Socialism and African Development PIA 2574. Socialism in Africa At Issue: new look at development...
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Transcript of Socialism and African Development PIA 2574. Socialism in Africa At Issue: new look at development...
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Socialism and African Development
PIA 2574
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Socialism in Africa
At Issue: new look at development strategy
the role that ideology has played in effecting performance of state
(self-ascribed ideology)
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The Socialist Framework
.Dependency as an alternative form of analysis to Modernization
Influence of socialist ideas since 1965
in Africa
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Tanzania’s Ujamaa Policy
President Julius Nyerere
Arusha Declaration: 1967: Socialist Declaration- Control Commanding Heights
Collectivism and Self-Reliance
An approach to agricultural class formation
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The 1960s-Voluntary Collective Farms
Goal: create villages from small family households
Self-sustaining economic units of 20-30 families
Primary target- the subsistence farmer
1968- official policy but voluntary
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1970s
Goal: Prevention of a rural proletariat
1970- Few villages established
Government Spending only on “ujamaa villages”
Popular Response- poorest areas of the country marginal farming/pastoral areas
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After 1973
Targets the wealthier areas and the rich farmers
“Kulaks”
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1975
Forced Collectivization and Collapse of Policy
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Problems with Ujamaa
Tanzaphilia- “Socialism and the Field Administrator”
Shift from voluntary to compulsory: “Burning Houses”
Shift from goal of local level decision-making and village autonomy to centralized decision-making and standardized policies
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Problems:
Collectivization Forced, use of state violence
Villages became very large: 300-500 people or more
Target: Universal villagization by the end of 1976
Resistance from Wealthy Farmers
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Government Reaction
Withdrawal
Drought, Agricultural Mismanagement
Agricultural Collapse
1983- Tanzania Moves Towards Policy Reform
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Regime Types in Africa (Crawford Young)
1. African (Socialist) and mixed Economy regimes: pragmatism or African capitalism (Kenya and Senegal in 1960s)
2. Socialist- Populist (Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique in 1970s)
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African Regimes
3. Afro-Marxist or Leninist Vanguard regimes (Angola, Benine1980s)
4. Marxist-Leninist- (Ethiopia under Dergue)
5.Post-Structural Adjustment Regimes Mozambique, Uganda and Ghana (1990s)
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Attractiveness of an ideology
Impact of Policy on development in the 1980s
Will effect rule making and resource allocation
Ideology does make a difference
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Attractiveness of an ideology
There is a measure of internal slack or decision-making authority
A choice that can be made (in terms of dependency) that can be made internally
Thus Socialist Policies can be tested
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Evaluation criteria-
Five measures re. Socialism (1965-1985)
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Growth
1. Growth is still important- though downplays mineral induced growth and tourism
2. Focus is on peasant based subsistence agriculture rather than export commercial agriculture
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Result
Import Substitution, inflation and decline of food production
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Equity or distribution: Effects
1. Effect of taxation- especially indirect tax mechanisms (extractive)
2. Pricing policies deflate income for agricultural commodities
3. Relocation of rural resources to urban areas
4. Wage control policies (no strike clauses)
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Autonomy and self-reliance-
1. Delinkage from the international economy (Autarky)
2. Increased debt burden, continued use of expatriate personnel as planners (often sympathetic)
2. Exploitation of natural resources and foreign exchange outflow
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Exploitation of Human Rights
1. Goal- human dignity
2. Reality of repression- movement of peoples
3. Economic and political refugees
4. Increased size of security forces
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Development capacity: Goals and Results
1. Ability to plan and manage state resources and stimulate economic behavior change
2. Expansion of the social capacity of the state
3. The African disaster- Tyrants, corruption and Skimmed public resources
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Socialism
Why has it Failed?
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Discussion
What have you been reading lately?
What should others read?