SOCIOLOGY of SOCIOLOGY of ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

SOCIOLOGICAL THOERIES AND SOCIOLOGICAL THOERIES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THEIR APPLICATION TO

ORGANIZATIONAL THEORYORGANIZATIONAL THEORY

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESTHEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

MICRO-LEVEL THEORIESMICRO-LEVEL THEORIES

SYMBOLIC SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM-INTERACTIONISM-concerned with how concerned with how people give meaning people give meaning to the events, objects to the events, objects and individuals in and individuals in their everyday lives; their everyday lives; focuses on how one focuses on how one defines and responds defines and responds to events and to events and situationssituations

Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism

Groups form from interacting Groups form from interacting individuals; through individuals; through interactions, people learn interactions, people learn what to expect from others what to expect from others and learn to share common and learn to share common understandings through the understandings through the use of symbols (such as use of symbols (such as language); through symbolic language); through symbolic communication people learn communication people learn to socially construct a world to socially construct a world of meaning.of meaning.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTSSYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTS

George Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert Mead Interested in how Interested in how

humans define their humans define their situations and how we situations and how we learn our social roleslearn our social roles

MACRO-LEVEL THEORIESMACRO-LEVEL THEORIES

Structural Functionalism-assumes that all Structural Functionalism-assumes that all parts of the social structure, culture and parts of the social structure, culture and social processes work together to make social processes work together to make the whole society run smoothly and the whole society run smoothly and harmoniouslyharmoniously

FUNCTIONALISTSFUNCTIONALISTS

COMTECOMTE ROBERT MERTON-manifest and latent ROBERT MERTON-manifest and latent

functionsfunctions

functionalistsfunctionalists

TALCOTT PARSONS-TALCOTT PARSONS-

-all the parts of the -all the parts of the social system are social system are interrelated and each interrelated and each persons some task or persons some task or function necessary for a function necessary for a society’s survivalsociety’s survival

FUNCTIONALISTSFUNCTIONALISTS EMILIE DURKHEIM(1858-1917)EMILIE DURKHEIM(1858-1917)

-individuals conform to the -individuals conform to the rules of societies because of rules of societies because of a collective conscience- the a collective conscience- the shared beliefs in the values shared beliefs in the values of a group; of a group;

DurkheimDurkheim people grow up sharing people grow up sharing

the same values, beliefs the same values, beliefs and rules of behavior as and rules of behavior as those around them and those around them and gradually these beliefs gradually these beliefs and rules are internalized and rules are internalized to the extent that a to the extent that a person’s behavior is person’s behavior is governed from within governed from within because it feels right to because it feels right to behave in accord with behave in accord with what is expectedwhat is expected

DURKHEIM AND OTHER DURKHEIM AND OTHER FUNCTIONALISTS PLACE FUNCTIONALISTS PLACE GREAT EMPHASIS ON GREAT EMPHASIS ON SOCIETAL CONSENSUS, SOCIETAL CONSENSUS, WHICH GIVES RISE TO WHICH GIVES RISE TO STABLE AND STABLE AND PREDICTABLE PATTERNS PREDICTABLE PATTERNS OF ORDEROF ORDER

PEOPLE NEED GROUPS PEOPLE NEED GROUPS TO SURVIVE SO THEY TO SURVIVE SO THEY ADHERE TO THE GROUP’S ADHERE TO THE GROUP’S RULES SO THEY FIT INRULES SO THEY FIT IN

CONFLICT THEORYCONFLICT THEORY

Conflict in any group or society is Conflict in any group or society is inevitable. inevitable.

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

Conflict Theorists Conflict Theorists advance the advance the following ideas:following ideas:

*conflict and the *conflict and the potential for conflict potential for conflict underlie all social underlie all social relationsrelations

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

*social change is *social change is desirable, desirable, particularly particularly changes that bring changes that bring about a greater about a greater degree of social degree of social equalityequality

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

*the existing social order reflects the *the existing social order reflects the powerful imposing their values and beliefs powerful imposing their values and beliefs upon the weakupon the weak

CONFLICT THEORISTSCONFLICT THEORISTS

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois Race as a construct Race as a construct

perpetuating inequalityperpetuating inequality

CONFLICT THEORISTSCONFLICT THEORISTS

Jane Addams-Jane Addams- Hull HouseHull House

CONFLICT THEORISTSCONFLICT THEORISTS

KARL MARXKARL MARX

MEANS OF MEANS OF PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

PROLETARIATPROLETARIAT BOUGIEOISEBOUGIEOISE