sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba

1.sociologiis warmoSobis socialuri wanamZRvrebi

a) politikuri revoluciebi. XVIII-e da XIX--e saukuneebSi momxdarma revoluciurma

gadatrialebebma, romlebmac didi Zvrebi da cvlilebebi moitanes dasavlur

sazogadoebebSi,gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia socialur moazrovneebs Soris. am

revoluciebs dadebiT cvlilebebTan erTad bevri uaryofiTic mohyva sazogadoebaSi.

moazrovneebi gaaogna revoluciebis mier datrialebulma uwesrigobebma da qaosma. yvela

maTgani sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis survilma

gaaerTiana. zogi warsulisaken (SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesrigisadmi

nostalgia) ixedeba da misi Rirebulebebis da faseulobebis aRdgenaze ocnebobs; zogi ki

acnobierebs,rom momxdari cvlilebebi aseT dabrunebas SeuZlebels xdis da cdiloben

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali safuZvlebi moiZion. swored stabilurobis, socialuri

wesrigisa da progresis ideebi gaxda kidec klasikos sociologTa kvlevisa da Ziebis

ZiriTadi sagani.

b)samrewvelo revoluciebi da kapitalizmis aRmasvla. samrewvelo gadatrialebebma

dasavluri sazogadoebebis agraruli_sasoflo meurneobidan upiratesad industriul

sistemaze gadasvla gamoiwvia. axalma sistemam adamianTa soflidan qalaqad

migracia,qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi teqnologiuri srulyofis mTeli seriebi da kapitalisturi

ekonomikuri sistemis damkvidreba moitana, xolo am sistemis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebam

ki marTvis axali sistema__biurokratia, kapitalizmze reaqciam ki muSaTa moZraobebi

warmoSva,romlebic ukve kapitalizmis damxobaze fiqrobdnen. swored samrewvelo

gadatrialebebma, kapitalizmma da mis winaaRmdeg reaqciam dasavluri sazogadoebis wyobaSi

kolosaluri gadatrialeba gamoiwvia,ramac Tavis mxriv seriozuli gavlena iqonia

sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaze. j.ritceris swori

SeniSvniT, “sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis gariJraJze iseTi gamoCenili

moRvaweebi,rogorebic iyvnen k.marqsi, m.veberi, e.diurkemi da g.zimeli…. . ., aqtiurad

swavlobdnen cvlilebebis monacemebs,aseve am cvlilebebis mier sazogadoebaSi gamowveul

problemebs. es moazrovneebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze dakavebulni iyvnen

socialuri……problemebiT da bevr SemTxvevaSi cdilobdnen SeemuSavebinaT maTi gadaWris

gzebi”( ritceri, gv. 20)A

g) socializmi da socialuri Teoriebi. Tumca zogierTi sociologi qeba_didebas asxamda

socializms,rogorc industriuli problemebis gadaWris saSualebas, magram maTi umravlesoba

mas ewinaaRmdegeboda,rogorc mecnieruli, ise adamianur_humanuri TvalsazrisiT. erTis

mxriv,k.marqsi aqtiurad gamodis kapitalisturi sistemis damxobisa da misi socializmis

Secvlis ideiT. meores mxriv, adrindeli sociologebis umravlesoba: m.veberi, e.diurkemi,

socializmis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvmnen. aRiarebdnen ra kapitalisturi sistemis SigniT

problemebis arsebobas,isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen socialur reformebs da ara

revolucias,romliskenac k.marqsi mouwodebda. sazogadoebis inteleqtualur Zalebs

“socializmis ufro eSinodaT,vidre kapitalizmisa. am SiSma meti gavlena iqonia

sociologiis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. . . SeiZleba davaskvnaT,rom sociologiuri Teoria

Camoyalibda,rogorc marqsizmis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia”.(ritceri,gv. 20).

d) feminizmi da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze gavlena

agreTve feministurma moZraobamac iqonia,romelmac organizebuli xasiaTi XIX saukunis

50_ian wleebSi miiRo. feminizmma imiT,rom SeZlo masobrivi mobilizacia qalebisaTvis

sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis mosapoveblad da XX_is dasawyisSi samoqalaqo da

samrewvelo kanonmdeblobis Sesacvlelad, sociologebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali

plastebis da urTierTobebis gamovlenasa da SeswavlaSi Seuwyo xeli.

e) urbanizacia da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze

seriozuli da mniSvnelovani gavlena urbanizaciulma procesebma da masTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis analizisa da gadaWris aucileblobamac iqonia.

v) cvlilebebi religiaSi da sociologiuri Teoria. cvlilebebma religiur

sferoSi,Tavad mosaxleobis religiurobis xasiaTis Secvlam,romlebic gamowveuli iyo Rrma

socialuri cvlilebebiT, mZlavri stimuli misca sociologiuri midgomis ganviTarebas.

TiTqmis yvela sociologiuri Teoria atarebda religiurobis beWeds,zogisTvis ki Tavad

sociologia iqca religiad (o.konti).

z) mecnierebis rolis zrda da sociologiuri Teoria. XVIII -e saukunis dasasruls

mecnierebis rolis zrdam ara mxolod kolejebsa da universitetebSi,aramed mTlianad

sazogadoebaSi, mecnierul_teqnikuri Sromis produqtebis SeRwevam cxoovrebis yvela

sferoSi,gazarda mecnierebis prestiJi. sociologTa umravlesoba dainteresebulni iyvnen

mecnierebiT da sociologiis modelirebac bunebismecnierebis analogiiT undodaT.

Tumca,arc is unda dagvaviwydes,rom jer kidev m.veberi aRniSnavda,rom sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi ar iZlevian mecnieruli modelebisadmi brmad

mibaZvis saSualebas.

2) inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi.

inteleqtualuri Zalebidan, romlebmac centraluri roli iTamaSes sociologiuri

Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi, aRsaniSnavia ori: ganmanaTlebloba da konservatiuli reaqcia

ganmanaTleblobaze.

rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven,ganmanaTlebloba iyo mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri

zrdisa da filosofiuri azris cvlilebebis periodi. ganmanaTleblobis dros didi

raodenobis uZvelesi ideebi da Sexedulebebi,romelTa Soris bevri exeboda socialur

cxovrebas, uaryofili iqna da Seicvala axliT. magram ganmanaTleblobis gavlena

sociologiur Teoriebze ufro iribi da negatiuri iyo, vidre pirdapiri da pozitiuri.

adrindeli sociologia viTardeboda rogorc ganmanaTleblobis ideebisadmi

dapirispireba.

ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi ( S.monteskie, Jan-Jak ruso da sxvebi) cdilobdnen TavianTi

ideebi, Tundac nawilobriv, aeRoT realuri samyarodan,isini aseve miiswrafvodnen,rom es

ideebi CaeyenebinaT socialuri samyaros samsaxurSi da daxmarebodnen mis kritikul

analizSi.

garda amisa, ganmanaTleblobas axasiaTebs rwmena,rom adamianebs ZaluZT samyaros arsis

gageba da empiriuli gamokvlevebisa da gonebis safuZvelze misi marTva. sxva sityvebiT,

radgan fizikur samyaros marTavs bunebis kanonebi, maSin,savaraudoa, rom socialur

samyarosac marTavdes misive kanonebi. amgvarad, Semecnebis amocanaa gonebiTa da

empiriuli gamokvlevebiT daadginos socialuri samyaros kanonebi; socialuri samyaros

kanonebis dadgenis safuZvelze ganmanaTleblebi isaxaven savsebiT praqtikul miznebs--

Seqmnan “ukeTesi”,ufro racionaluri samyaro. gonebis rolis aRniSvnisas,

ganmanaTleblebs eWvi SehqondaT tradiciul ZalauflebaSi. ikvlevdnen tradiciul

Rirebulebebsa da institutebs, romlebic adamianis zrdasa ganviTarebas amuxruWebdnen “

ganmanaTleblobis filosofosebi,orientirebulni TavianTi ideebis praqtikul

ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebis realur cvlilebebze, Tavis misias am aragonivruli

sistemebis gardaqmnaSi xedavdnen” (ritceri,gv. 24).

ganmanaTleblobam yvelaze didi gavlena frangul sociologiasa da marqsis

Sexedulebebze moaxdina. franguli sociologia gaxda racionaluri, empiriuli,

mecnieruli da cvlilebebze orientirebuli. magram sociologiuri Teoriebis

ganviTarebaze aranakleb imoqmeda ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego ideebmac, romlebic

warmodgenili iyo franguli kaTolikuri kontrevoluciuri filosofosebis: lui de

bonaldisa (1794--1840) da Jozef de mestras (1753--1821) SexedulebebiT. isini

ewinaaRmdegebodnen ara mxolod ganmanaTleblobas, aramed frangul

revoluciasac,romelic nawilobriv ganmanaTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis

wesis Sedegad miaCndaT.

bonaldi SeZrwunebuli iyo revoluciuri cvlilebebiT da Suasaukuneebis mSvidi harmoniuli

sinamdvilisaken dabruneba swyuroda. misi azriT, sazogadoeba RvTiuri warmoSobisaa,

maSasadame, goneba tradiciul religiur warmodgenebsaa daqvemdebarebuli. ufro

metic,Tvlida ramdenadac sazogadoeba Seqmna RmerTma, adamianebi ar unda Caerion arsebul

wesrigSi da ar unda Seecadon RvTiur qmnilebebSi cvlilebebis Setanas. amave dros,

bonaldi ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi tradiciuli institutebis ngrevas, rogorebicaa: patriarqati,

monogamiuri qorwineba, monarqia kaTolikuri eklesia.

konservatiulma moazrovneebma uari uTxres ganmanaTleblobis “gulubryvilo”

racionalizms. isini ara mxolod aRiareben socialuri cxovrebis iracionalur

aspeqtebs, aramed miaweren maT dadebiT sazrisac. iseT fenomenebs,rogorebicaa

tradicia, amaRlebuli emociuroba, warmosaxva da religia ganixilavdnen, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis sasargeblo da aucilebel komponentebs. isini uaryofen

revoluciur gadatrialebebs da iswrafvian SeinarCunon arsebuli wesrigi, kicxaven

ganviTarebis iseT formebs, rogorebicaa franguli revolucia, samrewvelo gadatrialeba,

aigivebdnen maT gamanadgurebel ZalebTan. konservatiuli moazrovneebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis xazgasma. es ki wamyvani Temaa Teoretikos

sociologTa SromebSi.

mkvlevarebi (ceitlini, j.ritceri da sxvebi) gamoyofen aT ZiriTaddebulebas, romlebic

gamomdinareobs konservatiul moazrovneTa Sexedulebebidan da Seadgenen franguli da ara

mxolod franguli ,aramed klasikuri sociologiis Teorul safuZvels.

1. maSin rodesac ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi xazs usvamdnen individualurobis

mniSvnelobas, konservatiuli reaqcionerebis interesebi ufro socialur xasiaTs atarebda:

aqcenti keTdeboda sazogadoebisa da sxva ufro maStaburi fenomenebis rolze. sazogadoeba

ganixileboda, rogorc individTa ubralo erTobaze ufro meti ram. iTvleboda, rom

sazogadoebas aqvs ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonebi, rolebic saTaves iReben Soreul warsulSi.

2. sazogadoeba gadaiqca analizis mTavar erTeulad; is ganixileboda, rogorc ufro

mniSvnelovani vidre individi. swored sazogadoeba Qqmnis individs, upiratesad

socializaciis procesSi.

3. individumi TviT sazogadoebis SigniTac ar ganixileba rogorc ZiriTadi elementi.

sazogadoebis Semadgenel komponentebad iTvleboda roli, mdgomareoba, struqtura da

institutebi. individis roli odnav ufro metia vidre am komponentebis ujredebis ubralod

Sevseba.

4. sazogadoebis nawilebi arseboben urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. ra Tqma

unda es urTierTdamokidebuleba sazogadoebis safuZvelia. Aam Tvalsazriss mivyevarT

konservatiul politikur orientaciamde. radgan sazogadoebis yvela nawili

urTierTdamokidebulia, TiToeuli maTganis dasusteba zemoqmedebs meoreze da sabolood

mTel sistemaze. Ees ki niSnavs, rom socialuri sistemis yvela cvlilebebi unda tardebodes

udidesi sifrTxiliT.

5. cvlilebebi ganixileboda rogorc saSiSroeba ara mxolod sazogadoebisa da misi

komponentebisaTvis, aramed aq myofi individumebisaTvisac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

komponentebi mowodebulni iyvnen adamianebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

varaudobdnen, rom institutebis ngreva adamianebs tanjvas miayenebs, rac Tavis mxriv,

gamoiwvevs socialur uwesrigobas.

6 zogadi tendenciis Tanaxmad sazogadoebis msxvili Semadgeneli nawilebi sasargebloa

individumebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. Sedegad ar arsebobda arsebuli socialuri

institutebis saqmianobis negatiuri Sefasebebis araviTari motivacia.

7. SedarebiT wvrili komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxi, mezobloba, religiuri an dasaqmebis

mixedviT Sedgenili jgufebi, aseve iTvleboda sasargeblod sazogadoebisa da

individebisaTvis, radgan aq iqmneboda axlo da Tbili atmosfero, rac Zalze saWiroa

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavis SesanarCuneblad.

8. miiCnevdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebi, rogorebicaa

industrializacia, urbanizacia da biurokratizacia iwveven socialur uwesrigobas. maT

SiSiT da gangaSiT Sehyurebdnen, miuTiTebdnen maTi damangreveli Zalebis neitralizebis

mizniT RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucileblobaze.

9. maSin rodesac am SiSismomgvrel cvlilebebs sazogadoeba miyavda ufro racionaluri

wyobisaken, konservatiuli opozicia xazs usvamda iracionaluri faqtorebis mniSvnelobas

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (magaliTad, ritualebs, ceremoniebs, RvTismsaxurebas).

10. da bolos, konservatorebi icavdnen sazogadoebis ierarqiul sistemas, mniSvnelovnad

miiCnevdnen sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da waxalisebis diferencirebuli sistemis

arsebobas. (ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ixile: jorj ritceris Sroma “ Tanamedrove

sociologiuri Teoriebi” ,rusul enaze 2002 w.)

amgvarad, pirveli sociologebi - o.konti da spenseri -- cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT sazogadoebis

Sesaxeb iseTi mecniereba, romelic fizikis an biologiis msgavsad SeZlebda

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis aRmoCenas da dafuZnebas. am kanonebis safuZvelze

ki sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, rameTu swored am

kanonebis codna aZlevs mmarTvelebsa da mmarTulebs imis WeSmarit orientirebs, Tu

rogor unda imoqmedon adamianebma, raTa sazogadoebaSi damyardes wesrigi da

keTildReoba.

ogiust konti da pozitivisturi sociologiis Casaxva

Sinaarsi

1. cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;

2. ideuri wyaroebi;

3. pozitivizmi, rogorc mecnierebaTa dafuZneba;

4. sociologia, rogorc mecniereba;

5. sociologiis obieqti;

6. meTodi: “obieqturi” da “subieqturi” sociologia

7. socialuri statistika

8. socialuri dinamika;

9. mecnierebidan utopiuri proeqtebisaken.

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi

pozitiuri, pozitivizmi, mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, socialuri organizmi, socialuri

sistema, socialuri wesrigi da progresi, socialuri statika, socialuri dinamika, sami

stadiis kanoni, kacobriobis religia, sociokratia – sociolatria (sociumisadmi

Tayvaniscema).

ogiust konti: biografiuli narkvevi.

konti daibada 1798 wels monpelieSi, Cinovnikis ojaxSi. esaa revoluciuri cvlilebebis epoqa,

ramac udidesi gavlena iqonia kontis msoflmxedvelobaze, romelic erTis mxriv gvevlineba

pozitivizmis filosofiaSi, xolo meores mxriv sociologiis fuZemdeblad. pirvelad

dainteresebuli iyo maTematikis SeswavliT, maTematikis maswavlebelic ki iyo. maTematikiT

dainteresebam igi miiyvana mecnierebis filosofiasTan. gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena iqonia

masze monteskiem da kondorsem – pirvelma Tavisi debulebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom politikur-

samarTlebrivi movlenebi damokidebulia bunebriv kanonebze, xolo meorem kacobriobis

progresuli ganviTarebis kanonis formulirebiTa da istoriis koncefciiT, romelSic

mTavari adgili sazogadoebis ideebis, institutebis da urTierTobebis evolucias uWiravs.

igi dainteresebulia agreTve politekonomiiT, akritikebs liberalur ekonomistTa

Sexedulebebs Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb, romelsac maTi azriT SeuZliaT migviyvanos

Tavisufal da damoukidebel individTa sazogadoebriv harmoniasTan. am moZRvrebas igi

upirispirebs sazogadoebrivi erTianobis, klasTa da individTa politikuri integraciis

ideas, romlis drosac igi eyrdnoba tradicionalistTa koncefcias, sazogadoebrivi wyofis

maT gagebas.

1817-1824 ww. konti mdivnad muSaobda sen-simonTan ramac SesaZlebloba misca mravali misi

ideebi SeeTvisebina, magram uTanxmoebebma Zireul Teoriul da politikur sakiTxebze maTi

dapirispireba da urTierTobis gawyveta gamoiwvia. kontis pozitiuri filosofiis sistema

Seicavs marTalia bevr iseT moments, romelic sen-simonis koncefcias mogvagonebs, magram

miuxedavad amisa mTlianobaSi misi sistema eyrdnoba savsebiT sxva filosofiur da Teoriul

safuZvlebs. kontis eqvs tomiani Sroma “pozitiuri filosofiis kursi” gamoqveynebul iqna 1830

w. da 1842 w Soris. masSi damuSavebulia mecnierenaTa klasifikaciis, pozitiuri filosofiisa

da sociologiis principebi. meore Sroma kontma miuZRvna politikisa da momavlis religiis

safuZvlebs. esaa “pozitiuri politikis sistema anu kacobriobis religiis damdgeni

traqtati”. oTx tomad (1851-54). kontis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebul iqna agreTve misi Sromebi

“filosofiuri traqtati popularuli astronomiis Sesaxeb” (1844), “ganazrebani pozitiuri

filosofiis sulis Sesaxeb (1844); “ganazrebani pozitivizmze mTlianobaSi” (1848-51),

“pozitivisturi katexezisi” (1854), “mowodeba konservatorebisadmi” (1855) da “subieqturi

sinTezi” (1856), xolo sikvdilis Semdgom – “kontis anderZis” oTxtomeuli.

sen-simonisgan wamosvlis Semdeg konts TiTqmis ar hqonda mudmivi samuSao da igi erTad

arasasiamovno da araxelsayrel pirobebSi aRmoCnda mxolod Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri

misiis rwmena, rom pozitiuri filosofiis sistemis Seqmna sazogadoebrivi valis aRsrulebaa,

aZlevda mas saSualebas gaegrZelebina mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. marTalia

man 1848 wlis cnobili gamosvlebis dros Seqmna pozitivisturi msoflmxedveloba, unda

gaevrcelebina, magram is mainc ucxo darCa – muSebisadmi da verc erTi mebrZoli mxaridan

mxardaWera ver moipova, aseve ver moipova mxardaWera misma mowodebam inteleqtualebisadmi

SeeqmnaT “wesrigisa da progresis partia”. gardaicvala konti martoobaSi 1857 wels.

miuxedavad kontis pirvel da meore periodebs Soris arsebuli moCvenebiTi winaaRmdegobisa,

meore periodic imave ideur winamZRvrebs eyrdnoba, esenia: kacobriobis moraluri erTianobis,

sazogadoebis axali religiis- pozitivizmis safuZvelze reorganizaciis idea, romelic amave

dros socialuri mecnierebis Teoriaa, ganmsWvalaven kontis mTel Semoqmedebas. socialuri

mecnierebis, romlis Seqmnasac igi cdilobda da axali religiis funqciebs konti

igiveobrivad miiCnevda, fiqrobda, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes WeSmariti, mecnieruli religia,

anu rac igivea moraluri mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebrivi integraciis religiur

funqciebs Seasrulebda. aqedan warmoiSva kontis SexedulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-

erTi mTavari paradoqsi.

1. mecnierebaTa klasifikacia

Teologiisa da metafizikisgan mecnierebis gamoyofa iyo kontis pozitiuri meTodis ZiriTadi

idea. misi azriT, mecnierebis amocanaa kanonebis aRmoCena, kanonebisa, romlebic gagebulia,

rogorc movlenebs Soris myari da ganmeorebadi kavSiri. mecnierebaTa amocanebis aseTi

SezRudva gamarTlebuli iyo zusti, gansazRvruli codnis miRwevis surviliT, romelsac

SeeZleboda Seeqmna momavlis winaswarxedvisaTvis.

mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis damuSavebisas, konti eyrdnoboda maT obieqtur niSnebsa da

maxasiaTeblebs, upirveles yovlisa man mecnierebebi dayo abstraqtul da konkretuli saxis

mecnierebebad, pirvelni swavloben movlenaTa gansazRvruli kategoriebis kanonebs, meoreni ki

iyeneben am kanonebs. kerZo sferoebSi anu kerZo sferoebs miuyeneben am kanonebs. mag: biologia

aris zogadi, abstraqtuli mecniereba sicocxlis Sesaxeb. medicina ki – konkretuli

mecnierebaa romelic iyenebs biologiis zogad kanonebs. konti gamoyofs xuT abstraqtul-

Teoriul mecnierebas: astronomias, fizikas, qimias, biologias da sociologias. bunebiseuli

movlenebis – astrnomiulis, fizikuris, qimiuris da biologiuris – ZiriTad kategoriebs man

daumata sazogadoebriv movlenaTa kategorebi, misca ra amiT Tavis klasifikacias “misi

saboloo konstruirebisa da agebisaTvis sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi”. kontis

mecnierebaTa “enciklopediuri kibe” Seiqmna Sesabamisi mecnierebebis mier Sesaswavli

movlenebis sirTulis zrdis principis mixedviT. socialuri movlenebi yvela sxvisagan

gansxvavdebian yvelaze didi sirTuliT da amave dros damokidebulni arian yvela danarCenze,

rac gvixsnis sociologiis yvelaze gviandel warmoSobas. miuxedavad amisa, esenia – bunebrivi

movlenebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian mocemuli sferosaTvis specifikur bunebriv kanonebs.

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiur mecnierebas kontma Tavdapirvelad socialuri fizika, xolo

mogvianebiT sociologia uwoda. axali terminis Semotanas gvixsnis ara neologizmebisadmi

midrekilebiT, aramed specialuri disciplinis Seqmnis aucileblobiT, romelic mieZRvnebida

sazogadoebrivi fenomenebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli fundamenturi kanonebis pozitiur

gamokvlevebs. igi xazs usvamda, rom sociologia unda iyos Teoriuli disciplina

gansxvavebiT a. ketles aRweriTi “socialuri fizikisagan”. sociologiis pozitiur

mecnierebad qceva asrulebs pozitiuri filosofiis sistemas, amiT ki gvauwyebs adamianuri

gonebisa da adamianuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pozitiuri stadiis dadgomas. es iqneboda

kontis azriT, namdvili “pozitiuri revolucia”, mecnierebis gamarjveba warsul saukuneTa

sqolastikaze”.

3.sociologiis sagani da amocanebi

konti sociologias, rogorc pozitiur mecnierebas upirispirdeba sazogadoebisa da adamianis

Sesaxeb Teologiur da metafizikur spekulaciebs. erTis mxriv, igi akritikebda Teologebs,

romlebic adamians ganixilavdnen rogorc arsebas, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba

cxovelisgan, Tvlidnen mas RmerTis an gangebis qmnilebad. meore mxriv, akritikebda ra mis

winamorbed “metafizikos” filosofosebs, igi maT sayvedurobda imas, rom maT sazogadoeba

esmiT rogorc adamianuri gonebis qmnileba, rogorc individTa gonieri nebis produqti.

sociologia kontis mixedviT – erTaderTi mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis imas Tu rogori

xdeba srulyofili adamianis goneba da misi fsiqika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gavleniT.

ZiriTadi da pirveladi sinamdvile, romlidanac unda amovides sociologi, aris sazogadoeba,

aRebuli mis mTlianobaSi konts amis qveS esmoda mTeli kacobriobis an romelime misi didi

nawilis organuli erTianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia “sayovelTao TanxmobiT” (consensus

omnium) da romelsac axasiaTebs misi struqturuli elementebis harmoniuli funqcionireba.

sazogadoebis metismeti sirTule aixsneba imiT, rom masSi moqmedi Tanamedrove faqtorebi

erwymian istoriuls, warsuli Taobebi gavlenas axdenen Tanamedriove Taobebze. sazogadoeba,

anu rogorc mas konti uwodebs kacobrioba – esaa umaRlesi sinamdvile (suigeneris - erTgvari),

umaRlesi arseba.

3. sociologiis meTodebi

kontis sociologiis arsebiTi nawilia sazogadoebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebul meTodTa

damuSaveba – SemuSaveba, gamodis ra erTis mxriv gonebaWvretiTobis, xolo meores mxriv

empirizmis ukiduresobaTA winaRmdeg. konti asabuTebs dakvirvebis, agreTve eqsperimentuli,

SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebis gamosadegobas sociologiaSi.

dakvirveba, amtkicebs konti, warmoadgens kvelevis ZiriTad meTods sociologiaSi. socialuri

faqtTa dakvirvebam sociologia unda aiyvanos mecnierebis rangSi, masalas, romliTac

operirebs sociologi, misces obieqturi xasiaTi. empiriuli masalis dagroveba unda moxdes

Teoriis xelmZRvanelobiT.

sworeed pozitiuri Teoriis ararseboba, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda

faqtebis Sekreba da ganzogadeba, warmoadgens kontis azriT, sociologiis ZiriTad siZneles,

romnelic vardeba miwier wreSi, ramdenadac dakvirvebis Casatareblad saWiroa Teoria xolo

Teoriis Sesaqmnelad ki dakvirvebebi.

sociologiis mniSvnelobiT meore meTodad konti Tvlida eqsperiments uSualo eqsperimenti

sociologiaSi mdgomareobs kvlevis miznebisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili pirobebis sakvlevi

movlenis cvalebadobaze dakvirvebaSi. arapirdapiri gaSualebuli eqsperimenti konts esmoda

rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebul paTologiur dagaxraTA kvleva, romeli gadaxrebic

gamowveuli iyo sazogadoebriv SeryevaTa ZiriTadad revoluciuri xasiaTis ryevaTa gavleniT.

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arev-dareva perturbaciebi, romlebic aryeven socialuri organizms,

kontis azriT, earmoadgenen individualuri organizmis avadmyofobaTa analogias ,aTSi

naTllad vlindebian sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTadi kanonebi ramdenadac avadmyofoba

saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT SevicnoT norma.

pozitiur mecnierebaTa mesame meTodi romelsac sociologia ayenebs esaa SedarebiTi meTodi,

romlis daxmarebiTac erTmaneTs udareben xalxTa cxovrebas, romlebic erTdroulad

cxovroben dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi raTa daadginon sazogadoebaTa arsebobis da

ganviTarebis zogadi kanonebi.

socialuri movlenebisadmni yvelaze Sesatyvis, sociologiis specifikur meTodad konti

Tvlis istoriul meTods – “kacobriobis gansxvavebul Tanmimdevrul mdgomareoba –

viTarebaTa istoriuli Sedarebis” – meTods.

socialuri statika

kontma sociologia gayo or did ganyofilebad: socialur statikad da socialur dinamikad.

pirveli Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebsa da arsebobis pirobebs,

meore ki – socialur sistemaTa cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis kanonebs.

socialuri statika – esaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, organizaciis, harmoniis Teoria.

sazogadoebas konti ganixilavs rogorc organul mTlianobas, romlis nawilebi

urTierdakavSirebulia da SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod erTianobaSi. igi uwinares yovlisa,

ganixilavs ZiriTad sazogadoebriv institutebs:

ojaxs,

saxelmwifos,

religias

maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciebis da socialuri integraciis saqmeSi rolis TvalsazrisiT.

ojaxis roli individsa da gvars (modgmas) Soris aRzardos axalgazrdoba altruizmis

suliT, aswavlos Tandayolili egoizmis gadalaxva. ojaxi, kontTan gvevlineba “xan rogorc

Cveni moraluri aRzrdis spontanur wyarod, xan rogorc Cveni politikuri organizaciis

bunebrivi baza. Tavisi pirveli aspeqtiT yoveli Tanamedrove ojaxi amzadebs momavlis

sazogadoebas, Tavisi meore aspeqtiT yoveli axali ojaxi agrZelebs arsebuli sazogadoebis

cxovrebas”.

ojaxuri urTierTobebis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi planis analogiaa kooperacia, romelic

dafiuZnebulia Sromis danawilebaze. TiToeuli aq akeTebs imas, risi keTebis niWic yvelaze

metad aqvs momadlebuli. yvela dainteresebulia erTmaneTiT. ase warmoiSoba sayovelTao

“Tanxmoba” (consesus omnium) da individTa spontanuri urTierTSemoqmedeba.

imis dadgenisagan, rom arsebobs sazogadoebis daSlis, misi organuli erTianobis darRvevis

tendencia, kontma gamoyvana mTavrobis rogorc “saerTo gonis – sulis” gamomxatvelis

politikuri Zalauflebis aucilebloba. mTavrobis socialuri daniSnuleba kontis mixedviT

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavidan agvacilos “ideebSi grZnobebsa da interesebSi Zireuli

gansxvavebulobisadmi es fataluri midrekileba, romelsac warmoadgens ra adamianuri

ganviTarebis TviTon principis garduval Sedegs SeeZleba Tu Tavis gzaze ar Sexvdeba

dabrkolebebi, garduvalad migviyvanos socialuri progresis gaCerebasTan”. amgvarad

saxelmwifo es aris solidarobis organo, xolo misdami daqvemdebareba ki individis wmidaTa

wminda movaleobaa. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcveli – saxelmwifo – asrulebs ekonomikur,

politikur da moralur funqciebs, romelTagan ZiriTads konti bolo ors miiCnevs.

eklesia. SuasaukuneebSi eklesiis mier ganxorcilebuli sulieri diqtaturis Rirsebebis qeba

– didebisas, konti masSi xedavs pozitivizmis – rogorc ideebis, principebisa da koncefciebis

analogias, romelsac damatebuli aqvs Taviseburi kulti – samoqalaqo wes – Cveulebebis

seria, romelic mowodebulia Secvalos Zveli, tradiciuli, eklesiuri wes – Cveulebebi.

konti sulieri cxovrebis mTavar lozungad, “icxovre sxvisTvis” princips da Sesabamisad

movaleobaTa eTikas acxadebs.

socialuri dinamika

“sazogadoebrivi progresis pozitiur Teorias” kontma socialuri dinamika uwoda. progresi

kontis mixedviT niSnavs ganviTarebas aRmavali xaziT.. sazogadoebrivi progresi amave dros

moraluri progresia.

gonebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia yvelaze zogadi, absrtaqtuli cnebebis

arseboba amitom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT Sesatyvisi

filosofiuri sistemebis mixedviT. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis yovel etaps romelic

kanonzomierad gaivlis sam ZiriTad stadias Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitivisturs

Seesatyvisebian xelovnebis, meurneobis, politikis da sazogadoebrivi wyobis gansazRvruli

formebi.

kontis sociologiis qvakuTxedi – sami stadiis kanoni – erTdroulad warmoadgens istoriul

da logikur kanons. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis sami stadia Seesatyviseba istoriis

ganviTarebis sam analogiur stadias.

Teologiur anu fiqtiur stadias, romelic moicavs Zvel samyarosa da adreul Seusaukuneebs,

konti yofs sam periodad: fetiSizmad, poliTeizmad da monoTeizmad. fetiSizmis dros

adamianebi sicocxles miawerdnen garegan sagnebs da maTSi xedavdnen RmerTebs,

poliTeizmis dros, romelmac didi gavrceleba hpova Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, sicocxles

aniWebdnen “fiqtiur arsebebs”, romelTa CareviTac xsnidnen yvela movlenas,

monoTeizmis epoqa – esaa qristianobis epoqa, erTi RmerTis religia cvlis – gardaqmnis

samyaros saxes, politikur da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, Cveulebebsa da morals.

metafizikuri stadia, romelic 1300-1800 wlebs moicavs konts eCveneboda gardamaval periodad,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zvel rwmenaTa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis fundamentis – daSla

– ganadgureba, reformacia, ganmanaTleblobis folosofia, revolucia (“metafizikosebisa da

samarTalmcodneebis politikuri triumfi”) – aseTia am epoqis umniSvnelovanesi xdomilebani.

“negatiurma”, kritikulma filosofiam gamoiwvia yvela avtoritetis, gabatonebuli klasebis

Zalauflebis, religiis dacema. am epoqaSi dabadebulma “metafizikurma gonma” sanqciebi misca

filosofiur eWvebs, moralur simaxinjes da politikur areulobasa da uwesrigobas.

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelic CaZirulia anarqiaSi, ganicdis axali ideologiis

moTxovnilebas, romelic Secvlis yalb, fiqtiur doqtrinebs da Seasrulebs maintrigebel

sazogadoebriv rols.

imis dasturad, rom sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT Sedis ukanasknel poziciur epoqaSi,

gvevlineba mecnierebaTa farTod gavrceleba, maTi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis zrda da

pozitivizmis Teoriis Seqmna. samrewvelo wyoba cvlis samxedro wyobas, romelic

damaxasiaTebeli iyo Teologiuri epoqisaTvis, cxovrebisa da sicocxlis yvela elementTa

harmoniuli da Tanabari ganviTareba garantias iZleva rom mecnieruli aRmoCenebi gamoyenebul

iqneba mTeli kacobriobis sakeTildReod. pozitiuri epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:

egoizmze altruizmis gamarjveba. socialur grZnobaTa zrda, materialuri kulturis swrafi

zrda, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvelaze ufro iol da sasiamovno cxovrebas, samarTlianobas

da mSvidobas.

herbert spenseri (1820-1903) – funqcionalisturi sociologiis warmoSoba

Sinaarsi

1. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;

2. ideuri wyaroebi;

3. sociologiis sagani

4. organiczmi da evolucionizmi.

5. sazogadoeba da misi tipebi

6. funqcionalizmis saTaveebTan

7. saxelmwifo da pirovneba

herbert spenseris sociologia.

I. h. spenseri pirovneba da mecnieri. sppenseri da misi dro

a) XIX-is 60-iani wlebidan iwyebs misi drois yvela Teoriuli mecnierebis gamaerTianebeli

filosofiis Seqmnas. `ZiriTadi sawyisebi~, `biologiis safuZvlebi~, `fsiqologiis~,

`sociologiis~ sawyisebi.

b) ideuri wyaroebi:

1. bunebismecnierebis is dargebi sadac muSaobda ganaTlebis idea, darvini, lamarki,

2. malTusisa da adam smulis Sromebi.

3. ingliseli utilitasistebi, i. bencamis individualizmi. Tavisufali mewarmeobis principi,

individualur moqmedebaTa Tavisufleba, konkurencia, yvelaze SeguebulTa gadarCena _

ZiriTadia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

4. kontisadmi damokidebuleba _ aRniSnavs mis prioritets sociologiisa da biologiis

urTierTkavSiris kvlevaSi, magram misTvis ucxoa kontis mesianizmi, sami stadiis kanoni,

sulieri ganviTarebidan socialuri ganviTarebis gamoyvana. spenseri uaryofs progresis

sworxazobriobas da erTianobas.

II. sociologiis sagani. sociologia rogorc obieqturi mecniereba SesaZlebelia:

1. `bunebrivi mizezobriobis~ uzogadesi kanonis arsebobis gamo, romelic sazogadoebaSic ise

moqmedebs, rogorc bunebaSi.

2. yoveli movlenis elementebisa da struqturis kanonzomieri kavSiris arsebobis gamo.

istoria da sociologia. istoria = biologias, maSin rodesac sociologia socialuri

organizmis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobebs swavlobs. misi `sociologiis safuZvlebi~

aris eTnografiul masalaze mTliani sociologiuri sistemis agebis pirveli cda. rubrikaSi

`sociologiis monacemebi~ _ gadmocemulia pirvelyofil adamianTa fizikuri da

emocionaluri, inteleqtualuri da religiuri cxovrebis rekonstruqciis cdaze, maTi

ZiriTadi ideebisa da warmodgenebis gamorkvevis cda. `sociologiis induqciebSi~, mocemulia

sazogadoebis zogadi Teoria: gaanalizebulia sazogadoebis, socialuri zrdis, socialuri

struqturis, socialuri funqciebis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sistemaTa da

organoTa cnebebi. xolo `sociologiis safuZvlebis~ meore tomSi uzarmazar eTnografiul

masalaze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia:

1. ojaxur urTierTobaTa

2. adaT-wesebis (maT Soris Cveulebebis)

3. politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo, sasamarTlo, sakuTreba, sazogadoebaTa tipebi,

religiuri dawesebulebebis, samrewvelo institutebis) evolicia. amgvarad, sociologia

moicavs anTropologias, eTnografias da istoriuli ganviTarebis zogad Teorias.

III. organicizmi da evolucionizmi. spenseris sociologia eyrdnoba or mTavar princips:

sazogadoebis rogorc organizmis gagebas da socialuri evoluciis ideas. pirveli

dakavSirebulia socialuri mTelis erTianobis gaazrebis aucileblobasTan. warmoadgens Tu

ara sazogadoeba realur `arsebas~ Tu igi mxolod krebiTi saxelia ramdenime individis

aRsaniSnavad, romelsac mxolod nominaluri arseboba aqvs? igi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebas aqvs

gansakuTrebuli saxis yofiereba, romelic realurad arsebobs. marTalia sazogadoeba Sedgeba

erTeulebisagan, mTeli Taobebisa da mravali saukunis manZilze, am erTeulTa gaerTianeba _

dajgufebaSi saerTo msgavsebis mudmivi SenarCuneba am sazogadoebis mier dakavebuli adgilis

farglebSi miuTiTebs maT mier Sedgenili agregatis garkveul konkretulobaze. swore des

Tviseba da niSani gvaZlevs ideas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Cven sazogadoebas vuwodebT mxolod

iseT gaerTianebas, sadac binadarma cxovrebam migviyvana sazogadoebis SigniT mis Semadgenel

nawilTa ganawilebis mudmivobasTan~. sazogadoeba `realuri sagania~, magram ara araorganuli

agregatis, aramed organuli mTelis msgavsia, romelic rTuli da dinamiuria. amitom

socialuri agregatis gasagebas swored rom organizmi gamogvadgeba. sazogadoeba aris

organizmi.

msgavseba sazogadoebasa anu socialur organizmsa da biologiur organisms Soris:

1. sazogadoeba Tavisi arsebobis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ise izrdeba, farTovdeba rogorc

organizmi.

2. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze misi struqturac iseve rTuldeba rogorc bunebrivi

evoluciis procesSi organizmis struqtura.

3. rogorc biologiur ise socialur organizmSi struqturaTa diferenciacias Tan yveba

funqciaTa analogiuri diferenciacia.

4. evoluciis procesSi biologiur da socialur organizmebis struqturisa da funqciebis

diferenciacias moyveba maTi urTierTqmedebis ganviTarebac.

5. analogia sazogadoebasa da organisms Soris SeiZleba SevabrunoT _ yoveli organizmi aris

sazogadoeba.

6. sazogadoebaSi iseve rogorc organizmSi, maSinac ki rodesac misi mTlianoba darRveulia _

mkvdaria _ maT Semadgenel calkeul nawilebs SeuZliaT arsebobis gagrZeleba, garkveuli

droiT mainc _ amitom sazogadoeba SegviZlia ganvixiloT organizmis analogiurad. magram maT

Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa:

1. biologiuri organizmebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa Semadgeneli nawilebi warmoqmnian

konkretul mTels, romlis yvela elementi mWidrod da ganuwyvetladaa erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli, maSin sazogadoeba diskretuli mTelia, romlis elementebi met-naklebad

Tavisufalni da gafantulni arian.

2. individualur organizmSi funqciaTa diferenciacia iseTia, rom grZnobisa da azrovnebis

unari Tavmoyrilia mxolod mis gansazRvrul nawilebSi, maSin rodesac sazogadoebaSi

cnobiereba mofrqveulia mTel agregatSi, yvela mis erTeuls SeuZlia ganicados gancxroma da

tanjva Tu erTnairi xarisxiT ara, maSin daaxloebiT erTnairad mainc.

3. cocxal organizmSi elementebi arseboben mTelis gulisaTvis, sazogadoebaSi ki piriqiT,

sazogadoeba arsebobs Tavisi wevrebis keTildReobisaTvis. kontidan gansxvavebiT, romlis

azriTac individi sazogadoebis damoukidebeli ujredic ki ar aris da masSia gaTqvefili,

spenserisaTvis piriqiT, sazogadoeba individTa mxolod agregatia. masSi individis gaTqvefa

dauSvebelia. amitom sazogadoeba `zeorganizmia~.

yovel ganviTarebul sazogadoebas aqvs organoTa sami sistema:

1. mxardamWer-SemanarCunebeli _ awarmoebs aucilebel saarsebo saSualebebs.

2. gamanawilebeli _ Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs socialuri organizmis

sxvadasxva nawilTa kavSirs.

3. maregulirebeli _ saxelmwifos saxiT uzrunvelyofs Semadgeneli nawilebis mTelisadmi

daqvemdebarebasa da morCilebas.

sazogadoebis specifikuri nawilebia dawesebuleba _ onstitutebi: saojaxo, adaTobrivi,

politikuri, saeklesio, profesionaluri da samrewvelo. TiToeuli maTgani ganicdis

evolucias, magram rogoria am evoluciis kanonebi? arsebobs erTi evolucia, romelic

yvelgan erTnairad moqmedebs.

ganviTareba, evoluciis yvela procesi moicavs or mxares: integracias da diferenciacias. igi

iwyeba sazogadoebrivi organizmis raodenobrivi zrdisagan, misi Semadgeneli elementebis

raodenobis an moculobis gafarToebisagan. aseT zrdas aucileblad moyveba mTeli

socialuri organizmis funqcionaluri da struqturuli diferenciaciis procesi. primitiul

sazogadiebaSi maTi nawilebi da funqciebi sustadaa diferencirebuli da erTmaneTis msgavsia.

aq erTsa da imave struqturas SeuZlia Seasrulos ramdenime funqcia da ramdenime

struqturas ki erTi funqcia. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze es erTferovneba (homogenoba)

mravalferovnebaze (heterogenobaze) gadadis da rac ufro mravalferovani da

diferencirebulia sazogadoebis struqturebi da funqciebi, miT ufro ganviTarebulia igi.

amgvarad, Sromis danawileba aris ganviTarebis sayovelTao meqanizmi. funqciaTa

diferenciacia iwvevs mmarTveli meqanizmis arsebobis aucileblobas, romelsac unari eqneba

uzrunvelyos kerZo struqturaTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba. aqedan ki TviT marTvis procesTa

garTuleba da diferenciacia. mas emateba religiur da adamianTa Zalauflebac.

sazogadoebis tipologizacia. spenseri kontTan erTad erT-erTi pirveli moazrovnea

sociologiis istoriaSi, romelmac sazogadoebis or tipad dayofa ganaxorciela: samxedro

da samrewvelo sazogadoebaTa saxiT.

samxedro tipis sazogadoebaSi `mTavrobis eTika omis eTikis igiveobrivia~. es niSnavs, rom

sazogadoeba uigivdeba jars, romlis nawili moqmedia da nawili umoqmedo. masSi `jari

mobilizebuli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba jaria, romelic isvenebs~.

_ samxedro sazogadoebis Zireuli niSania _ Zaladoba. sayovelTao samxedro nagebobaze

mimTiTebeli niSania erTeulTa gansxvavebul moqmedebaTa warmarTva Zaladobis gziT. samxedro

sazogadoebaTa politikis safuZvelia mtroba. rogorc sagareo ise saSinao politikis

safuZvelia _ Zaladoba. is kargad icavs sagareo mtrebisagan sazogadoebas, magram cudad

asrulebs qveynis SigniT adamianTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis funqcias, radgan Tavisufleba

ZaladobiT ar miiRweva am etapis sazogadoeba individis Tavisuflebas spobs dam as cvlis

monobiT, aq individi saSualebaa saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis keTildReobisa da miznebis

ganxorcilebis gzaze.

_ sazogadoebis meore etapia samrewvelo sazogadoeba. igi samxedros sapirispiroa, ramdenadac

masSi individi saSualebaa ara saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis xelSi, aramed mizania. xolo

saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba saSualebebia. isini arseboben individis keTildReobisaTvis.

samxedro sazogadoebaSi sicocxle saSualebaa, mizania Sroma. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi

Sroma saSualebaa, sicocxle ki mizani, romelsac es saSualeba uzrunvelyofs.

kooperacia. Tu kooperaciis cnebas gamoviyenebT farTo azriT, rogorc yvela moqalaqis

erTobliv miswrafebebs, maSin es reJimi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganisazRvros. erTia

Zalismieri kooperaciis, meore nebayoflobiTi kooperaciis sistema.

karl marqsis sociologia

Sinaarsi

1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri

2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia

3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi

4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

5. istoriis materialisturi gageba

6. meTodologia

7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria

8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

10. Semecnebis sociologia

11. daskvna

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi

Sroma, gaucxoeba, istoriis materialisturi gageba, sazogadoebrivi yofiereba da cnobiereba,

warmoebis wesi, sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bazisi da zednaSeni,

sazogadoebrivi formaciebi, socialuri revolucia, klasebi da klasobrivi brZola,

ideologia.

ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi

arsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia: germanuli klasikuri

filosofia, inglisuri politikuri ekonomia da franguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa,

TviTon marqsi Tavis ideur wyarod aRiarebda me-17-18 saukuneebis inglisur da frangul

materializms. marqsizmis es genealogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos is

wyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, romlebic Sediodnen codnis sxva sferoebSi da agreTve isinic,

romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es genealogia saWiroebs dazustebas.

kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba germanul klasikur filosofias, saWiroa xazi gaesvas misi ori

warmomadgenlis hegelisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelaze meti gavlena marqsze hegelma iqonia,

rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze, ise sociologiuri azrovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiT

mis warmodgenaze obieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeul

adamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuli ganviTarebis,

rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur

sinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad). garda amisa, hegelma

gavlena iqonia marqsis pirad xasiaTze, da bolos, gaucxoebis marqsiseul Teoriaze. aseve

gavlena iqonia foierbaxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsma maTgan

ukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSi ayalibebda.

socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies marqsis, rogorc sociologiur,

ise politikur-utopiur Sexedulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man

didi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier 1) `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo

azriT) rolis Sefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatis

mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni)

mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen-simonis gavlena marqsze ufro

adrindelia, vidre hegelis. sen-simonistebis gavlena germaniaSi Zalian didi iyo, kerZod, sen-

simonizmis propagandisti iyo marqsis megobari mozes hesi, romelsac uwodebdnen `germanuli

socializmis mamas~. (Tumca sabolood marqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba).

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom marqsis idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidre igi yuradRebas

gaamaxvilebda mecnierul Ziebebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvana igi komunizmis idealTan, aramed

piriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul da cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturi

idealisadmi igi cdilobda daeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba. moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlena

marqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebda mravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon

hesma, romelic marqsTan erTad monawileobda axalgazrda hegelianelTa wreSi, marqsSi

dainaxa kacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmi hegelis

filosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianis socialuri arsebis

realizaciaa..

filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisa

da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis

emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac.

marqsis Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, homo faber-ia anu mwarmoebeli adamiania.

mwarmoebluri Sroma _ ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. adamiani cxovelisagan imiT

gansxvavdeba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvel samyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, am

stiqiaTa dauflebis zomis Sesabamisad, TviTon adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi da

warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT.

xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli

Tavisi Sromis Sedegebisgan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki.

mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis

`winaistoria_preistoria~ da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba

`aucileblobis samefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~.

marqsi ayalibebs Teziss adamianis socialuri arsebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavs mis Seswavlas.

erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. . .adamianis

arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi aris

yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~. (t. 3, gv.3 marqsis interpretaciiT

sazogadoeba warmoadgens individebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebaTa

sistemas, romelic yalibdeba saqmianobis procesSi. uwinares yovlisa ki, SromiTi saqmianobis

procesSi. `sazogadoeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da

urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic imyofebian es individebi erTmaneTTan~, _ werda igi. misi

gagebiT, sazogadoeba esaa `adamianTa urTierTqmedebis produqti~, amave dros adamianebi ar

arian Tavisufalni ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formis arCevanSi.

socialuroba, marqsis mixedviT, vlindeba ara mxolod uSualo `koleqtiurobis~ formiT,

rodesac individi sxva individebTan pirispir urTierTqmedebaSia. sazogadoeba arsebobs

adamianSi masze gavlenas axdens maSinac ki, rodesac individi martoa, Tavis TavTan imyofeba.

rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesi warmodgenili

hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi,

ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom swored

isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da

bunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen:

`adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT

moesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da

realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~ [werili anenkovs 1846

w. 28 dekemberi. t. 8, gv.119].

marqsis mixedviT, pirovneba socialur-istoriuli ganviTarebis amosavali-sawyisi punqti ki

araa, aramed misi rezultatia. individis cnobierebisa da qcevis socialuri ganpirobebulobis

xazgasmisas, marqsi pirovnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

umaRles mizans, romelic miiRweva mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis radikaluri

gardaqmnis Semdeg.

istoriis materialisturi gageba

ra aris istoriis materialisturi gageba TviTon marqsis ganmartebiT?

am gagebis arsi gadmocemulia marqsis cnobil winasityvaobaSi, romelic man waumZRvara

Sromas `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~: `TavianTi cxovrebis sazogadoebrivi

warmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben, gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagan

damoukidebel urTierTobas~, _ warmoebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur

mwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT

urTierTobaTa erToblioba Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss,

romelzedac iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac sazogadoebrivi

cnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi

ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa

cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis

gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas.

sazogadoebis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul warmoebiT

urTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, _ sakuTrebis

urTierTobasan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamde viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa

ganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maT borkilad iqceva. maSin dgeba socialuri

revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenic

meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganxilvisas warmoebis

ekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenac

bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli,

politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan,

romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar

SeiZleba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiT,

aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT misi cnobierebis

mixedviT, piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT,

arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa

Soris. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi formacia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela

mwarmoebluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTi

urTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanam maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebi

TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifdeba~. (k. marqsi, f. engelsi, rCeuli nawerebi t.1,

gv. 624-625. Tbilisi 1975).

meTodologia

rogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba mimdinareobs gansazRvruli

kanonebiT. kanoni mas esmis, roogrc movlenebs Soris `Sinagani da aucilebeli kavSiri~.

marqsisTvis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidre socialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvari

martivi, mimarTebis arsebobaa, rodesac gansazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyeba

gvevlineba, rogorc faqtTa meore wyebis mizezi. hegelisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swams

universaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTa mixedviTac viTardeba

mTeli kacobrioba. mas swams istoriuli aucilebloba, romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovan

SemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorc konti, marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela

sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian.

socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis

gansazRvrul safexurze.

marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologiur tendencias: bunebismecnieruls,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da mis

sapirispiros, romelic xazs usvams sociologiuri codnis specifikas, mis gansxvavebas

bunebismecnierebis meTodebisa da rezultatebisagan. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is

sociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~,

`amxsneli~ da `gagebiTi~ _ oriveni mimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans.

zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken aRmasvlis

meTods. es meTodi Sedgeba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:

1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoadgens;

2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna

/Teoriuli done/;

3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobad konkretuli~,

gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobriv konkretulad~. (iqve gv. 37)

marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamde akeTebs pirvel

cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva

movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda

amisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobT istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac.

socialur sistemaTa Teoria

sociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava warmodgena sazogadoebis,

rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena uwinares yovlisa, ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebrivi

formaciis miseul cnebaSi.

marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelic Sedgeba

urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi.

am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe. mis safuZvelSi Zevs materialuri dovlaTis

warmoebis wesi, e.i. ekonomikuri qvesistema. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer iyenebs agreTve

termins `ekonomikuri formacia~ da `ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula~. warmoebis wess

ori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani.

sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela resursi da

saSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process: warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da

adamianuri resursebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiuri

gamoyeneba da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simonis

kvalad mrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebul qveyanas misi

sakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs.

warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani gamoixateba marqsis mixedviT,

ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs

gvqondes mxedvelobaSi is, rom marqss xSirad warmoeba gagebuli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTis

moZraobis (zogadi) saero cikli, sadac Sedis sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT,

ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba. am ciklis yoveli faza asrulebs mniSvnelovan funqcias,

romlis gareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia. marqsi

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am ciklis damasrulebel fazas _ moxmarebas. `warmoebis

gareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis gareSec ar aris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi

warmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda~ _ aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi ufro aZlierebs aqcents am

azrze: `. . .mxolod moxmarebaSi iqceva produqti namdvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvil

kabad iqceva maSin, rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben ar aris namdvili

saxli~. /t. 46. gv.27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania swored sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

radgan igi exeba ara materialuri dovlaTis warmoebasa da moZraoba-gadaadgilebis, aramed

sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri urTierTqmedebis yvela process.

warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobaSi. amave

dros wamyvan rols TamaSobs sawarmoo Zalebi.

marqsis mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Seadgens socialuri sistemis masistematizirebel, sistemis

warmomqmnel komponents, romelic gansazRvravs mis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs. swored

warmoebis wesi qmnis sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gansazRvrulobas da erTs

ganasxvavebs meorisagan. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa,

romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebis `realur baziss~, struqturas, formacia aseve Seicavs

zednaSens anu superstruqturas. masSi marqsi rTavs uwinares yovlisa, iuridiul da

politikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs. (isini yvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) da

Semdeg, ufro zustad `maRla~ _ imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi,

romlebic, rogorc samarTali da politika, ganekuTvnebian `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis~ anu

`ideologiis~ sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba.

socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivad warmomqmnadi

winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo Zalebsa

erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi

urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisis

gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis

mixedviT, warmoadgens gardauval kanons. rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari

wonasworoba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis

saSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani

xdebian. erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTa

Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis

gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla,

e.i. socialuri revolucia. socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss warmoudgenia,

rogorc xelovnuri muxruWi socialuri ganviTarebisa; gabatonebuli klasebis mxridan

iZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTa sisustisa da gaubedaobis

Sedegad. sazogadoebis `winaistoriaSi~, romelic agebulia kerZo sakuTrebaze da adamianis

mier adamianis eqspluataciaze, socialuri ganviTarebis miseuli ideali _ esaa, `uwyveti –

permanentuli revolucia~, sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionizireba, `namdvili~ istoriis _

komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad. am oqros saukuneSi, politikuri revoluciebi, marqsis

erT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba `nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigis

arsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebi da klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialuri

revoluciebi aRar iqnebian politikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yoveli

sayovelTao gardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva mudam iqneba:

`brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebeli drama~. (JorJ sandi).

klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema _ centraluria marqsTan. misi roli mis doqtrinaSi

imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom marqsistebi xSirad aigiveben `marqsistul Tvalsazriss~

`klasobriv TvalsazrisTan~.

TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom klasebis arseboba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mas ar

aRmouCenia, arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis istoriuli ganviTareba da `klasTa

ekonomikuri anatomia~. marqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:

1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul

istoriul fazebTan;

2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan, da

3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso sazogadoebaze

gadasvlas~. /t.28. gv.427/

farTo azriT, klasebi marqsis mixedviT, esaa nebismieri socialuri jgufebi, romlebic

araTanabar urTiaerTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da ibrZvian erTmaneTs Soris. am azriT,

klasebi moicaven wodebebs da nebismier metad Tu naklebad mniSvnelovan socialur

kategoriebs, romlebic ganlagebulia socialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebze. swored am

azriT gamoiyeneba klasebis cneba `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~. `Tavisufali da mona,

patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli

imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi, awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan

farul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelic yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis

revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.

marqss klasebis qveS esmis iseTi socialuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian

warmoebis saSualebebze damokidebulebiT. ramdenadac igi sazogadoebis klasobrivi dayofis

safuZvels warmoebiT urTierTobebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi gvevlinebian am urTierTobaTa

gamoxatulebad, warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis forma, da rac mTavaria, am sakuTrebis

arseboba an araarseboba gamodis, rogorc klasTa warmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumad.

magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa vilaparakoT klasze, rogorc

aseTze am sityvis sruli azriT. esaa, jer kidev `klasi TavisTavad~. klasi ki am sityvis

sruli mniSvnelobiT, marqsis azriT, esaa _ `klasTa TavisTvis~, e.i. klasi, romelsac

gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari Tavi, rogorc gansakuTrebul socialur jgufad Tavisi

sakuTari interesebiT, da rogorc sxva kalsebisadmi dapirispirebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad,

rogorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da a.S.

klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac did rols asrulebs klasis, rogorc aseTis gagebaSi.

brZola klasebs Soris marqsis mixedviT, esaa _ saboloo jamSi ganviTarebad sawarmoo

Zalebsa da maTgan CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris brZolis gamoxatuleba.

gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi erTi klasi (`reaqciuli~) axorcielebs moZvelebul

warmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore (`progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebs

romelebic Seesabamebian ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs erTi da igive klasi sazogadoebrivi

formaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze gvevlineba jer progresulad, xolo Semdeg

reaqciulad; mag. burJuazia, romelic kapitalisturi formaciis adreul stadiaze

progresuli klasi iyo, damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva.

proletariati da burJuazia, marqsis mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturi klasebia. momavali

komunisturi formacia, esaa _ uklaso sazogadoeba. misi dadgenisaTvis, proletariatma,

romlis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflos Tavi burJuaziuli eqsploataciisagan da

imavdroulad gaanTavisuflos mTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrioba), unda moipovos politikuri

Zalaufleba da daamyaros Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura. amgvarad, marqsi aramxolod sen-

simonTan, sen- simonistebTan da kontTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebs oqros saukunis dadgomas,

ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed `mecnierulad~ asabuTebs, rac am

mesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Sesrulos Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli daniSnuleba.

Semecnebis sociologia

marqsma pirvelad daamuSava problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuri disciplina, romelic

swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur

Sedegebs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis sociologia~. marqsi

Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis

safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebis

Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze

qmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri

realoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi.

marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolod

Semecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac.

Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba hpova

ideologiis marqsistul koncefciaSi. ideologiis qveS marqss esmis cnobieri da aracnobieri

miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika, meore,

SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli

klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben:

politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls.

namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTan

da `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa

ekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, marqsis mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi.

mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebian imdenad

martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenuri

kamufliaJis moTxovnileba..

daskvna

marqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan

Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc mis

TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciuri

gardaqmnis saSualeba. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs,

romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovani

da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari

interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqonia

sociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `sociologia~, magram

man daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic inamdvileSi

Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.

ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobis

aRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da

Sedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mier

yalibdebian.

marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri da

politikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialuri

konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~

paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~

paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba sociologiaSi socialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebis

kvlevis tradicia.

mecniereba marqsisaTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igi

Seuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikuri revolucioneris

eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze.

naturalizmi sociologiaSi XIX saukunisa da XX-is dasawyisSi

evolucionizmi _ sociologiaSi naturalistur skolaTa baza.

me-19 saukunis Sua da meore periodSi inteleqtualur istoriaSi esaa dro TiTqmis

bunebismecnierebis warmatebebiT sayovelTao... da pozitivistur-naturalisturi

msoflmxedvelobis gafurCqvnisa, romlis ganmsazRvreli gavlenis qveSac viTardeboda

maSindeli sociologia.

socialuri ganviTarebis ama Tu bunebrivi faqtorebis an mamoZravebeli Zalebis wina planze

wamoweva naturalistur skolaTa klasifikaciis safuZvlad gvevlineba. ase magaliTad,

bioorganuli skola gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas awerda socialuri mTelis struquras,

rasobriv-anTropologiuri _ adamianis biologiuri bunebis, misi rasobrivi niSnebisa da

genotipis gavlenas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, socialuri darvinizmi _ arsebobisaTvis

brZolas da bunebriv SerCevas, geografiuli skola _ geografiul garemosa da adamianTa

sivrcobriv ganlageba _ ganawilebas da a.S. aqedan Cven geografiuli skolisa da social-

darvinizmis ideebs SeviswavliT

geografiuli skola _ mimarTuleba

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi geografiuli garemos rolis Sesaxeb sakiTxi ama Tu im formiT

TiTqmis yvela moazrovnis mier sazogadoebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis Casaxvis momentidanve ismeboda

socialur-filosofiuri azri sazogadoebisa da bunebis globaluri Sepirispirebisagan

celkeul socialur procesebsa da movlenebze (mosaxleobis zrda, sawarmoo Zalebi,

politikuri wyaro da a.S.) garemos sxvadasxva faqtorebis (klimati, reliefi, bunebrivi

simdidreebi) gavlenis specialur Seswavlamde ganviTarda.

sazogadoebisTvis geografiuli garemos mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ganazrebani midioda or

logikur ukiduresobamde: meqanikur geografiul determinizmamde, romelic amtkicebda TiTqos

adamianis mTeli saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT ganpirobebulia misi bunebrivi garemoTi da

absolutur kulturul determinizmamde, romelic xazs usvamda imas, rom garemos TviT aRqmas

da adamianisTvis mis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs kultura da amitom adamianuri saqmianobis

axsna unda iyos mxolod kulturologiuri, ver afasebda im faqts, rom adamianTa kulturuli

SesaZleblobani mainc gansxvavebulia gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. garemos yovelgvari

gavlenis absurdamde dayvanam da uaryofam migviyvana Tavisebur sociokulturul

solipsizmamde. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi geografiuli

momdinareoba-mimarTuleba srulebiTac ar emTxveoda viwro geografiul determinizms, romelic

am mimarTulebis mxolod nawili iyo. ukve me-19-Si daiwyo sistemuri gamosvla im siZneleebidan,

romelsac badebda `adamiani _ buneba~ da `kultura _ garemo~ tipis dixotomiebi, adamianis,

kulturisa da garemos rogorc mTlianis _ mTelis, rogorc geografiuli regionis erTiani

xasiaTis ganxilvis gziT. mecnierebisTvis adamiani mtkiced iqca bunebis nawilad da ara raRac

RvTaebriv gamonaklisad. 19-is meore naxevridan geografiul garemoze damokidebul socialur

struqturaTa erTmimarTulebovani evoluciis Teoriis pirvelsaxed iqca bunebrivi SerCevis

darviniseuli Teoria, romelic marTalia Zalian farTod iyo ganmartebuli. am periodSi

geografiuli determinizmis Teoriebma miaRwies yvelaze farTo aRiarebas, da

bunebismecnieruli TvalsazrisiT kargad dasabuTebulnic Candnen. biologiis nimuSebis

mixedviT Teoretizirebis sasargeblo Sedegi iyo mosaxleobis sivrcobrivi ganawilebisa da

adamianis ekologiisadmi yuradRebis miqceva (raSic SeiZleba davinaxoT Tanamedrove

socialuri ekologiis Canasaxebi).

socialuri geografiisa da sociologiaSi geografiuli mimdinareobebis TvalTaxedvis areSi

moxvdnen iseTi bunebrivi faqtorebi, rogoricaa klimati, niadagi, reliefi, wylis resursebisa

da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis ganawileba, flora da fauna, geografiuli da kosmosuri

procesebi, wlis droebis cvla da sxva, aRniSnul faqtorebze damokidebul Zireul

sociologiur movlenaTa ricxvSi ganixilavdnen:

a) dedamiwaze mosaxleobis ganlagebasa da simWidroves, mis janmrTelobasa da nayofierebas;

b) fizikur da fsiqikur rasobriv, gansxvavebebs sxeulis agebulebaSi, temperaturaSi, moralis

formebSi umaRlesi niWierebis SemTxvevaTa sixSireze;

g) sameurneo saqmoanobis saxeebs, mis organizacias, ritmebsa da ciklebs, mosaxleobis

keTildReobis dones;

d) social-politikuri organizaciis, socialuri institutebisa da qorwinebebis tipebs; e)

kulturuli kontaqtebisa da nasesxobis SesaZleblobebs, ekonomikuri da kulturuli

ganviTarebis tempebs;

v) religias, miTologias da literaturas _ erTi sityviT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis

yvela gamovlenas.

me-19 s-is sociologiaSi georgafiuli skolis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobda rogorc

pozitivisturi istoria da filosofia, ise geografiuli tradiciebic. geografiuli

determinizmis kredo, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda klasikuri

bunebismecnierebis meTodologiis tyveobaSi, didi xniT adre Camoayaliba frangma

eklektikosma filosofosma viqtor kuzenma (1792-1867): `momeciT me qveynis ruka, misi

moxazuloba, wylebi _ mTeli misi fizikuri geografia; momeciT me misi bunebrivi nayofni,

xili, flora, zoologia, _ acxadebda igi _ da me winaswar getyviT, Tu rogoria am qveynis

adamiani, Tu rogor rols TamaSobs es qveyana istoriaSi, ara SemTxveviT, aramed

aucileblobis ZaliT, da ara erT epoqaSi, aramed yvela epoqebSi~. im periodSi naturalizmi

da geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmi aRzevdnen sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa yvela dargsa da

sferoSi, TviT idealisturi xasiaTis sistemebSic ki. 19-is SuaxanebSi religiaTmcodneobaSi

ifurCqneboda social-meteorologiuri Teoria (maqs miuleri da sxvebi), romelic miTebs

ganmartavda rogorc astronomiuli da atmosferuli movlenebis analogs da did bunebriv

katastrofebSi xedavda RmerTebis rwmenis wyaros, ernst renani `monoTeizmis suliskveTebis _

sulis~ Sesaxeb safuZvels udabnos peizaJSi xedavda, xolo ipolit teni Tavis `xelovnebis

filosofiaSi~, magaliTad ferweris florenciul da flamandriul skolebs Soris

gansxvavebebs italiisa da holandiis geografiul pirobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvvavebebSi

xedavda.

ingliseli pozitivist-istorikosi henri tomas bokli /1821-1862/ miiswafoda ra daesabuTebina

istoriuli ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba, moyavda mravali, erTi SexedviT

simarTlis msgavsi magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen specifikuri landSafti,

klimati, niadagis mosavlianoba, kveba, xalxTa cxovrebas, sxeulis agebulebas, simdidris

dagrovebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xolo Semdeg, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen sruli

organizaciis da saboloo jamSi maT istoriul beds Soris gansxvavebebs, magram boklTan Cven

gvxvdeba, SeniSvna, rom socialurobis ganviTarebis umaRles doneze gonebrivi faqtorebi

TandaTanobiT iZenen upiratesobas fizikurze. boklma gavlena iqonia zogierT mimarTulebaze

ekonomikur geografiasa da sociologiaSi, romelTa warmomadgenloba amtkicebdnen, TiTqos

sakmarisi vicodeT bunebrivi simdidreebi, energiis wyaroebi, mimosvlis bunebrivi gzebi, rom

ganvsazRroT ama Tu im sazogadoebis warmoebis xasiaTi da moculoba, misi mTavari

ekonomikuri funqciebi.

ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri da socialuri faqtorebis fizikuri garemoTi pirdapiri da

erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb msgavsi daskvnebi SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo

mxolod maSin, rodesac xdeboda urTierTdakavSirebuli socialuri faqtorebis mTeli rigi

Suamavali _ Sualeduri rgolebisa da am faqtorebsa da garemos Soris funqcionaluri

urTierTdamokidebulebebis ignorireba, agreTve rodesac naTlad Tu gaurkvevlad xdeba

zogadmecnieruli idealis saxiT fizikuri monizmisa da meqanisturi determinizmis miReba,

garegani samyaros adamianis fsiqikis mier pasiuri kopirebis Sesaxeb maTeuli warmodgenebTan

erTad. garda amisa, aq ver afasebdnen kulturuli disfuziisa da urTierTgavlenis

rezultatebs, vinaidan garemos zemoqmedeba xSirad gamoixateboda ise, TiTqos mocemuli

sazogadoeba mudam cxovrobda absolutur izolaciaSi, rogorc kulturulad damoukidebuli

erTeuli.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi garemos fizikuri faqtorebis rolis garkvevas cdilobdnen

geografebic, romlebic amave dros iziarebdnen pozitivisturi istoriografis mraval

Secdomas. gamoCenili sociografebi iyo germaneli mecnieri karl riteri /1779-1859/ aleqsandre

humboldtTan erTad /1769-1859/, romelic Tanamedrove geografiis safuZvelmdeblad iTvleba.

riteris meTodologiis saxelmZRvanelo iyo bunebisa da kulturis urTierTzemoqmedebis,

istoriulad konkretuli geografiuli mxaris Camoyalibebul elementTa

urTierTdakavSirebulobis idea. dedamiwa _ erTiani `organizmia, romelic dayofilia Sinaganad

dakavSirebul, mTlian regionebad~. am regionTa sazRvrebis swori gansazRvrebisaTvis

aucilebelia landSaftis, klimatis, mcenareulobis (gansakuTrebiT kulturis), cxovelTa

samyaros, adamianis garemos adrindel elementebTan istoriul urTierTqmedebaSi yovelmxrivi

aRwera.

magram riteris msoflmxedveloba iyo ara naturalizmi, aramed germanel romantikosTa

filosofiuri organizmi, maTive polarul urTierTobaTa umaRles sinTezSi gamaerTianebeli

msoflio wesrigis rwmeniT. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebisaTvis riteris mniSvneloba

manpirobebulia imiT, rom mis geografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs adamiansa da

istorias. riteris azriT, geografiam unda axsnas is, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas adamiani mis

mier dasaxlebul sivrceze da TviTon rogor `aRizrdeba~ mkacr an xelsayrel pirobebSi. mas

gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda yoveli mxaris umaRlesi kulturuli gafurCqvnis periodebi,

rameTu misi azriT, maSin miiRweva bunebasa da kulturas Soris harmoniis umaRlesi xarisxi da

done.

riteris SromebSi organuladaa Serwymuli Temebi, romlebic mogvianebiT danawevrda da iqca

geografiisa da sociologiis sxvadasxva dargebis kvlevis sagnebad. mis Semdeg naTlad iqna

SemCneuli geografiis or nawilad dayofili tendencia: fizikur geografiad da socialur, anu

anTropogeografiad, romlidanac Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva droisa da sxvadasxva qveynebSi

gamoiyo ekonomikuri, politikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli da statistikuri geografia.

anTropologiisa da kerZod politikuri geografiis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSa fridrih ratcelma /1844-1904/, germanelma zoologma, mogzaur-Jurnalistma, sociologma,

geografiis profesorma.

anTropologiis sagani ratcelma gansazRvra, rogorc adamianis modgmis Seswavla im zomiT, ra

zomiTac es ukanaskneli Tavis sasicocxlo gamovlinebebSi ganisazRvreba geografiuli

naturalizmis ideologiis Sesatyvisad. ganaTlebiT biologi ratceli Seecada gaeerTianebina

biologiis, eTnografiisa da geografiis cnebebi da meTodebi. anTropogeografia, Tvlida igi,

unda iyos zogadi biogeografiis nawili da politkuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dros

Cveulebriv ekologiur da evoluciur cnebebs unda iyenebdes.

geografiuli garemos Tvisebebis Sesatyvisad kulturis diferenciaciis mecnieruli aRwera

ratcelTan Serwymuli iyo biologiur spekulaciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mis `politikur

geografiaSi~ saxelmwifoTa sivrcobrivi gafarToebis an Semcirebis axsnisas da aseve

Serwymuli iyo geografiuli determinizmisaTvis tipiur mcdar tendenciasTan, romlis

mexedviTac atareben pirdapir mizezobriv kavSirebs bunebrivi garemos Tvisebebsa da adamianur

praqtikas Soris ise, rom gverds uvlian gamaSualebel socialur rgolebsa da meqanizmebs.

garemos gavlenis yvela Sedegi man dayo statistikur (romelic ZiriTadad gamagrebulia

individTa mudmiv biofsiqikur TvisebebSi) da dinamikur (social-politikuri organizaciis

cvalebadi istoriuli rezultatebi) Sedegebad. aTaswlobiT mimdinare geografiul faqtorTa

gansakuTrebiT klimatisa da sivrcobriv-vrceul ganlageba-mdebareobis uSualo zemoqmedeba

aris sxvadasxva- teritoriebze mcxovreb adamianTa jgufebs Soris arsebul somatur da

fsiqikur gansxvavebaTa mizezebi. mTebi da sivrcobrivi Caketiloba magaliTad umuSavebs

mosaxleobis tradicionalizms, cotaTi dakmayofilebis unars, viwro nacionalizms, vakeebi da

zRvebi ki umuSaveben iseT fsiqikur Tvisebebs, rogorebicaa sevda, naRveli sivrceze, eqspansiisa

da gabedul wamowyebaTa suliskveTebas. bunebrivi sazRvrebi (mTebi, zRva) TiTqosda iwvevs da

xels uwyobs izolirebul socialur jgufTa warmoSobas sustad ganviTarebuli politikuri

ZalebiT, xolo dablobi da vake adgilebi, _ centralizacias da Zlier xelisuflebas

momTabareTa Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad, romelic mogvianebiT gadadis Zlier socialurad da

kulturulad ignorirebul saxelmwifoebriv organizaciaSi. igive kanonebs eqvemdebareba enisa

da kulturis gavrceleba.

saxelmwifoebi funqcionireben rogorc cocxali organizmebi, eqvemdebarebian zrdisa da

dacemis, daRupvis bunebriv procesebs da amgvarobis gamo SeuZlebelia mkacr sazRvrebSi iqnen

moqceulni da SenarCunebulni. areali, sivrce (Raum) da adgilmdebareoba _ saxelmwifos

warmoSobis aucilebeli faqtorebia. eris, naciis, an kulturis ganviTareba eqspansiisa da

Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gaumjobesebis unarTanaa dakavSirebuli.

aqedan mxolod erTi nabijia biologiuri analogiebis politikur ideologiad gadaqcevamde, es

nabiji gulisxmobda da naTlad gadadga e.w. germanulma geopolitikis skolam karl

haushoferis /1869-1946/ meTaurobiT, romlis `moZRvrebis~ mixedviTac saxelmwifoTa politikuri

ganviTareba da eqspansia TiTqosda determinirebulia geografiuli tendenciebiT. geopolitikis

arsenalidan iqna amoRebuli dasananad cnobili argumentebi germaniis `sasicocxlo sivrcis~

arasakmarisobisa da politikuri sazRvrebis arabunebriobis Sesaxeb. faSisturi agresiis

gasamarTleblad. termin `geopolitikis~ avtori Svedi sociologi da saxelmwifomcodne iohan

rudolf Celeni /1864-1922/ ganmartavda ratcelis gavleniT moZRvrebas saxelmwifos, rogorc _

geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb, eklektikurad aerTianebda ra geografiuli determinizms,

socialuri darvinizmis, biologiur-organul da rasobriv-anTropologiur Teoriebs.

vulgaruli geografiuli determinizmis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSani istoriuli

xdomilebebis axsnaSi iyo Sualeduri faqtorebis saxiT jansaRi azris sxvadasxva

`fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebis~ farTo gamoyeneba. amiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen

politikuri geografebi, romlebic saWiroebisda mixedviT iyenebdnen saukuneobriv crurwmenebs

da `uaxloes~ rasistul monaCmaxs- gamonagons `xalxis sulis, gonis~ Sesaxeb, romelic

TiTqosda Camoyalibda geografiuli garemos mier. Znelia TviT im mcdelobebis raodenobis

CamoTvlac ki, rodesac cdilobdnen mag. rasis `xalxis sulis~ meSveobiT dadeginaT

mizezobrivi kavSirebi geografiul pirobebsa da arqiteqtiras, ferweras, literaturas,

musikasa da religias Soris da a.S. amgvari Sromebidan mravali gamoirCeoda geografiuli

faqtorebis determinizmis SefardebiTobis gaugebrobiT.

politikuri geografiis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba politikuri xdomilebebis mxolod saeWvo

fsevdogeografiuli axsnebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebiT. mravalma politikurma geografma

mogvca sxvadasxva `politikur zonaTa~ warmoqmnis, eqspansiisa da daSlis, maTi

administraciuli centrebis, sazRvrebis dacviTi xazebis dakvirvebiTi istoriuli gamokvlevebi.

ar aris agreTve azrs moklebuli politikur gaerTianebebsa da mis garemos

urTierTzemoqmedebaSi dafaruli `politikuri potencialis~ Sefasebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis

dasmac. politikuri geografia warmatebiT swavlobs politikuri Zalauflebis gavlenas

landSaftis, fizikur da socialur aspeqtebze, lingvistur da kulturul gaerTianebaTa da

a.S. formierbaze.

XX s-is dasawyisSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi Zveli geografiuli mimarTulebis mravali

Tema da masTan erTad Secdomebic, memkvidreobiT miiRo amerikulma environmentalizma

(inglisuri environment-garemo). SedarebiT axali masSi iyo geografiuli determinizmis

popularul hipoTezaTa Semowmebis statistikur da sxva `mkacr~ meTodTa gamoyenebisadmi

midrekileba. environmentalizmis fuZemdebelma da ratcelis populizatorma elen semplma

gaatara gansazRvrul teritoriaze adamianis cxovelmoRvaweobaze _ saqmianobaze fizikuri

garemos `kontrolis~ idea.

enviromentalizmis gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli geografi ganaTlebiT geologi

elsuorT hantingtoni /1876-1977 iyenebda ra statistikis, paleobotanikis, klimatologiis,

istoriis, demografiis da sxva mecnierebaTa meTodebsa da monacemebs (xSirad arasworad) igi

iswrafvoda daesabuTebina klimatis cvlilebebisa (`pulsaciebsa~) da civilizaciebis progress

an dacemas Soris mWidro korelaciebis arseboba.

amasTanave ZiriTadi gamaSualebuli kavSirebi ase gamoiyureboda:

1) klimati gvlenas axdens mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze (am gavlenis Sesaferisad hantingtonma

Seiswavla sikvdilianobisa da temperaturis Tviuri mrudis damTxvevebi da a.S.);

2) klimati gavlenas axdens fizikur da gonebriv aqtiurobaze. Sromis nayofierebaze da

maSasadame, iwvevs sazogadoebis saqmian da ekonomikur cvlilebaTa meryeobas (aq ZiriTadi

empiriuli baza iyo sikvdilianobis koeficientis da saqmianobis dacemisa da gamococxlebis

mniSvnelobaTa paralelebis Sesaxeb monacemebi);

3) ramdenadac civilizacia aris energiisa da eris, naciis mniSvneloba-nayofierebis-

mwarmoeblurobis funqcia, amdenad klimatis sasargeblo an uaryofiTi ryevebi gansazRvraven

civilizaciaTa zrdas, dacemasa da gadaadgilebas.

hantingtonma agreTve afrikul-aziuri akvnidan evropis Crdilo-dasavleTis ufro civ da

mravalsaxovan klimatis pirobebSi civilizaciis TandaTanobiT geografiuli gadaadgilebis

Sesaxeb Zveli idea ganaviTara . `civilizaciis CrdiloeTuri dreifis~ Teorias sxvadasxva

variantebiT jer kidev adre icavdnen frangi klod vaio, pier muJili, edmon demoleni da

mravali sxva. magram SedarebiTi rukebisa da korelaciebis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis _

Sefasebebis) SemuSavebis kriteriumebi, romlebiTac hantingtoni amagrebda am Teorias,

upiratesad subieqturi da evropocentristuli iyo. civilizaciebis SefasebaTa safuZvelSi

srulyofilebis rangis mixedviT man Cado `aqtivizmi~ da masTan erTad man gaimeora is Zveli

crurwmenebi (romlis pirvelwyaroebi iyo XIV s-is arabi istorikosis ibn xaldunis Sromebi),

TiTqos umaRlesi kultura da socialur-politikuri organizaciis yvelaze rTuli formebi

SeiZleboda warmoSibiliyo mxolod zomier, magram arasubtropikul an polaruli klimatis

pirobebSi, radgan subtropikebSi bunebis nobaTTa siuxvis gamo TiTqos ar aris saWiro Sromis

didi danaxarjebi, rasac mivyavarT samxreTel adamianTa inertulobasa da sizarmacesTan, xolo

SimSilTan da sicivesTan brZola polaruli klimatis pirobebSi adamianebs umuSavebs

morCilebas da Zalas ar utovebs gasaviTareblad. saboloo jamSi kulturis keraTa

CrdiloeTisaken gadanacvlebis kanoni darCa faqtTa calmxriv SerCevaze dafuZnebul

spekulaciad. igi ver gadaarCina verc teqnologiuri determinizmis elementebis Semotanamac.

magaliTad, vaiosTan, romelic CrdiloeTisken kulturis svlis mizezebs sivrcisagan adamianis

dacvis teqnikis ganviTarebaSi xedavda.

marTalia, hantingtonisa da sxva environmentalistebis `maradiulma kanonebma~ ver gauZles

mtkiced dadgenili faqtebis Semowmebas, magram maTma mravalma Rirebulma (faseulma)

dakvirvebebma da TviTon zogierTma hipoTezamac ki arapirdapiri mxardaWera spacialistebisa

(biologebis, klimatologebis, fsiqiatrebis da a.S.) ufro viwro konteqstebSi moipoves. ase mag.:

CaiSala environmentalisturi cdebi, daekavSirebinaT sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

saqmiani ciklebis mzis aqtivobis periodebTan, magram mravali fsiqologis da kriminalistebis

mier SemCneul iqna rTuli damokidebulebani mas (saqmiani ciklebis), atmosferuli da sxva

klimaturi movlenebis cvlilebebs Soris erTis mxriv da fiziologiur procesebs Soris,

meores mxriv, jer kidev adolf ketle, xolo Semdeg Cezare lombrozoc aRniSnavda zogierT

danaSaulebaTa sixSiris `sezonur~ rxevas. Tanamedrove amerikul sociogeografiaSi

SenarCunebuli miswrafeba determinizmisa da raodenobrivi midgomisadmi, magram ufro

SezRudul modelebSi winaswarmetyvelebebis maRali albaTobiT da SesaZleblobiT.

enveronmentalizmis problematika Seiwavleba ara winandeli globaluri planiT, aramed ufro

specialurad.

nawilobriv, rogorc reaqcia environmentalizmze 19-is dasasrulidan aSS-i ganviTarda

`kulturuli geografia~, romelic kulturis anTropologiur ideas iyenebda (alfred kreberi

da sxva). igi daJinebul yuradRebas uTmobda adamianis saqmianobas, romelic cvlida misi

istoriuli warsulis nakvalevs rogorc mocemuli kulturis gavrcelebis materialur mowmes.

bunebasTan urTierTobaSi adamianis aqtiur rolze amgvari aqcentireba gansakuTrebiT

damaxasiaTebelia franguli sociogeografiis tradiciisaTvis dawyebuli Tanamedrove

socialuri ekologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis le ples skolisagan. man wamoayena adamianuri

cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa samerTiani formula: binadrobis adgili, Sroma, ojaxi.

le ples skolis wamyvani warmomadgenlebi iyvnen anri de turvili /1843-1903/ da edmon demoleni

/1852-1907/, empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis istoriaSi cnobili ojaxuri monografiebis

Sedgenisas skola aucileblad swavlobda ojaxis an sazogadoebis fizikur geografias:

niadags, reliefs, klimats, wylis ganawilebas da a.S. demolenis ZiriTad SromebSi `xalxTa

didi gzebi~ (1901) farTo istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT gamokvleulia geografiul

viTarebasa-garemosa da socaluri organizaciis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebs, Sromis sakuTrebis

formebs Sromis ZiriTadi kavSirebi. ase magaliTad, demolenis Tanaxmad, stepebSi cxovreba

istoriuli ganviTarebis adreul etapze gansazRvravda mwyemsobas, rogorc uZiriTades

saqmianobas, miwis sakuTrebis ararsebobas, ramdenadac momTabarisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania

hqondes stepebSi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSuleba, vidre iyos miwis kerZo mesakuTre, da

aseve gansazRvravda `socialuri tipis~ sxva Tvisebebsac. turvilma, romelmac gamoikvlia

dasavluri tipis sazogadoebis warmoSoba, miuTiTa skandinaviaze misi izolirebuli

fiordebiT, rogorc `msoflio laboratoriaze~, sadac mxolod SeiZleboda TiTqos

Camoyalibebuliyo adamianis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis kerZo da partikularuli tipi.

geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo agreTve franuli `possibilizmi~ (frang.

possibilite –SesaZlebloba). am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom erTnairi garemo ar

arsebobs arc individebisaTvis _ erTi da igive bunebriv pirobebze reaqciaTa sxvadasxvaobisa

da TanSobili Tvisebebis gamo, da arc ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis kulturisTvisac.

possibilizmma daadgina garemos statistikuri koncefcia rogorc erTxel da samudamod

mocemuli ram, romelic ar aris kavSirSi aqtiur istoriul subieqtTan. am mimdinareobis

istorizmi moiTxovda sakiTxis dasmas yovelTvis konkretulad: garemo visTvis da risTvis,

rogor SesaZleblobebs iyenebs masSi mocemuli kultura.

sociogeografiis franguli skolis damaarsebeli iyo geografi da istorikosi pol vidal de

lablaSi /1845-1918/. misi gamokvlevebis centrad iqca ara wanamZRvari, TiTqos mocemuli garemo

gansazRvravs cxovrebis ama Tu im wess, aramed TandaTanobiTi istoriuli cvlilebebi,

romlebsac ganicdis garemo cvlilebebis cvalebadi wesis Sedegad. landSafti vidalisaTvis _

aris ara xdomilebebis bunebriv TanmimdevrulobaTa ubralo produqti, aramed adamianis

Sromis Sedegi da rezultati, romelic momavali TaobebisaTvis qmnis arsebobis axal pirobebs.

vidalis Sromebisa da sxva sociogeografiis frangi warmoadgenlebis damsaxureba iyo

germanuli geopolitikis fsevdodeterminizmis mxileba. posibilistebma aCvenes, rom

geopolitikosebi xSirad ageben dasabuTebebs da mtkicebebs post factum (es aris dasabuTeba

mocemuli politikur-socialuri movlenis istoriuli arsebobidan TiTqosda masze

pasuxismgebeli geografiul pirobebze, rom TiTqos am istoriuli faqtis arsebobaze

pasuxismgebelia mocemuli geografiuli garemo), da faqtis sawinaaRmdegod. gamartivebuli

geografiuli determinizmis kritikis ZiriTadi wesi da xerxi mudam iyo imis axsna, Tu rogoraa

rom erTnair geografiul pirobebSi viTardebian sruliad sxva donisa da tipis sazogadoebani

da kulturebi. erTi da igive garemo aZlevs sxvadasxva ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs adamianebs,

romlebmac ician an ar ician, Tu rogor gamoiyenon misi resursebi. am resursTa Rirebuleba _

fasi damokidebulia ara imdenad maT bunebriv Tvisebebze, ramdenadac ekonomikisa da

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis xasiaTze. maSinac ki, rodesac TiTqos cxadia damokidebuleba

geografiul pirobebsa da kvebis xasiaTs Soris martivad organizebul sazogadoebebSi,

romlebic mraval nedl-gadamuSavebul produqts iyeneben, sinamdvileSi es damokidebulebani

rTulia, gaSulebulia da aqvT mxolod da mxolod logikuri mniSvneloba. sakvebis mopoveba _

sazogadoebrivi procesia, da kvebis socialuri aspeqtebi, wes-Cveulebebis, rwmenebi, efeqturi

an piriqiT, mouxerxebeli gamoyeneba sakvebi produqtebisa, TamaSoben pirvelxarisxovan rols.

adamianisTvis yovalgvari bunebrivi masala warmoadgens ara ubralo `bunebrivi dovlaTis,

aramed sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebisa da moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad.

posibilizmis susti mxare amerikul environmentalizmTan SedarebiT (principTa siuxeSe,

romelsac igi akritikebda) iyo SesaZleblobaTa_ albaTobaTa raodenobrivi Sefasebebis

ugulebelyofa, SesaZleblobebi albaTobebis, romlebic axasiaTebT gansazRvruli kulturuli

an ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis geografiuli faqtorebis danawilebasTan kavSirs. am azriT

Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli sociogeografiis meTodebi mis gamoyenebiT da raodenobriv

dargebSi ufro axlosaa environmentalizmTan, vidre posibilizmTan.

sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi geografiuli mimarTulebis problematika mravalmxriv araa

amowuruli. swored dRes rodesac uzomod gaizarda adamianis zemoqmedeba bunebaze, ufro

metad vlindeba misi mniSvneloba adamianisTvis Ramis saqmianobasTan gamuwyveteli kavSiri.

cxadi xdeba, rom bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedeba mxolod maSin SeiZeba iyos warmatebuli,

rodesac igi emorCileba mis kanonebs da iTvaliswinebs mTelis ZiriTad kavSirebs, sxvagvarad

negatiuri Sedegebi imoqmdeben TviT adamianze, rogorc bunebis nawili, SeiniSneba memkvidreoba

geografiul mimarTulebasa da Tanamedrove `adamianur ekologias~ Soris, romelic swavlobs

adamianisa da misi garemomcveli garemos (farTo azriT) urTierTkavSirebs, kerZod adamianTa

da socialur organizaciaTa sivrcobriv-vrcel urTierTobebs