Sociology Ch. 3 Culture
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Transcript of Sociology Ch. 3 Culture
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The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a
people’s way of life
Sociology Ch. 3Culture
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Nonmaterial cultureThe intangible world of ideas created by
members of a society
Material cultureThe tangible things created by members of a
society
Terminology
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Culture shockDisorientation due to the inability to make
sense out of one’s surroundingsDomestic and foreign travel
EthnocentrismA biased “cultural yardstick”
Cultural relativismMore accurate understanding
Terminology
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Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
Societies create new symbols all the time.
Reality for humans is found in the meaning things carry with them.The basis of culture; makes life possible
Symbols
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People must be mindful that meanings vary from culture to culture.
Meanings can even vary greatly within the same groups of people.Fur coats, Confederate flags, etc.
Symbols
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Figure 3.1Human Languages: A Variety of SymbolsHere the English word “read” is written in twelve of the hundreds of languages humans use to communicate with each other.
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A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
Cultural transmissionThe process by which one generation
passes culture to the next
Sapir-Whorf thesisPeople perceive the world through the
cultural lens of language
Language
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Global Map 3.1 Language in Global PerspectiveDetail on next three slides
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Global Map 3.1a Language in Global Perspective–ChineseChinese (including Mandarin, Cantonese, and dozens of other dialects) is the native tongue of one-fifth of the world’s people, almost all of whom live in Asia. Although all Chinese people read and write with the same characters, they use several dozen dialects. The “official” dialect, taught in schools throughout the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Taiwan, is Mandarin (the dialect of Beijing, China’s historical capital city). Cantonese, the language of Canton, is the second most common Chinese dialect.
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Global Map 3.1b Language in Global Perspective–EnglishEnglish is the native tongue or official language in several world regions (spoken by one-tenth of humanity) and has become the preferred second language in most of the world.
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Global Map 3.1c Language in Global Perspective–Spanish The largest concentration of Spanish speakers is in Latin America and, or course, Spain. Spanish is also the second most widely spoken language in the United States
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ValuesCulturally defined standards of desirability,
goodness, and beauty, which serve as broad guidelines for social living. Values support beliefs.
BeliefsSpecific statements that people hold to be
true.Particular matters that individuals consider
to be true or false.
Values and Beliefs
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1. Equal opportunity2. Achievement and success3. Material comfort4. Activity and work5. Practicality and efficiency6. Progress7. Science8. Democracy and free enterprise9. Freedom10. Racism and group superiority
Sociologist Robin Williams’ Ten Values That Are Central to American Life
Are some of these values inconsistent with one another?
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Williams's list includes examples of value clusters.Sometimes one key cultural value contradicts
another.Value conflict causes strain.Values change over time.
A Global Perspective• Cultures have their own values.• Lower-income nations have cultures that value
survival. • Higher-income countries have cultures that value
individualism and self-expression.
Values Sometimes Conflict
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Figure 3.2 Cultural Values ofSelected CountriesHigher-income countries aresecular-rational and favor self-expression. The cultures of lower-income countries are more traditional and concerned with economic survival.Source: Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy by Ronald Inglehart and Christian Weizel, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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TypesProscriptive
Should-nots, prohibitedPrescriptive
Shoulds, prescribed like medicineMores and Folkways
Mores (pronounced "more-rays")Widely observed and have great moral significance
FolkwaysNorms for routine and causal interaction
NormsRules and expectations by which society
guides its members’ behavior
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GuiltA negative judgment we make about ourselves
ShameThe painful sense that others disapprove of our actions
Social ControlVarious means by which members of
society encourage conformity to norms
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Ideal cultureThe way things should beSocial patterns mandated by values
and normsReal culture
They way things actually occur in everyday life
Social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations
Ideal Versus Real Culture
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Culture includes a wide range of physical human creations or artifacts.
A society's artifacts partly reflect underlying cultural values.
In addition to reflecting values, material culture also reflects a society's technology or knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
Material Culture and Technology
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High culture–Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite.
Popular culture–Cultural patterns that are widespread among society’s population.
Subculture–Cultural patterns set apart some segment of society’s population.
Counterculture–Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.
Cultural Diversity
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• Eurocentrism–The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
• Afrocentrism–The dominance of African cultural patterns
MulticulturalismAn educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the
equality of all cultural traditions.
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National Map 3.1Language Diversity across the United States (detail on next slide)Of more than 268 million people age five or older in the United States, the Census Bureau reports that 52 million (19%) speak a language other than English at home. Of these, 62% speak Spanish, and 15% use an Asian language (the Census Bureau lists 29 languages, each of which is favored by more than 100,000 people). The map shows that non-English speakers are concentrated in certain regions of the country. Which ones? What accounts for this pattern? Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2003, 2006).
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Culture integrationThe close relationships among various
elements of a cultural systemExample: Computers and changes in our
languageCulture lag
The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, which might disrupt a cultural systemExample: Medical procedures and ethics
Interdependence
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1. Invention–Creating new cultural elements
Telephone or airplane2. Discovery–Recognizing and better understanding of something already in existence
X-rays or DNA3. Diffusion–The spread of cultural traits from one society to another
Jazz music or much of the English language
Culture Changesin Three Ways
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Figure 3.3 Life Objectives of First-Year College Students, 1969-2006Researchers have surveyed first year college students every year since 1969. While attitudes about some things such as the importance of family have stayed about the same, attitudes about other life goals have changed dramatically. Sources: Astin et al. (2002) and Sax et al. (2006).
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EthnocentrismThe practice of judging another
culture by the standards of one’s own culture
Cultural relativismThe practice of judging a culture
by its own standards
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
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Figure 3.4 The View from “Down Under”North America should be “up” and South America “down,” or so we think. But because we live on a globe, “up” and “down” have no meaning at all. The reason this map of the Western Hemisphere looks wrong to us is not that it is geographically inaccurate; it simply violates our ethnocentric assumption that the United States should be “above” the rest of the Americas.
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The Basic ThesisThe flow of goods–Material product trading has
never been as important.The flow of information–Few, if any, places are left
where worldwide communication isn’t possible.The flow of people–Knowledge means people learn
about places where they feel life might be better.
Limitations to the thesisAll the flows have been uneven.Assumes affordability of goodsPeople don’t attach the same meaning to material
goods.
Is There a Global Culture?
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Structural-functionalCulture is a complex strategy for
meeting human needs.Cultural universals–Traits that are
part of every known culture; includes family, funeral rites, and jokes
Critical evaluationIgnores cultural diversity and
downplays importance of change
Theoretical Analysis of Culture
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Social-conflictCultural traits benefit some members at
the expense of others.Approach rooted in Karl Marx and
materialism; society’s system of material production has a powerful effect on the rest of a culture.
Critical evaluationUnderstates the ways cultural patterns
integrate members into society
Inequality and Culture
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SociobiologyA theoretical paradigm that explores ways in
which human biology affects how we create culture.
Approach rooted in Charles Darwin and evolution; living organisms change over long periods of time based on natural selection.
Critical evaluationMight be used to support racism or sexismLittle evidence to support theory; people
learn behavior within a cultural system
Evolution and Culture
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Culture as constraintWe only know our world in terms
of our culture.
Culture as freedomCulture is changing and offers a
variety of opportunities.Sociologists share the goal of
learning more about cultural diversity.
Culture and Human Freedom
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Applying Theory: Culture