APPENDICESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17047/14/14...soc Socialist Party PMKP Dalit...
Transcript of APPENDICESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17047/14/14...soc Socialist Party PMKP Dalit...
Indira Gandhi married to Feroze Gandhi
Sirimavo Bandamaike married to S.W.R.D. Bandamaike
APPENDIX - I
Parentage
Father J.L. Nehru
Father Barnes Ratwatte
Mother Kamala Nehru
Mother Rosemund M. Ratwatte
Children - Chandrika, Anuradha, Sunethra.
Benazir Bhutto Father Mother married to Z.A. Bhutto Nusrat Bhutto Asif Ali Zardari
Chandrika Kumaratunga Father Mother married to S.W.R.D. Sirimavo VJjaya Kumaratunga Bandamaike Bandamaike
Khaleda Zia Father Mother married to Iskander Majumdar Taiyaba Majumdar Zia Ur Rahman
Sheikh Hasina Father Mother married to Mujibur Rahman Fazilatunesa Dr. Wajed
(i)
APPENDIX- ll
Country Percentage of women holding Parliamentary seats (1993)
Bangladesh 10.3
India 7.3
Pakistan 0. 9
Srilanka 4. 9
Source Inter Parliamentary Union, Reports and Documents,
Geneva, 1993.
(ii)
APPENDIX - III
Some reflections of the Constitutions
Constitution of Pakistan (Islamic Republic of Pakistan)
Article 25 (1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal
protection of law.
(2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone.
Article 32 of the Basic Principles of State Policy guarantees reservation
of seats for women in the Local Bodies.
Article 35 - The state shall protect the marriage, the family, the mother
and the child.
Chapter I - Article 2 - Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan.
Constitution of India
India is a Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Democratic, Republic.
Article 15 guarantees prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 16 - Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Article 23 - Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labours.
(iii)
Constitution of Srilanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of Srilanka) :
The Constitution contains a statement of fundamental rights and freedoms
- Equality before law - There must be no discrimination however on grounds
solely of race, caste, religion, sex or place of birth. Such distinction if based
on an unreasonable classification would amount to a denial of the equal
protection of the law provided for in the Constitution, Right to life, liberty
and security of person, Right to personal liberty, Right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, Right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association,
Right to freedom of speech and expression, Freedom from discrimination in
the public service, Right to freedom of movement and of choice of residence.
The title of Chapter Il of the Constitution is "Buddhism". "The Republic
of Srilanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall
be the duty of the state to foster Buddhism while assuring to all religions the
rights granted by section 18( 1 )(d).
Constitution of Bangladesh (People's Republic of Bangladesh)
Fundamental Principles of State Policy constitute of the principles of
absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and
socialism meaning economic and social justice.
Fundamental Rights :
No discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth.
Freedom of movement, assembly, association, thought and conscience and
of speech, profession and occupation and religion.
(iv)
Party Seats won
APPENDIX - IV
Election Results
SRI LANKA
1960 Election
Party
SLFP 75 + Appointed 6 = 81 UNP
Party
UNP
Federal Party
Srilanka FrOOdom Socialist Party
Tamil Congress
Mahajana Eksath PeramlUla
Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna
Independents
Appointed members
Federal Parry
Lanka Sarna Samaj party
Ceylon communist Party
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna
Tamil congress
Independents
1965 Election
Seats won
66
66
5
3
1
3
6
99
(v)
Party
SLFP
Lanka Sarna Samaj party
Ceylon Communist Party
Independents
Seats won
30
16
12
4
2
1
6
73
Seats w~n
41
10
4
3
58
SRI LANKA
1970 Election
Party Seats won
SLFP 91
Lanka Sarna Samaj party 19
Ceylon Communist Party 6
Appointed members 6
Independents 1
123
1994 Election
Party
SLFP
SLMC (Srilanka Muslim Congress)
Up-Country People's Front
Eelam People's Democratic Party
TULF
People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam
UNP.
(vi)
Party Seats won
UNP 17
Federal Party 13
Tamil Congress 3
Independents 1
34
Seats won
105
7
1
9
5
3
94
PAKISTAN
1988 Election 1993 Election
Party Seats won Party Seats won
PPP 92 ppp 86
m 54 PML (N) 73
MQM 13 PML (J) 6
JUI/FG 7 IJM 4
PAl 3 ANP 3
ANP 3 PIF 3
JUI/DG BNM (H)
BNA 2 BNM (M) 1
NPD/KG 2 JWP 2
PDP MDM 2
IND 26 NDA
203 NPP 1
Election for 2 Seats was not held PKMAP 3
and results for one held up by the PKQP 1
CEC on charges of .mal practices IND 15
and irregularities. 202
(vii)
INDIA
· (Party votes in Percentage)
Year INC/ NCO/ CPI CPM soc PSP/ SSP S\VA BJS JNP JNPS/ Other In de-INCI INCU BJP SJP LD/ Parties pendent
·INCJ DMKP/ INCS LKDP
1967 40.8 5.0 4.4 3.1 4.9 8.7 9.4 10.1 13.7
1971 43.7 10.4 4.7 5.1 1.0 2.4 3.1 7.4 13.8 8.4
1977 34.5 1.7 2.8 4.3 41.3 9.8 5.5
- 1980 42.7 5.3 2.6 6.1 19.0 9.4 8.5 6.4 < == ...
INC Indian National Congress SSP Samyukha Socialist Party -INCI - Indian National Congress (Indira) SWA Swatantra party
NCO - Indian National Congress (Organisation) BJS Bharatiya Jan Sangha
INCU - Indian National Congress (Urs) BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
INCJ - Indian National Congress (Jagjivan Ram) JNP Janata Party
INCS - Indian National Congress (Socialist) SJP Samajwadi Janata Party
CPI Communist Party of India JNPS Janata Party (Secular)
CPM - Communist Party of India (Marxist) LD Lok Dal
soc Socialist Party PMKP Dalit Mazdoor Kisan party
PSP Praja Socialist Party LKDP Lok Dal (B)
KMPP- Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
Party
BANGLADESH
1991 Election
Seats won
BNP 170 (including the 28 women's seats
it won due to its alliance with the
Jamaat-i-Islami)
Awami League and
BAKSAL (which later
92
merged with the AL)
Jatiyo Party 35
Communist Party of 5
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Workers' Party 1
Ganatantri Party 1
Islami Oyyoko Jote 1
Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal 1
(JSD Shahjahan Siraj)
National Democratic Party 1
National Awarni Party(M) 1
Independent 1
June 1996 elections
Party
Awarni League
BNP
Jatiyo Party.
Seats won
146
116
29
(ix)
APPENDIX- V
. The proportion of women legislators in different countries as on 1997.
Countries in descending order of the percentage of women in the lower or Single House
Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women
Sweden 349 141 40.0 Norway 165 65 39.4 Finland 200 57 33.5 Denmark 179 59 33.0 Netherlands 150 47 31.3 New Zealand 120 35 29.2 Seychelles 33 9 27.3 Austria 83 49 26.8 Germany 672 176 26.2 Iceland 64 16 25.4 Argentina 257 65 25.3 Mozambique 250 63 25.2 South Africa 400 100 25.0 Spain 350 86 24.6 Cuba 589 134 22.7 China 2978 626 21.0 Eritrea 105 22 21.0 Switzerland 200 42 21.0
Demo. People's Republic of Korea 687 138 20.1 Grenada 15 3 20.0 Guyana 65 13 20.0 Luxemburg 60 12 20.0 Vietnam 395 73 18.5 Nambia 72 13 18.1 Uganda 276 50 18.0 Canada 295 53 18.0 Turkmenistan 50 9 18.0 Lithuania 137 24 17.5
United Rep. of Tanzania 275 48 17.5
(x)
Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women
Chad 52 9 17.3 Rwanda 70 12 17.1 Costa Rica 57 9 15.8 Surinan 51 8 15.7 Australia 148 23 15.5 Czech Republic 200 30 15.0 Slovakia 150 22 14.7 Zimbabwe 150 22 14.7 Mexico 500 71 14.2 Ireland 166 23 13.9 Kazakstan 67 9 13.4 Bulgaria 240 32 13.3 St. Kitts & Nevis 15 2 13.3 Poland 460 60 13.0 Portugal 230 30 13.0 Estonia 101 13 12.9 Indonesia 500 63 12.6 Guatemala 80 10 12.5 Cameroon 180 22 12.2 Albania 140 17 12.1 Azerbaijan 125 15 12.0 Belgium 150 18 12.0 Colombia 163 19 11.7 Dominican Rep. 120 14 11.7 Jamaica 60 7 11.7 San Marino 60 7 11.7 Senegal 120 14 11.7 U.S.A 435 51 11.7 Russian Fed. 450 46 10.2 U.K. 651 62 9.5 Bangladesh 330 30 9.1 Latvia 100 9 9.0 Equatorial Guinea 80 7 8.8 Botswana 47 4 8.5 Cote d'Ivoire 168 14 9.3 Bahamas 49 4 8.2 Croatia 127 10 7.9 Mongolia 76 6 7.9
(xi)
Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women
Hondurus 128 10 7.8 Malay asia 192 15 7.8 Mauritius 66 5 7.6 Chile 120 ' 9 7.5 Israel 120 9 7.5 India 545 39 7.2 Uruguay 99 7 7.1 Romania 328 23 7.0 Algeria 183 12 6.6 Brazil 513 34 6.6 France 577 37 6.4 Greece 300 19 6.3 Maldives 48
,.., 6.3 .)
Venezuala 203 12 5.9 Cambodia 120 7 5.8 Thailand 398 22 5.6 Srilanka 225 12 5.3 Sudan 400 21 5.3 Japan 500 23 4.6 Iran 248 10 4.0 Nepal 205 7 3.4 Singapore 81 2 2.5 Turkey 550 13 2.4 Bhutan 150
,.., 2.0 .)
Egypt 454 9 2.0 Ethiopia 550 11 2.0 Jordon 80 1 1.3 Kuwait 50 0 0.0
U.A.E 40 0 0.0
Source Monthly Public Opinion Surveys Vol-XLII No-ll, Aug, 1997, New
Delhi, Pg. 36-38.
(xii)
APPENDIX - VI
Women in Parliamentary Elections in Srilanka 1947-1970
Year of Election No. of women No. of seats No. of seats contesting contested won
1947 3 3 1
1952 9 7 2
1960 (March) 12 11 3
1960 (July) 5 4 2
1965 8 8 4
1970 13 12 6
Source Results of Parliamentary General Elections m Ceylon,
1947-70, Colombo, 1971.
Bangladesh
1972 Constitution - 15 seats in the Parliament for women.
1979 Constitution - 30 seats in the Parliament for women.
This provision lapsed in 1987 and for. the next three years there were
no reserved seats. The provision again revived in 1990 with 1Oth Amendment
for a period of 10 years.
1973 election - Women were elected directly.
1979 election - 17 contested. No one won Two elected through by
election.
1991 election - 36 women contested for the direct seats in Parliament.
4 were elected to 8 seats 1 more elected through by
election.
(xiii)
APPENDIX - VII
Her Father/Her Husband
Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of India. Ruled for 17 years.
Lawyer, Member of the age-old Congress Party. Imprisoned several times during
pre-independence days. Had a natural death.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto - President and Chief Law Administrator of Pakistan
after Indo-Pak War in 1971. With the adoption of the new Constitution became
the Prime Minister in 1973. Lawyer, Ruled for 6 years, Formed Pakistan People's
Party in 1961. Previously Pakistan's Commerce Minister (1958), Foreign
Minister (1963). Executed. Known as Quaid-e-Awam.
S. W.R.D Bandarnaike - Prime Minister of Ceylon (Srilanka) Ruled for
3 years, Lawyer, Member of UNP later on resigned and formed a new party
SLFP in 1951. Assassinated.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman - Prime Minister of Bangladesh. In 1975,
Constitution was amended and he became the President of Bangladesh. Founder
member of Awami League also formed BAKSAL. Commerce and Industry
Minister in Ataur Rahman's ministry 1956. Imprisoned in 1968. Took part in
Bhasha Andolan. Ruled for 3 years. Assassinated.
Zia Ur Rahman - President I Chief Law Administrator of Bangladesh.
Ruled for 6 years. Assumed power as a result of a coup, took active part in
struggle for independence. Formed BNP. Assassinated.
(xiv)
APPENDIX - VIII
The Treaty Between India and Bangladesh
The followig is the text of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace
between Bangladesh and India signed by Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Inspired by common ideals of peace, secularism, democracy, socialism and
nationalism.
Having struggled together for the realisation of these ideals and cemented
ties of friendship through blood and sacrifices which led to the trimphant
emergence of a free, sovereign and independent Bangladesh.
Determind to maintain fratenal and good neighbourly relations and
transform their border into a border of eternal peace and friendship.
Adhering firmly to the basic tenets of non-alignment, peaceful co
existence, mutual co-operation, non-interference in internal affairs and respect
for territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Determined to safeguard peace stability and secrity and to promote
progress of their respective countries through all possible avenues of mutual
co-operation.
Determind further to expand and strengthen the existing relations of
friendship between them.
(xv)
Convinced that the further development of friendship and cooperation
meets the national interest of both states as well as the interests of lasting peace
in Asia and the world.
Resolved to contribute to strengthening world peace and security and to
make efforts to bring about a relaxation of international tension and the final
elimination of vestiges of colonialism, racialism and imperialism.
Convinced that in the present day world international problems can be
solved only thro.ugh cooperation and not through conflict or confrontation.
The Tamil Language (Special Provisions)
Act, No. 28 of 1958*
An Act to make provision for the use of the Tamil language and to provide
for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
(Date of Assent : September 4, 1958)
Whereas the Sinhala language has been declared by the Official Language Act,
No. 33 of 1956, to be the one official language of Ceylon :
And whereas it is expedient to make provision for the use of the Tamil
language without conflicting with the provisions of the aforesaid Act :
Be it enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate and the House of Representatives of Ceylon
in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as
follows :-
Short Title ·
I. This Act may be cited as the Tamil language (Special Provisions)
Act, No. 28 of 1958.
(xvi)
Tamil language as a medium of instruction :
2. (I) A Tamil ·pupil in a Government school or an Assisted school shall be
entitled to be instructed through the medium of the Tamil language in
accordance with such regulations under the Education Ordinance, No.
31 of 1939, relating to the medium of instrucion as are in force or
may hereafter be brought into force.
(2) When the Sinhala language is made a medium of instruction in the
University of Ceylon, the Tamil language shall, in accordance with the
provisions of the Ceylon University Ordinance, No. 20 of 1942, and
of the Statutes, Acts and Regulations made thereunder, be made a
medium of instruction in such University for students who, prior to their
admission to such University, have been educated through the medium
of the Tamil language.
Tamil language as a medium of examination (or admission to the Public
Service :
3. A person educated through the medium of the Tamil language shall be
entitled to be exrunined through such medium at any examination for
the admission of persons to the Public Service, subject to the condition
that he shall, according to regulations made under this Act in that behalf
may reqwre-
(a) have a sufficient knowledge of the official language of Ceylon, or
(b) acquire such knowledge within a specified time after admission to
the Public Service :
Provided that, when the Government is satisfied that there are sufficient
facilities for the teaching of the Sinhala language in schools in which the Tamil
(xvii)
language is a medium of instruction and that the annulment of clause (b) of
the preceding provisions of this section will not cause undue hardship, provision
may be made by regulation made under this Act that such clause shall cease
to be in force.
Use of the Tamil language (or correspondence :
4. Correspondence between persons, other than officials in their official
capacity, educated through the medium of the Tamil language and any
official in his official capacity or between any local authority in the
Northern or Eastern Province and any official in his official capacity
may, as presciil5ed, be in the Tamil language.
Use of the Tamil language (or prescribed administrative purposes in the
Northern and Eastern Provhtces :
5. In the Northern and Eastern Provinces the Tamil language may be used
for prescribed administrative purposes, in addition to the purposes for
which that language may be used in accordance with the other provisions
of this Act, without prejudice to the use of the official language of
Ceylon in respect of those prescribed administrative purposes.
Regulations :
6. (I) The Minister may make regulations to give effect to the principles
and provisions of this Act.
(IT) No regulation made under sub-section (I) shall have effect until it
is approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives and
notification of such approval is pubhlished in the Gazette.
(xvili)
This Act to be subject to measures adopted or to be adopted under the provision
to section 2 of Act No. 33 of 1956 :
7. This Act shall have effect subject to such measures as may have been
or may be adopted under the provision to section 2 of the Official
Language Act, No. 33, of 1956, during the period ending on the thirty
first day· of December, 1960.
Interpretation :
8. In this Act unless the context otherwise requires -
"Assisted school" and "Goverrnment school" shall have the same
meaning as in the Education Ordinance, No. 31 of 1939;
"local authority" means any Municipal Council, Urban Council, Town
Council or Village Committee;
"official" means the Governor-General, or any Minister, Parliamentary
Secretary or officer of the Public Service; and
"prescribed" means prescribed by regulation made under this Act.
Tamil· Language {Special Provisions)
Regulations, 1966*
1. These regulations may be cited as Tamil Language (Special Provisions)
Regulations, 1966.
2. Without prejudice to the operation of the Official Language Act No.
33 of 1956, which declared the Sinhala language to be the one official
language of Ceylon, the Tamil language shall also be used -
(a) In the Northern and Eastern Provinces for the transaction of all
Government and public business and the maintenance of public
(xix)
records whether such business is conducted in or by a department
or institution of the Government [,] a public corporation or a statutory
institution; and
(b) for all correspondence between persons other than officials in their
official capacity, educated through the medium of the Tamil language
and any official in his official capacity, or between any local authority
in the Northern and Eastern Provinces which conducts its business
in the· Tamil language and any official in his official capacity.
3. For the purpose of giving full force and effect to the principles and
provisions of the Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Act, No. 28
of 1958, and these regulations all Ordinances and Acts, and all Orders,
Proclammation [s], rules, by-laws, regulations and notifications made
or issued under any written law, the Government Gazette and all other
official publications, circulars and forms issued or used by the
Government, public corporations or statutory institutions, shall be
transhited and published in the Tamil language also.
The Simla Agreement
The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan are resolved
that the two countries put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have
hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and
harmonious relationship and the establishment of durable peace in the subcon
tinent, so that both countries may henceforth devote their resources and energies
to the pressing task of advancing the welfare of their people.
(xx)
In order to achieve this objective, the Government of India and the
Government of Pakistan have agreed as follows :
(i) That the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations
shall govern the relations between the two countries;
(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by
peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful
means mutually agreed upon between them. Pending the final
settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither
side shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the
organization, assistance or encouragement of any acts detrimental to
the maintenance of peaceful and harmonious relations;
(iii) That the prerequisite for reconciliation, good neighbourlines and
durable peace between them is a commitment by both the countries
to peaceful co-existence, respect for each other's territorial integrity
and sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
on the basis of equality and mutual benefit;
(iv) That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedevilled
the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall
be resolved by peaceful means;
(v) That they shall always respect each other's national unity, territorial
integrity, political independence and sovereign equality;
(vi) That in accordance with the Charter of the United nations they will
refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity
or political independence of each other.
(xxi)
Both Governments will take all steps within their power to prevent hostile
propaganda directed against each other. Both countries will encourage the
dissemination of such information as would promote the development of friendly
relations between them.
In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two
countries step by step, it was agreed that :
(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic,
sea, land including border posts and air links including overflights.
(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the
nationals of the other country.
(iii) Trade and co~.operation in economic and other agreed fields will be
resumed as far as possible.
(iv) Exchange in the fields of science and culture will be promoted.
In this connection delegations from the two countries will meet from time
to time to work out the necessary details.
In order to initiate the process of the establishment of durable peace, both
the Governments agree that :
(i) Indian and Pakistani forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the
international border.
(ii) In Jammu and Kashmir, the line of control resulting from the cease
fire-of December 17, 1971 shall be respected by both sides without
(xxii)
prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Neither side shall
seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and
legal interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the
threat or the use of force in violation of this line.
(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this
agreement and shall be completed within a period of 30 days thereof.
This agreement will be subject to ratification by both countries m
accordance with their respective constitutiOnal procedures, and will come into
force with effect from the date on which the instruments of ratification are
exchanged.
Both Governments agree that their respective heads will meet again at a
mutually convenient time in the future and that, in the meanwhile, the
representatives of the two sides will meet to discuss further the modalities and
arrangements for the establishment of durable peace and normalization of
relations, including the questions of repatriation of prisoners of war, a final
settlement of Jammu·and Kashmir and the resumption of diplomatic relations.
*
*
Text from Ceylon, Department of Information, The Official language and
the Reasonable Use of Tamil (Colombo : Government Press, n.dd.), p. 41-44.
Text from the Department of Information publication SriLanka, Feb. 1, 1966, p.4.
(xxili)
No. 446/PM0/64
Your Excellency,
INDO-CEYLON AGREEMENT
Prime Minister of India,
New Delhi, 30th October, 1964
I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter No.CITIIC 8/62
of date, which reads as follows :
"I have the honour to refer to the discussions which we had from the
24th to the 30th October 1964 regarding the status and future of persons of
Indian origin in Ceylon and to refer to the main heads of agreement between
us which are as follows :-
1. The declared objective of this agreement is that all Persons of Indian Origin
in Ceylon who have not been recognized either as citizens of Ceylon or
as citizens of India should become citizens either of Ceylon or of India.
2. The number of such persons is approximately 975,000 as of date. This
figure does not include illicit inunigrants and Indian passport holders.
3. 300,000 of these persons together with the natural increase in that number
will be granted Ceylon Citizenship by the Government of Ceylon; the
Government of India will accept repatriation to India of 525,000 of these
persons together with the natural increase in that number. The Government
of India will confer citizenship on these persons.
4. The status and future of the remaining 150,000 of these persons will be
the subject matter of a separate agreement between the two Governments.
5. The Government of India will accept repatriation of the persons to be
repatriated within a period of 15 years from the date of this agreement
according to a programme as evenly phased as possible.
(xxiv)
6. The grant of Ceylon Citizenship under paragraph 3 and the process of
repatriation under paragraph 5 shall both be phased over the period of
15 years and shall, as far as possible, keep pace with each other in
proportion to the relative numbers to be granted citizenship and to be
repatriated respectively.
7. The Government of Ceylon will grant to the persons to be repatriated to
India during the period of this residence in Ceylon the same facilities as
are enjoyed by citizens of other States (except facilities for remittance
and normal facilities for the continued residence, including free visas). The
Government of Ceylon agrees that such of these persons as are gainfully
employed on the date of this agreement shall continue in their employment
until the date of their repatriation in accordance with the requirements
of the 193 M of EA-1 0 phased programme or until they attain the age
of 55 years, whichever is earlier.
8. Subject to the Exchange Control Regulations for the time being in force
which will .not be discriminatory against the persons to be repatriated to
India, the Government of Ceylon agrees to permit these persons to
repatriate, at the time of their final departure for India, all their assets
including their Provident Fund and gratuity amounts. The Government of
Ceylon agrees that the maximum amount of assets which any family shall
be pennitted to repatriate shall not be reduced to less than Rs. 4,000.
9. Two registers will be prepared as early as possible, one containing the
names of persons who will be granted Ceylon Citizenship, the other
containing the names of persons to be repatriated to India. The completion
of these registers, however, is not a condition precedent to the commence
ment of the grant of Ceylon Citizenship and the process of repatriation.
(xxv)
10. This Agreement shall come into force with effect from the date hereof
and the two Governments shall proceed with all despatch to implement
this Agreement and, to that end, the officials of the two Governments shall
meet as soon as possible to establish joint machinery and to formulate
the appropriate procedures for -the implementation of this agreement.
I have to honour to propose that the above sets out correctly the Agreement
reached between us. My letter and your reply thereto shall constitute an
Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of Ceylon.
Accept your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration."
I have the honour to confirm that the above correctly sets out the Agreement
reached between us. Your letter and my reply thereto shall constitute an
Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of Ceylon.
Accept your Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Her Excellency Sirimavo RD. Bandarnaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon, New Delhi.
(xxvi)
Yours sincerely
Lal Bahadur Shastri Prime Minister of India.
APPENDIX - IX
Indira Gandhi
Events Strategies
1967 elections being mauled badly.
saw the Congress The reverses that the Congress suf-
Indira Gandhi went in for nationali-zation of banks. Privy purses were also sought to be abolished.
The C.W.C proposed the name of Sanjeeva Reddy for the Presidentship after the death of Zakir Hussain.
Mid term poll.
1971 Indo-Pak war.
The economic condition ofthe country however took a turn for the worse. A students' movement against corruption was encouraged by J.P.Narayan, the SaiVodaya leader. The Allahabad High Court judge found Mrs. Gandhi guilty of corrupt practices in election in response to election petition field against her by Raj Narayan.
For 19 months the nation smarted under the weight of authoritarianism and the 1977 election result was catastrophic
for her.
fered in the 1967 election proved to Mrs. Gandhi that old guards were not enjoying mass public support. So she set out to impose her will over the Congress.
She ignored Moratji Desai's objections and divested him of his :finance portfolio and he left the Cabinet.
First Indira seemed to go along with it but later she chose to support an independent candidate V. V. Giri. This resulted in the split ·in the Congress.
Sensing public support for her policies Indira went in for mid term poll after dissolving Parliament and her party won handsomely.
Helped in the formation of independent Bangladesh which found Mrs. Gandhi at the height of glory.
Sensing that things were going out of her control she decided to took drastic measUres Internal emergency was declired and the leaders of the Opposition were locked up. Censorship was imposed.
She faced the problems that beset a defeated leader. She was censured by her own party nien. Splitting the congress once again in 1978. She formed a new party the Congress I which came back to power in 1980 elections.
(xxvii)
Benazir Bhutto
lst phase
Events
Feb 1989.
The caretaker regime on its last
day in office signed a controversial
argument with the IMF for a paltry
$ 830 million over 3 years in ex
change for promising to carry out
structural reforms in the economy.
Planning to scrap 8th Constitu
tional amendment.
Benazir's Government took steps
to retire about 40 senior army of
ficers.
March 1989.
Benazir's Government released
1000 political prisoners who were
languishing in Zia-Ul Haq's jails for
long periods without trial.
Banning of Salman Rushdie's
book
Try to overthrow I J I govern
ment in Punjab.
May 1989.
Removal of Chief of Inter Serv
Ices Intelligence, Lt. Gen. Hamid
Gul.
Strategies
Benazir Bhutto Government be
gan with the ambiguous statement
that it would accept the agreement as
it is but later renegotiate some of the
more unbearable conditions.
Because that would enable the
President to dismiss the P.M. the
Cabinet and Parliament.
(a) Because they were Zia's close
allies who kept them beyond super
annuation age.
(b) In accordance with the time
honoured Kautilyan maxin not to let
the grass grow under one's feet.
It benefited mostly the workers
of Benazir's own PPP.
Govternment thought it the right
thing to do in the interests oflaw and
order.
Punjab being Pakistan's biggest
province and Punjab-Centre confron
tation is the surest way to destabilise
Pakistan.
To assert Benazir's authority over
the Army.
(xxviii)
Second phase
Mir Murtaza Bhutto pushed
behind bars facing charges of terror
ism and anti Pakistan activities.
No Confidence motion against
NWFP Chief Minister Shabir Shah.
30 June 1994.
Declared on iron-fisted policy
against MQM.
Oct. 1996.
Introduction of sweeping anti
corruption laws
(xxix)
Benazir preferred to take law its
own turn while her mother demanded
that charges be dropped against
Murtaza.
Ushered in an open eye to eye
confrontation With her main rival.
Because MQM withdrew sup
port in the initial phase and she
termed Altaf Hussain as terrorist
leader.
As Benazir's government is
hounded by charges of corruption to
get a clean image she offered herself
up for investigation.
Kbaleda Zia
Events
19th Feb 1993.
In the diplomatic field apart
from the postponement of the SAARC
Summit, the government had to ac
cept the demand of the UN. High
Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
to allow it to interview all the
Rohingya refugees before their repa
triation to Myanmar to ascertain
whether they were being forced to go
back.
28th May 1993.
BNP's policy to strengthen the
Muslim fundamentalist groups includ
ing the Jamaat-i-Islami by sharing
state power with them.
7th Oct. 1993.
Bangladesh's full fledging
democracy ·had come under severe
strain as the 30 month old govern
ment of P.M. Khaleda Zia faced the
twin challenges of a united opposition
stir and a widening rift within the
ruling Party.
Shift from preseidential to parliamen
tary system of government.
(xxx)
Strategies
To pressurise the government
and this had tarnished the image of
the BNP government of Begum Zia.
BNP had been persistently count
ing the fundamentalists to checkmate
the secular nationalist and patriotic
forces.
Begum Khaleda Zia silenced two
critics within the party by inducting
them into the Cabinet.
This is in order to give the hard
won democracy a permanent mean
ingful and institutional shape.
26th Sept. 1994.
Awami League led by Sheikh
Hasina boycotted the Parliament
(Jatiya Sansad). It demanded the
resignation of Begum Khaleda Zia.
Khaleda Zia's government sought
to make new friends to consolidate
relations with ·the world's major
powers and to attend actively to
regional relations.
Begum Khaleda Zia tried to
internationalise the sharing of the
Ganga water issue.
Opposition resigned from legis
lature on bloc demanding dissolution
of Parliament holding of a general
election and installation of an impar
tial caretaker government in the
interim period.
Begum Zia sacked her trusted
ally Information Minister Nazmul
Huda in Nov 1994 for proposing a
compromise with an opposition seek
ing early elections under a caretaker
administration.
The government sought to
reorient and refine its foreign policy
following the dissolution of Soviet
Union. Bangladesh sought to forge
close bilateral links with the newly
independent republics of the former
Soviet Union.
Through her speeches Begum
Khaleda Zia sought to tell interna
tional leaders about the plight Bang
ladesh was faced with because of the
stoppage of Ganga water but interna
tional support had however not been
forth corning.
Begum Zia strongly criticised
the opposition for resorting to 'anti
people' activities. She said some of
the oppoosition political parties were
hindering the process of development
by resorting to hartal, indiscipline and
anarchy when the people wanted
development through united effort in
a stable and congenial atmosphere.
(xxxi)
Sheikh Hasina
Events
Removal of professionals from
their posts and transferring, recalling
of ambassadors on contract. The first
such political casualties were
Col.(retd.) Farook Rehman, Col.(retd)
Shaluyar and Maj. (retd.) Khairuz
zaman.
All government offices were
ordered to hang the portrait of the
father of the nation and Aug. 15 was
declared a national mourning day.
In Dec. 1996 India and Bang
ladesh signed a 30 year agreement
regarding the sharing of the Ganga
water.
19th April, 1998.
Begum Zia Opposition leader
observed 'protest day' to bring an end
to the ruling Awami League.
In Nov. 1998 the Dhaka court
verdict sentenced 15 former army
officers to death for murder of Sheikh
Mujibar Rahman and 25 of his family
members. Following which B.N.P led
opposition called a 48 hour continu
ous country wide hartal a day after
the court verdict.
Strategies
F arook Rehman and Shaluyar
were directly involved in the 1975
coup which led to the assassination
of Mujibur Rahman and his family.
Hasina tried to indemnify the assas
sins of Sheikh Mujib.
To uplift the Image of
Bangabandhu and project him as the
idol of the nation and glorifying
family's contribution
Pledged to solve the bilateral
problems as soon as possible.
Sheikh Hasina condemned the
behaviour saying they are trying to
kill democracy.
It took courage on the part of
the Hasina government to put Mujib's
killers on trial. Hasina has not only
re-established the rule of law but also
driven home the point that all those
involved in major killings-including
four senior Awami League leaders in
Dhaka jail will not go unpunished.
Now her strategy will be to ensure
that the judicial process is not influ
enced by partisan political considera
tions.
(xxxii)
Chandrika Kumaratunga
Events
Jan. 1995.
Chandrika and Prabhakaran
signed a formal document providing
for a 'cessation ·of hostilities'.
Chandrika continued with the
policy of engaging the Tamil groups
principally the LTTE in a dialogue.
3Oth April 1995.
The LTTE had plunged Srilankan
security forces into a war which
resulted in the breakdown of the
peace talks.
30th June, 1995.
The latest clash between the
Srilankan troops and the LTTE for the
control of Mudaitivu off the Jaffna
peninsula which had claimed over
125 lives represented further inten
sification of the ethnic conflict in
Sri lanka.
5th Aug. 1995.
Package of reforms to set up
Regional Councils in place of present
Provincial Councils, Regional Gover
nors will be appointed by the Presi
dent with the concurrence of the C.M.
of the region.
Strategies
A formal ceasefire to prepare
the way for negotiations to end 12
years of civil war with Tamil separtion.
To resolve their outstanding
problem and she stressed on the 1958
pact between S.W.R.D and
Chelvanayagan rather than 1987 agree
ment for the resolution of the conflict.
Chandrika's peace policy some say much against the advice of the military had two aims. 1st by persistantly talking about peace with the LTTE. She sought to isolate the LTTE internationally and the govternment gradually hoped to win back the support and confidence of the people of Jaffna which had been
the main support base of the Tigers.
Chandrika is aware of the dan
gers of such a situation. She has been
constantly reminding the anny top
brass to make sure that Tamil civil
ians are not made targets.
Won wide spread admiration
for · her courageous move to an
nounce a federal style devolution of
power to end the country's '12 year
old bloody ethnic conflict
(xxxiii)
tion.
13 Nov. 1995
'Operation Sunshine'
Chandrika's offer for negotia-
Nov. 1996.
Chandrika launched an acceler
ated food programme known as 'Vaga
Sangramaya'.
13 Aug. 1998.
The P.A government declared
emergency island wide.
Chandrika was willing to allow
a third party 'facilitator' to start
negotiations with the Tamil Tigers.
28th Jan. 1998.
The government outlawed the
LTTE a day after the group was
accused of bombing Buddhism's ho
liest shrine in the central hill resort
of Kandy and killing 16 people.
To create pressure on LTTE.
Chandrika was sure that there could
be no peace as long as the LTTE was
militarily active.
to lay down arms and offered
them an amnesty guaranteeing their
(LTTE) safety'.
The programme was devised in
such a manner that by the end of
2005 agriculture in Srilanka will be
a new agriculture, creating an economy
of rural agricultural diversification,
market-oriented modernization and
profitable agro-based industries.
The move was severely criti
cised by the Opposition. The govern
ment justified the emergency as in
evitable given the disruptive acts
reported from several areas.
This pointed to the flexibility
which Chandrika now seems to enjoy.
It is Chandrika's ploy to placate
powerful Buddhist clergy.
(xxxiv)
Sirimavo Bandarnaike
Events
In late 1960-early 1961 most of the
schools were nationalised despite
Roman Catholic opposition Ceylonese
owned Bank of Ceylon, the biggest
commercial bank in the island was
nationalised.
The Assisted Schools and Training
Colleges (Special Provisions) Act No.5
of 1960 and the Assisted Schools and
' Training Colleges (Supplementary
Provisions) Act No.8, 1961 provided
for the transfer of the ownership and
administration of all schools and train
ing colleges to the state except for a
few which opted to continue as non
fee levying institutions.
In 1970 a portfolio of employment
was specially created and taken over
by Mrs. Bandamaike. A national
apprenticeship scheme designed to
absorb unemployed graduates who
would be trained at administrative
and managerial levels in the public sector, in industry and trade and in
the cooperative movement was successfully got under way.
Mrs. Bandamaike's government was
expected to take steps to implement
the more important proposals con
tained in Ten year plan.
Strate2ies
It was proposed to get this bank to
assist local enterprise in a more lib
eral way than it had done in the past.
The legislation was bitterly opposed
by the Roman Catholics which con
tributed to at;1 abortive coup. d' et.al
in 1962. The SLFP government ex
ploited this abortive coup to its po
litical advantage for the suspects were
all christians.
Government tried to take steps to
wards improving the unemployment
situation.
This had to be done following the
steep decline in the country's external
assets.
(xxxv)
Events
In 1967 the rupve was devalued by
20%.
In 1968 import liberalisation and a
dual exchange rate were adopted.
The new Republican constitution was
adopted in May 1972. Under this
constitution the state power of the
republic was vested in the national
state assembly (a unicameral legisla
ture). The opposition parties were
antagonised by two issues stemming from its adoption. First the ruling
coalition gave itself an extended term
of two years (to May 1977) beyond
the five years for which it was elected
in May 1970 using its 2/3 majority
in Parliament and second in the light
of current breakdown in relations
between the Sinhalese and Tamil
minority, the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly and the Con
stitution that emerged from those
deliberations gave rise to a new phase
of communal antagonism in the island.
(xxxvi)
Strategies
This was done to stimulate exports.
This is because the government tried
to steer the country back towards an
open economy.
The by-product of the increasing
alienation of the Tamils was the
conversion of a large section of the Tamils of the north of the island to
a separatist programme.