ve
or
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
on
th
e
mo
tiv
atio
n o
f w
ork
. F
or
exam
ple
, S
no
w W
hit
e cr
eate
s th
e w
ron
g v
alu
e
bec
ause
th
e g
irls
are
en
cou
rag
ed t
o b
elie
ve
that
mar
ryin
g a
ric
h p
rin
ce w
ill
solv
e th
eir
pro
ble
ms.
In
co
ntr
ast,
st
ory
b
y
Mat
e L
ov
rak
Pe
ro K
vrži
ca's
Gro
up, c
reat
e a
po
siti
ve
val
ue
bec
ause
it
po
siti
vel
y v
alu
es w
ork
. H
ow
ever
, it
is i
mp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at M
cCle
llan
d d
oes
no
t ab
solu
tize
ch
ild
ho
od
as
the
on
ly p
erio
d i
n w
hic
h t
he
wo
rk h
abit
s ar
e fo
rmed
. O
n t
he
con
trar
y,
the
auth
or
has
fo
rmu
late
d a
tra
inin
g p
rog
ram
fo
r w
ork
ers
wh
o h
ave
litt
le m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk.
In
this
p
rog
ram
, co
ncr
ete
ach
iev
able
ta
sks,
fr
om
ea
sy
to
mo
re
dif
ficu
lt,
are
set
for
wo
rker
s. W
ork
ers
hav
e th
e ab
ilit
y t
o c
on
stan
tly
ob
serv
e
thei
r p
rog
ress
at
wo
rk.
In t
his
way
thei
r co
nfi
den
ce a
nd
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
are
bei
ng
str
eng
then
ed.
So
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s p
oss
ible
to
dev
elo
p t
hro
ug
ho
ut
life
-
64
65
6.
Wor
k m
otiv
atio
n
What
wil
l be
the
most
im
port
ant
fact
ors
to
yo
u w
hen
ch
oo
sin
g a
jo
b?
(ran
k =
1 t
he
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant,
th
e le
ast
imp
ort
ant
= 7
) -
Inte
rest
ing
jo
b
- Jo
b c
erta
inty
-
Sal
ary
-
Wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s -
Po
ssib
ilit
y o
f ad
van
cem
ent
- G
oo
d r
elat
ion
ship
s w
ith
co
-wo
rker
s -
Hu
man
tre
atm
ent
of
emp
loy
ees
Mot
ivat
ion
Cro
atia
n e
ncy
clo
ped
ic d
icti
on
ary
def
ines
mo
tiv
atio
n a
s "t
hat
wh
ich
mo
ves
us
to s
om
e ac
tiv
ity
."29 T
hu
s, e
xp
lori
ng
th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk,
we
exp
lore
th
e re
aso
ns
wh
y s
om
eon
e is
wo
rkin
g a
nd
th
e w
ays
wit
h w
hic
h w
e
can e
nco
ura
ge
som
eone
to p
erfo
rm h
igh
qu
alit
y j
ob
s. T
his
to
pic
has
alr
ead
y
bee
n d
iscu
ssed
in
th
e ch
apte
rs o
n t
he
his
tory
of
the
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
Wh
ile
Tay
lor
red
uce
d
mo
tiv
atio
n
excl
usi
vel
y
to
mo
ney
, M
ayo
d
isco
ver
ed
add
itio
nal
fac
tors
th
at m
oti
vat
e w
ork
ers.
Th
is c
hap
ter
wil
l p
rese
nt
add
itio
nal
fin
din
gs
fro
m t
he
area
acq
uir
ed b
y t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
nec
essa
ry t
o e
mp
has
ize
that
th
e m
oti
ves
are
rel
ativ
ely
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
nal
yze
bec
ause
dif
fere
nt
mo
tiv
es c
an r
esu
lt i
n t
he
sam
e b
ehav
ior.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
som
eon
e co
uld
get
en
roll
ed a
t th
e F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g b
ecau
se h
is
par
ents
hav
e a
con
stru
ctio
n c
om
pan
y,
bec
ause
th
ey h
ave
fail
ed t
o e
nro
ll a
t
the
Fac
ult
y o
f A
rch
itec
ture
or
bec
ause
th
ey f
anta
size
ab
ou
t h
ow
to
bu
ild
29 C
roat
ian
Ency
clop
edic
Dic
tiona
ry (
Hrv
atsk
i en
cikl
oped
ijski
rje
čnik
),op.
cit.
, pp. 235.
68
If n
eed
s ar
e n
ot
bei
ng
m
et,
they
ar
e ac
tiv
ated
b
y v
ario
us
def
ense
mec
han
ism
s -
sub
lim
atio
n,
rati
on
aliz
atio
n,
fan
tasy
an
d
agg
ress
ion.
Su
bli
mat
ion
is
the
rep
lace
men
t o
f o
ne
acti
vit
y w
ith
an
oth
er,
so,
for
exam
ple
,
wo
men
wh
o c
ann
ot
hav
e ch
ild
ren
oft
en t
end t
o h
ave
pet
s as
a s
ubco
nsc
ious
sub
stit
ute
fo
r a
chil
d.
Rat
ion
aliz
atio
n
is
an
atte
mp
t to
d
imin
ish
th
e
sig
nif
ican
ce o
f so
met
hin
g th
at is
m
issi
ng
, so
if
so
meo
ne
do
es n
ot
hav
e
mo
ney
to
bu
y g
rap
es t
hat
on
e w
ou
ld l
ike
to e
at,
one
would
oft
en c
om
men
t
that
su
rely
th
e g
rap
es a
re s
ou
r. I
n a
dd
itio
n,
peo
ple
fan
tasi
ze a
bout
what
they
get
an
d s
om
e ca
n u
se a
gg
ress
ion
to t
hro
w o
ut
thei
r o
wn
fru
stra
tio
ns.
Th
is b
rief
rev
iew
of
the
bas
ic t
erm
s o
f p
sych
olo
gy
aim
s to
tea
ch u
s
ho
w t
he
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
is
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e g
ener
al m
oti
vat
ion
. If
we
app
ly M
aslo
w's
th
eory
on
th
e w
ork
fie
ld,
we
can c
oncl
ude
that
it
is o
ften
easi
er t
o m
eet
low
er n
eeds
of
emplo
yee
s (w
ages
, n
utr
itio
n),
th
an t
he
hig
her
nee
ds
such
as
th
e n
eed
fo
r ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n at
to
day
's
wo
rkp
lace
. T
he
val
ue
of
May
o's
th
eory
is
that
he
sug
ges
ted
th
at t
he
hig
her
nee
ds
must
be
taken
into
acc
ount
for
work
mo
tiv
atio
n.
In a
sit
uat
ion
wh
en a
man
sp
end
s a
gre
at p
art
of
his
lif
e at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
it b
eco
mes
sig
nif
ican
t
that
he
is a
pp
reci
ated
by
his
wo
rkin
g e
nv
iro
nm
ent.
In
ad
dit
ion
, th
e fe
elin
g
that
one
has
att
ained
his
physi
cal
and
men
tal
po
ten
tial
s d
uri
ng
his
wo
rkin
g
yea
rs b
eco
mes
an
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f a
hap
py
lif
e. T
hu
s, t
he
po
sses
sio
n o
f
a d
egre
e is
no
t o
nly
a g
oo
d b
asis
fo
r a
hig
her
sal
ary,
bu
t al
so o
ne
of
the
imp
ort
ant
elem
ents
of
self
-res
pec
t, i
ncl
ud
ing
res
pec
t fr
om
th
e en
vir
on
men
t.
Per
son
s w
ho
fai
l to
co
mp
lete
co
lleg
e o
ften
try
to c
ure
th
eir
fru
stra
tio
ns
wit
h
con
stan
t cr
itic
ism
of
inte
llec
tual
s o
r em
ph
asiz
ing
th
eir
wea
lth
to
co
mp
ensa
te
thei
r fa
ilu
re i
n s
cho
ol.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at p
eop
le
wit
h l
ow
er e
du
cati
on
hav
e a
nee
d t
o h
ave
thei
r w
ork
ap
pre
ciat
ed,
wh
ich
was
67
thei
r m
oti
vat
ion
al
forc
e.
Mas
low
fi
rst
iden
tifi
es
hu
man
n
eed
s an
d
then
clas
sifi
es t
ho
se w
ith
th
e g
reat
est
mo
tiv
atio
nal
po
ten
tial
to
lea
st m
oti
vat
ion
al
po
ten
tial
. T
he
hie
rarc
hy
is
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Phys
iolo
gica
l ne
eds
are
the
nee
ds
for
ox
yg
en,
wat
er,
foo
d,
slee
p,
war
mth
an
d s
exu
al n
eed
s.
2.
The
need
for
sec
urity
is
the
nee
d t
o b
e p
rote
cted
ag
ain
st p
ote
nti
al
atta
cks
on
u
s as
p
eop
le.
Th
ese
serv
ices
ar
e p
rov
ided
b
y
mil
itar
y,
po
lice
, fi
refi
gh
ters
an
d e
tc.
3.
Soci
al n
eeds
ar
e th
e nee
ds
for
love,
fr
iendsh
ip
and
har
monio
us
rela
tio
nsh
ip w
ith
th
e co
mm
un
ity
. M
an i
s a
soci
al b
ein
g a
nd
ou
tsid
e
the
com
mu
nit
y h
e co
uld
bar
ely
su
rviv
e. T
hat
is
wh
y h
e n
eed
s cl
ose
rela
tio
nsh
ips
wit
h o
ther
peo
ple
.
4.
Peo
ple
hav
e a
nee
d f
or
self
-est
eem
(a
go
od
op
inio
n o
f h
imse
lf)
and
a
nee
d f
or
appr
ecia
tion
by t
he
soci
ety.
5.
Th
e n
eed
fo
r se
lf-ac
tual
izat
ion
is
the
nee
d
to
dev
elo
p
on
e's
ow
n
men
tal
and
ph
ysi
cal
abil
itie
s to
th
e m
axim
um
.
Gen
eral
ly s
pea
kin
g,
the
ph
ysi
olo
gic
al n
eed
s h
ave
the
gre
ates
t st
ren
gth
of
mo
tiv
atio
n an
d se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n h
as th
e le
ast
stre
ng
th.
Hig
her
n
eed
s
bec
om
e im
po
rtan
t w
hen
th
e lo
wer
nee
ds
are
sati
sfie
d.
Ho
wev
er,
this
ru
le h
as
man
y e
xce
pti
on
s. F
or
exam
ple
, d
uri
ng
th
e w
ar,
peo
ple
are
oft
en w
illi
ng
to
dep
riv
e th
emse
lves
fro
m t
he
nat
ura
l p
hy
sio
log
ical
nee
ds
by
def
end
ing
th
eir
ho
mel
and
. In
su
ch c
ases
, th
e n
eed
to
res
pec
t y
ou
rsel
f (y
ou
are
no
t a
cow
ard
),
and
so
cial
nee
ds
bec
om
e m
ore
im
po
rtan
t th
an t
he
nee
d f
or
secu
rity
, fo
od
,
war
mth
an
d s
leep
(p
hy
sio
log
ical
nee
ds)
. L
ow
er n
eed
s ar
e in
stin
ctiv
e, w
hil
e
hig
her
nee
ds
are
more
rat
ional
.
66
bri
dg
es.
So
, d
iffe
ren
t m
oti
ves
can
res
ult
in
th
e sa
me
effe
ct -
ad
mis
sio
n t
o t
he
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
. S
imil
arly
, o
ne
mo
tiv
e m
ay r
esu
lt i
n d
iffe
ren
t
beh
avio
r. T
he
des
ire
to h
ave
a lo
t o
f m
on
ey c
an m
oti
vat
e an
in
div
idu
al t
o
wo
rk h
ard
, an
d t
he
oth
er p
erso
n m
ay t
ry t
o r
ob
a b
ank
. F
urt
her
mo
re,
the
sati
sfac
tion
of
nee
ds
can
reduce
m
oti
vat
ion
, b
ut
it
can
al
so
incr
ease
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Su
cces
sfu
lly
so
lved
pro
ble
ms
at m
ath
emat
ics
exam
may
be
a
reas
on
fo
r o
ne
stu
den
t n
ot
to s
tudy t
hat
subje
ct a
fter
pas
sing t
he
exam
, w
hil
e
ano
ther
stu
den
t m
ay d
ecid
e to
ch
ang
e th
e fa
cult
y a
nd
in
stea
d o
f st
ud
yin
g a
t
the
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
, h
e/sh
e w
ill
stu
dy
mat
hem
atic
s. S
cien
tist
s
them
selv
es m
ake
mat
ters
fu
rth
er c
om
pli
cate
d s
ince
th
ey h
ave
dif
fere
nt,
oft
en
con
flic
tin
g
theo
ries
o
n
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
in
con
tem
po
rary
psy
cho
log
y t
her
e ar
e d
ivid
ed o
pin
ion
s o
n F
reu
dia
n t
heo
ry.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
the
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s n
ot
easy
bec
ause
peo
ple
are
dif
fere
nt,
an
d
the
soci
al
scie
nce
s ar
e tr
yin
g
to
fin
d
reg
ula
riti
es
that
ex
ist
in
peo
ple
's
acti
on
s, e
ven
in
th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk.
Mas
low
's th
eory
of m
otiv
atio
n30
Mas
low
is
cert
ain
ly o
ne
of
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
auth
ors
wh
o d
ealt
wit
h
mo
tiv
atio
n.
He
is
par
ticu
larl
y
sig
nif
ican
t b
ecau
se
of
his
cl
assi
fica
tio
n
acco
rdin
g
to
the
nee
ds
of
the
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce.
In
fa
ct,
ever
y
man
is
con
stan
tly
co
nfr
on
ted
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t n
eed
s th
at m
ay b
e in
co
nfl
ict.
Wh
en t
he
stu
den
t w
akes
up
in
th
e m
orn
ing
, h
e k
no
ws
he
sho
uld
lea
rn,
bu
t h
e al
so f
eels
the
nee
d f
or
foo
d.
Wh
ich
of
the
two
act
ivit
ies
wil
l b
e d
on
e fi
rst
dep
end
s o
n
30 T
his
an
d t
he
nex
t ch
apte
r ar
e bas
ed o
n V
ecch
io,
Rober
t P
. 2003.
Org
aniz
atio
nal b
ehav
ior:
cor
e co
ncep
ts.
Mas
on
, O
hio
: T
ho
mso
n/S
ou
th-W
este
rn,
pp
. 7
0-1
22
.
