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Transcript of Socio Lecture # 2,3
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The Sociological Perspective
Week 1: Lecture 2&3
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How Groups Influence People
How People are Influenced by Their Society
People Who Share a Culture
People Who Share a Territory
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 2
Seeing the Broader Social Context
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Jobs
Income
Education
Gender
Age
RaceCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 3
Social LocationCorners in Life
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HistoryLocation in Broad Stream of Events
BiographyIndividuals Specific Experiences
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C. Wright Mills
ConnectionBetween History and Biography
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The Global Village
Instant Communication
Sociology Studies both the Global
Network and Our Unique Experiences
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The Growing Global Context
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The Natural SciencesExplain and Predict
Events in Natural Environment
The Social SciencesExamine Human
Relationships
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Sociology and the Other Sciences
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Explain Why Something Happens
Make Generalizations
Look for Patterns
Move Beyond Common SenseCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 7
The Goal of Science
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Tradition vs. Science
Emerged mid-1800s
Grew Out of Social Upheaval
The Scientific MethodCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 8
Origins of Sociology
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Auguste Comte ( 17981857)
Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd EditionCopyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
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Applying the Scientific Method to Social
World
Coined the Term Sociology
Armchair Philosophy
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Auguste Comte and Positivism
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Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 11
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Second Founder of Sociology
Lower and Higher Forms of Society
Coined Phrase Survival of the Fittest
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Herbert SpencerSocial Darwinism
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Karl Marx ( 18181883)
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Engine of Human History is Class Conflict
The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat
Marxism Not the Same as Communism
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Karl Marx and Class Conflict
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mile Durkheim ( 18581917)Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd EditionCopyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
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Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline
Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior
Identified Social IntegrationDegree to Which People are
Tied to Social Group
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Durkheim and Social Integration
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Social Integration
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 17
Durkheim believed that modern societies produce feelings of isolation, much of which comesfrom the division of labor. In contrast, members of traditional societies, who work alongsidefamily and neighbors and participate in similar activities, experience a high degree of socialintegration. The photo contrast a U.S. office with nomads in Mongolia who are shearingcashmere off their goats.
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Critical Thinking!
What sort of social and cultural capital do you
possess?
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Max Weber ( 18641920)
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Religion and the Origin of Capitalism
Religion is Central Force in Social Change
Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism
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Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic
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Weber
VerstehenTo Grasp by Insight
Importance of Subjective Meanings
Durkheim
Stressed Social Facts
Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts
How Social Facts and VerstehenFit Together
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Verstehen and Social Facts
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Attitudes of the Time
1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined
Few People Educated Beyond Basics
Harriet Martineau
Published Society in AmericaBefore Durkheimand Weber Were Born
Her Work was Ignored
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Sexism in Early Sociology
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Neglected Founders
Harriet Martineau was a scholar and
activist who introduced sociology to
England. Among other things, sheinsisted on the significance of
studying domestic life to better
understand a society.
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Neglected Founders
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first significant
African American sociologist. He made
many contributions to the field,including the notion of the double
consciousness experienced by all
American blacks. Du Bois was also afounding member of the National
Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP).
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Levels of Analysis
Microsociology is the study of everyday, face-to-face
interaction. Symbolic interactionists study primarily at this
level of analysis.
Macrosociologyis the analysis of large social systems and
institutions. Functionalists and Marxists fall largely under this
heading.
In practice, these two levels of analysis work best when
applied in concert.
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Symbolic Interactionism
Functional Analysis
Marxism
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Theoretical Perspectives
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic InteractionismHow People Use
Symbols
Applying Symbolic InteractionismChanging
the Meaning of Symbols Affects Expectations
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Symbolic Interactionism
All social interaction involves an exchange of
information via symbols.
This exchange may be through language, but may
also be non-verbal or may be conveyed by setting.
We learn about ourselves and the world through
this meaningful interaction. Key figure: George Herbert Mead
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Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated
Parts that Work Together
Functionalism, Structural Functionalism
Robert MertonFunctions and Dysfunctions
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Functional Analysis
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Functionalism
This perspective is derived from Comte and Durkheim
and emphasizes large-scale social institutions and
processes. Functionalist approaches are focus on understanding
the role or contribution of some event, activity, or
institution to the workings of society as a whole.
Modern figures: Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton
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Marxism
Those working under this approach derive their
approach from Marx, most significantly as regards
concerns about power, conflict, and ideology. This perspective is most commonly applied to
capitalism and economic systems.
Marxist thinkers tend to take on an activist stance in
addition to a scholarly one.
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Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research
Globalization
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Trends Shaping the Future
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Definition of Sociology
The science of society (Ward & Graham Sumner).
The science of social phenomena (F.H.Giddings)
The science of institutions (Durkheim)
The science of studying human relationship
(Simmel)
The science of social action (Weber)
The science of collective behavior (Park)
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Research Methods: Questions
Sociology, as a social science, must take an
empirical approach to answering questions
about the world.
Sociologists ask four primary types of
questions: factual, comparative,
developmental, and theoretical.
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Table 1.2 A Sociologists Line of Questioning
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Research Methods: Seven Steps
1. Define the research problem.
2. Review the evidencedo a literature review.
3. Make the problem precisespecify your
hypothesis.
4. Work out a research design.
5. Carry out the researchcollect your data.
6. Interpret the resultsanalyze your data.7. Report the findingspublish or present them.
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Research Methods
Ethnography, or participant observation, is a
method frequently used to study people in
their own settings (ethnos = folks, people,
nature; grapho = I write)
Surveys are a more structured research
method where specific, carefully constructed
questions are asked to specific, carefullyselected individuals.
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Research Methods
Sociologists occasionally use experimental
designswhen highly controlled conditions are
necessary to answer research questions.
Comparativeand historical researchare
approaches that allow researchers to
understand variations in social phenomena
across both time and space.
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Research Methods: Ethics
Because sociologists are dealing with real people in
their everyday lives, we must be very cautious in our
work.
All research that directly involves human subjectsmust first be approved by an institutional review
board.
Study participants must give informed consentprior
to agreeing to participate and must be debriefed
after.