Socio-emotional Development
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Transcript of Socio-emotional Development
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Socio-emotional DevelopmentHuman Development
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Understanding Human Development
Development – Continuity and change in human capabilities over a lifespan.◦Physical◦Cognitive◦Social◦Emotional
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3
Issues in Developmental Psychology
Issue Details
Nature/NurtureHow do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience
(the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?
Continuity/StagesIs developmental a gradual,
continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
Stability/ChangeDo our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as
we age.
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TemperamentTemperament refers to characteristic patterns of
emotional reactions and emotional self-regulationThomas and Chess identified three basic types of
babies◦ Easy
Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable, regular behavior◦ Difficult
Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and strongly, cries a lot, irregular behavior
◦ Slow-to-warm-up Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when they do
react, it is mild, inflexible behaviorKagan has added a fourth type
◦Shy child Timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strange
Temperament may predict later disposition
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TemperamentNew research suggests we should look out children's
abilities in terms of ◦ Effortful control (self-regulation)◦ Inhibition (Shyness in social situations)◦ Negative Affectivity (how easily frustrated)
Cultural differences◦ 4-day-old with cloth over face◦ European American: struggled◦ Chinese American: calmer
Genetic and environmental influences◦ Womb◦ Day care
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Attachment
The most important social construct an infant must develop is attachment (a bond with a caregiver).
Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting.
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AttachmentEmotional connection we share with
those we feel closest to◦Imprinting◦Critical periods◦Contact Comfort
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Harry Harlow’s Study
Harry Harlow – Displayed our need for social attachment with the use of Rhesus Monkeys
Relates to human issues in:WithdrawalNo sexual relationsIgnored & abused infants
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Forming AttachmentsMary Ainsworth StudiesSecure Attachment – infants use
mother as a base from which to explore
Usually attach to mother first◦Caregiver◦Calming force
Attach to father later◦Playmate
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Attachment• Critical Periods: the
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
• Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.
Click on the monkey to see what a baby monkey does when he HAS attachment and imagine what it is like when he does not (like above).
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Strange Situation Study
Studies infants response to separation from their mother
Stranger anxiety – develops at 8-9 months, peaks at 1 year
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Strange Situation Results
• Three types of attachment:Securely attached babies
◦distressed when separated from mother, but easily soothed
Insecure-avoidant◦Indifferent when mother leaves◦Doesn’t react upon return
Insecure-anxious◦Panic when mother leaves◦Ambivalent upon return
Disorganized◦Inconsistent, dazed, confused
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Criticisms of Strange Situation
Mono-operation bias: drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure
Not very reliableDifferent attachment with mother
than fatherChildren might elicit parental
attachment behaviors
CLICK
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THE ROLE OF PARENTING
Social Development
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Parenting
Permissive◦ Lenient, lots of freedom not a lot of discipline. Children have
poor social competence and are disrespectful, impulsiveAuthoritarian
◦ Very strict, lots of punishment, little affection. Sometimes lack social skills, poor initiative, and compare themselves with others.
Authoritative◦ Happy medium – supportive but set limits. Children are self-
reliant, socially competent, responsibleUninvolved
◦ Neglectful, children feel less important, lose social competence
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ParentingCultural differences
◦ Individualistic: better with authoritative ◦ Collectivist: better with authoritarian
Average expectable environment ◦ Provide basic needs for affection and discipline
What about …..◦ Peers?
Group socialization theory◦ Dad?◦ Single parent homes?◦ Homosexual parents?◦ Divorce?
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Self-ControlAbility to inhibit an impulse to actDelaying gratification at young
age predictive of future coping abilities
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ERIK ERIKSON’S THEORY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Social Development
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Erik EriksonA neo-FreudianWorked with Anna FreudThought our personality
was influenced by our experiences with others.
Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Each stage centers on a social conflict.
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EriksonFour stages in childhood, four after
puberty.Shows that socio-emotional
development occurs throughout a lifespan
Focus on gaining competence and maturity
At each stage the person must master a developmental task.◦If not met can carry these concerns
throughout life
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Erikson EvaluationA giant in the field of
developmentOnly used case study
research and evidence, so lacks foundation.
Leaves out some developmental tasks◦Work and career during young
adulthood
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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG VS. CAROL GILLIGAN: HOW DO WE DEVELOP MORALS?
Socioemotional Development
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Moral DevelopmentKohlberg (1958) – asked a series
of questions about moral scenarios.
Answers to moral dilemma from participants were used to display moral development.
The Famous Heinz Scenario
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Studied the development of children’s moral thinking Follows a sequence and do not skip stages or go backwards Advance at different rates
◦ PRECONVENTIONAL- Base decisions on the consequences of behavior Stage One- What is good helps you avoid punishment Stage Two- What is good satisfies a person’s needs
◦ CONVENTIONAL- Decisions conform to society Stage Three- Do things to win approval (13 yrs) Stage Four- Don’t do anything that’s against law and order (16yrs)
◦ POSTCONVENTIONAL- Decisions based on your values (adults) Stage Five- Obedience to accepted laws based on personal values Stage Six- Decisions based on moral beliefs without concern for
laws
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Carol GilliganArgued that Kohlberg did not give
adequate attention to relationships◦Gender bias involved
Showed Kohlberg came from a justice perspective, not a care perspective (her approach)
Gilligan puts more emphasis on interpersonal communication, relationships, and concern.
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Human Moral DevelopmentSupportive parenting and
parental monitoring connected to pro-social behavior in children
Ability to engage in self-control also shown to connect to willingness to empathize (Eisenberg, 2010)
When do children develop a conscious?
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD
Socioemotional Development
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AdolescenceThe key lies in the search for identity as
the brain fully develops.Biological-Socioemotional crossover
periodIdentity Status is formed through
exploration, experimentation and commitment◦ Identity Achievement◦ Identity Moratorium◦Identity Foreclosure◦ Identity Diffusion
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Emerging AdulthoodEmerging transitional period
◦18-25 years patterned by a focus on the self, being “in-between”, and instability in various aspect of life.
Early Adulthood = Point of Marriage◦Nurture fondness and admiration◦Turning toward each other as friends◦Giving up some power◦Solving conflicts together
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AdulthoodMiddle Adulthood
◦Preventing the midlife crisis through Generativity
◦Engaged parenting is one way to due this
Late Adulthood◦Need to look back and evaluate life’s
meaning◦Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)◦Meaning is a central focus of the
elderly Maximize life’s experiences