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Social Variation - Marc van Oostendorp · Social stratification (2) Social Variation Leiden...
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Social Variation
Marc van Oostendorp
Leiden University
12.2.2008
Social Variation Leiden University
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Social Variation
Variation linguisticsAn example: Fronting of /aw/
The grammatical structure of the speech communityStyle levels
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
I-Language vs. E-Language
◮ A useful distinction to be made here is the Chomskyandichotomy between:
◮ I Language: ‘internal/intensional’ language, roughly (andamong other things) the language system as it isrepresented in the individual speaker
◮ E Language: ‘external/extensional’ language, roughly (andamong other things) the language corpus as it is producedby the language community
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Chomsky (2000)There has been much impassioned controversy
about [. . . ] the question of how languages should bestudied. The controversy is pointless, because there isno right answer. If we are interested in how beescommunicate, we will try to learn something abouttheir internal nature, social arrangements, andphysical environment.
These approaches are not in conflict; they aremutually supportive. The same is true of the study ofhuman language: it can be investigated from thebiological point of view, and from numerous others.Each approach defines the object of its inquiry in thelight of its special concerns; and each should try tolearn what it can from other approaches.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Labov (1993) (1)
Since judgments of acceptability differ radicallyand unpredictably across individuals, it is normal[within the idealist approach] for any disagreementabout data to be answered by narrowing the unit ofdescription to the ’dialect’ of an individual, usually thetheorist. Since each individual derives the rule systemfrom fragmentary data, it is generally held that thecommunity is an inconsistent mixture of consistentindividuals.
Social Variation Leiden University
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Labov (1993) (2)The materialist position begins with the study of the
heterogeneity of the speech community, and reduces thisvariation to a series of regular quantitative patternscontrolled by social factors. Early statements about thespeech community emphasized this ‘structuredheterogeneity’ as the fundamental feature of the speechcommunity, maintained by a uniformity of social evaluation.More recently, the uniformity of these variable patterns hasbeen found to be also based on a structural homogeneity.In cities of a million or more population, the basiccategories ands rules that define the variables are almostconstant across social class, sex and age. This reinforcesthe position that the fundamental unit of description shouldbe the language of the speech community, and that thespeech of an individual can only be understood against thisbackground.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Observer’s Paradox
◮ When observing or interviewing people to find out abouttheir spontaneous speech, researchers will, by their ownpresence and participation, influence linguitic behaviourthat is observed
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Qualitative vs. quantitative analysis (1)
There is [. . . ] a marked asymmetry between thetwo bodies of linguistic activity: those doing empiricalanalysis can use the formal, qualitative analysesdeveloped under an idealist program, but notvisa-versa. The latter are satisfied to construct ruleschema without testing for validity against the data ofspeech production, while the former are not.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Qualitative vs. quantitative analysis (2)This transition from qualitative to quantitative
analysis is a familiar one in the development ofscience. But the qualitative model of linguistics is noteasily displaced. Many forms of linguistic behavior arecategorically invariant. Furthermore, the number,variety and complexity of linguistic relations are verygreat, and it is not likely that a large proportion can beinvestigated by quantitative means. At present, we donot know the correct balance between the two modesof analysis: how far we can go with unsupportedqualitative analysis based on introspection, before theproposals must be confirmed by quantitative studiesbased on observation and experiment.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
An example: Fronting of /aw/
Gradual change
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
An example: Fronting of /aw/
Social stratification
◮
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
An example: Fronting of /aw/
Social stratification (2)
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
An example: Fronting of /aw/
Men and women
◮
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Social Variation
Variation linguisticsAn example: Fronting of /aw/
The grammatical structure of the speech communityStyle levels
Social Variation Leiden University
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Shared Constraints Hypothesis
◮
The members of a speech community share commonvalues for the probabilistic constraint effects on variablelinguistic processes.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
t-deletion in two American cities
C > V C >∅ V >∅ Preferred orderPhiladelphia (N=19) 89 100 95 C>V>∅
New York (N=4) 100 50 0 C=∅>V
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Constraints
◮ NOCODA: Syllables should not end in a coda◮ FINALC: Syllables should not end in a coda◮ NOHIATUS: Two vowels should not occur adjacent to each
other.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Grammars
1. FINALC≫NOHIATUS≫NOCODA No deletion except before consonant2. FINALC≫NOCODA≫NOHIATUS No deletion before pause; deletion elsewhere3. NOCODA≫FINALC≫NOHIATUS Deletion everywhere4. NOHIATUS≫FINALC≫NOCODA No deletion except before consonant5. NOHIATUS≫NOCODA≫FINALC No deletion before a vowel; deletion elsewhere6. NOCODA≫NOHIATUS≫FINALC Deletion everywhere
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Philadelphia and New York
1.Philadelphia: FINALC≫NOHIATUS, with floating NOCODA
2.New York: constraintNoHiatus≫FinalC, with floatingNOCODA
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Floating constraint generalisation
◮ The conditions to which a phonological process issubjected are ranked in the same way in a speechcommunity, even though the process itself may be variable.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Style levels
Differences between styles of speech
◮ It is obviously necessary to restrict the ways in which twostyles within one language system can differ from eachother.
◮ In many rule-based theories of phonology two styles A andB can differ from each other because
◮ A has more rules than B, or◮ because the forms of some of the rules in A is more general
(contains a smaller number of specified feature values)than the form of those in B,
◮ or because A and B have the same rules ranked in differentorders.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Style levels
Hypothesis
◮
The more formal the register, the higher ranked thefaithfulness constraints.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Style levels
Turkish vowel epenthesis
formal form less formal form informal form‘fetters’ pranga pıranga pıranga‘prince’ prens pırens pirens‘test’ prova pırova purova‘announcer’ spiker sıpiker sipiker‘cruiser’ kruvazor kıruvazor kuruvazor
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Style levels
Constraints
◮ SPREAD-F. If a feature F is linked to one segment in aword, it should be linked to all segments in that word.; therelevant instances for this constraint scheme in Turkish areSPREAD-[front] and SPREAD-[round].
◮ NOCLUSTER: *C1C2 in the onset◮ NOEPENTHESIS: A vowel in the ouput form should be
present in the underlying form.◮ NOSPREADING: An autosegmental association between a
feature and a segment in the output form should bepresent in the underlying form.
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Variation linguistics The grammatical structure of the speech community
Style levels
Grammars
◮ careful register:NOEPENTHESIS≫NOCLUSTER
NOSPREADING≫SPREAD
◮ less careful register:NOCLUSTER≫NoEpenthesisNOSPREADING≫SPREAD
◮ colloquial register:NOCLUSTER≫NOEPENTHESIS
SPREAD≫NOSPREADING
Social Variation Leiden University