Iraq invaded her neighbour, Kuwait.

This war eventually caused

Over

30, 000

dead

Over

400, 000made

homeless

created

Almost 100,000 surrendering Iraqi soldiers became

Prisoners of War (POWs).

created

Over 600 oil

wells in Kuwait

to be set on fire.

They dumped 11

million

barrels of

oil into the sea

of the Persian Gulf.

Unbelievable

environmental damage…

for

no apparent

reason.

led to

A rise in terrorism worldwide A huge drop in the popularity/

public image of the USA

There is a connection to Kuwait’s situation and

Singapore.

Kuwait has a small population:

3-3.5 million

Kuwait’s local population is only 1 million, the rest are foreign workers.

Kuwait’s defence force is tiny, so she relies on the

USA as her protector/ main oil trading partner.

Unlike Singapore, Kuwait is wealthy! She has oil, but apart from

this, Kuwait has noother natural

resources at all.

It lead directly to your next chapter –Transnational Terrorism

You have a project to complete for this chapter

Most importantly,it hasn’t come out for 2 years, and you like marks… don’t you?

1. Basic Events of the War

(This is for SBQ)

2. Causes of the War

(This is for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is IRAQ)

3. Impacts/ Results of the War

(Also for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is KILLED)

Part 1: The Scene

Where is our conflict located?

The Middle East

Part 2: The Characters

Main Character 1: Iraq

POPULATION31 million

•Mostly Arab/ Muslim (97%) with other small minorities like Christians and Kurds

ECONOMYMostly based on production of oil.

MILITARYOver 1 million soldiers, almost 2000 tanks, 300+ modern jet aircraft and a small navy.

1979 2003 2006

Main Character 2: Kuwait

POPULATION3.5 million

• Mostly Arab/Muslim (85%) with other small Asian minorities like the Indians and Pakistanis

ECONOMYMostly based on production of oil.

MILITARYOver 15,000 soldiers, almost 300 tanks, 100+ modern jet aircraft and a small navy.

Main Character 3: United Nations

The UN force was led by the United States of America

(USA).

Main Character 4: Iran

LOCATIONAnother ‘next door neighbour’ to Iraq

HISTORYFought an 8 year war with Iraq (1980 – 1988).

LEADERAyatollah Khomeini

In the past: the

historical relationship

between Iraq and Kuwait

Iraq and Kuwait have

always been ruled as one

territory.

In the past, it was a part

of the Ottoman Empire.

Later, under the British Empire, Kuwait and Iraq were

still ruled as one territory.

So, when the British gave Kuwait their independence in

1961, Iraq objected as they felt it was not fair to take

away a part of their territory.

Sounds familiar?

A larger more

powerful country

wanting

ownership of a

smaller area

because it was

never

considered

separate

throughout

history?

Because of this war, the Iraqi economy was in ruins.

The Iraqi economy was also badly in debt to

neighbouring countries, but especially to the USA and

France because Saddam Hussein borrowed billions of

dollars to buy…

Finally, Iraq was

not able to make

as much money

as expected from

oil sales as OPEC

members like

UAE and Kuwait

did not follow oil

production

quotas.

Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil

from their side of the Rumaila oil field

by using slant drilling technology

Iraq also accused

Kuwait of denying

them access to the

sea because

Kuwait refused

to allow Iraq to

use the island

ports of Bubiyan

and Warbah.

Iraq also accused

Kuwait of denying

them access to the

sea because

Kuwait refused

to allow Iraq to

use the island

ports of Bubiyan

and Warbah.

with Saddam Hussein himself

Part 3: How did it begin?

28th May 1990

• Iraq complains to the Arab League.

• UAE and Kuwait agree to follow OPEC oil production quotas.

18th July 1990

• Iraq warns Kuwait not to involve the USA, wants ArabLeague to settle this matter instead.

24th July, 1990

• Iraq begins military build-up at the Iraq-Kuwait border.

27

th-2

8th

Ju

ly, 1

99

0 OPEC agrees to raise oil price by 38.8%.

1stA

ug

ust,

19

90 Saudi Arabia and

Kuwait cancel Iraq’s war debt.

Kuwait loans a further US$500 million to Iraq but refuses to pay any compensation for accusations about Rumaila, and refuses to give any territory to Iraq.

2n

dA

ug

ust

19

90 Iraq invades

Kuwait!

12 hours later, mission accomplished – the Kuwaiti royal family flees to the USA, Iraq officially declares that Kuwait is now a part of Iraq.

3rd

Au

gu

st,

1990

Iraqi armed forces start massing at the Saudi-Kuwait border. Saudi Arabia officially requests UNhelp.

UN passes a resolution calling for Iraqi withdrawalfrom Kuwait.

8th

Au

gu

st,

19

90

UN forms a Coalitionforce (under the leadership of the USA),

UN sends the force to protect Saudi Arabia; called ‘OperationDesert Shield’

29th November, 1990

• UN Security Council issues a final ultimatum to Saddam Hussein – the deadline to withdrawfrom Kuwait is the 15th January, 1991.

15th January, 1991

• Iraq ignores the deadline

17th January, 1991

• Operation ‘Desert Storm’ begins.

28th February, 1991

• War is over. Iraqi forces withdraw from Kuwait. UN forces do not pursue Iraqi forces past the Iraq – Kuwait border.

Kuwait’s suffering: The impact of the war on Kuwait.

Social Impact: Death, Torture, Refugees

According to an unclassified report written by Pentagon lawyers in 1992:

“Report on Iraqi War Crimes: Desert Shield/Desert Storm,” (a copy of which

was obtained by WorldNetDaily), Iraqi troops were accused of

systematically carrying out grisly acts of torture against Kuwaiti

citizens “with the approval of the national leadership in Iraq.”

“The evidence establishes that there were at least two dozen torture sites

in Kuwait City, most of which were located in either police stations or sports

facilities,” the report said. “The gruesome evidence confirms torture by

amputation of or injury to various body parts, to include limbs, eyes,

tongues, ears, noses, lips and genitalia. Electric shock was applied to

sensitive parts of the body (nose, mouth, genitalia),” the report said.

“Electric drills were used to penetrate the chest, leg(s) or arm(s) of

victims.”

Invading Iraqi soldiers also allegedly beat Kuwaiti civilians,

crushing bones, skulls and disfiguring their faces, according to

the catalog of abuses. Some victims were soaked in acid. Others

were beaten while suspended from ceilings. Axes were allegedly used

in some beatings.

“Women taken hostage were raped repeatedly,” the report added.

But it gets worse:

“Eyewitnesses reported Iraqis torturing a woman by making her eat

her own flesh as it was cut from her body,” the report said.

Furthermore, some 120 babies “were left to die after being removed

from incubators that were taken to Iraq.” More than 150 children

between the ages of one and 13 were killed “for various reasons”, and

finally, 57 mentally ill individuals were killed “simply because of

their handicap.”

A news report published on ‘World Net Daily’, an internet news website.

http://www.wnd.com/2003/04/18117/

Loss of Respect for the Iraqi Government

• How the war affected the political structure of Iraq

Lack of fear and respect for the Iraqi government

• the UN-backed Kurdish uprising against Saddam

Hussein’s government.

The Kurds suffered for it.

It

In 1988, the Hussein regime began a campaign of extermination

against the Kurdish people living in Northern Iraq. This is known

as the Anfal campaign. The campaign was mostly directed at Kurds

who sided with Iranians during the Iraq-Iran War. The attacks

resulted in the death of at least 50,000 (some reports estimate as

many as 100,000 people), many of them women and children.

A team of Human Rights Watch investigators determined that the

attacks on the Kurdish people were characterised by mass

executions and disappearances of many tens of thousands of non-

combatants, widespread use of chemical weapons including

Sarin, mustard gas and nerve agents that killed thousands, the

imprisoning of tens of thousands of women, children, and elderly

people for months in conditions of extreme deprivation, forced

displacement of hundreds of thousands of villagers after the

demolition of their homes, and the wholesale destruction of

nearly two thousand villages along with their schools, mosques,

farms and power stations.

In April 1991, after Saddam lost control of Kuwait in the Persian

Gulf War, he cracked down ruthlessly against several uprisings in the

Kurdish north, Iraqi forces committed wholesale massacres and

other gross human rights violations similar to the violations

mentioned before. Estimates of deaths during that time range from

20,000 to 100,000 for Kurds.

Environmental Impact on the RegionFrom a radio interview of Dr. Jacqueline Michel, US geochemist, broadcast in 2010.

The long term effects were very significant. There was no shoreline cleanup,

and so when we went back in to do quantitative survey in 2002 and 2003, there

was a million cubic meters of oil sediment remained then 12 years after the

spill.... The oil penetrated much more deeply into the sediment than normal

because the sediment there has a lot of crab burrows, and the oil penetrated

deep, sometimes 30, 40 cm into the mud of these tidal flats. There’s no way to

get it out now. So it has had long term impact. Marshlands and mud tidal flats

continue to contain large quantities of oil, over ten years later, and full recovery

is likely to take decades.

Enjoy

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