Social Studies - Reforms and Revolution

8/3/2019 Social Studies - Reforms and Revolution

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PRESIDENT

AGUINALDOGUERILLA WARFARE

TREATY OF PARISPHILIPPINE

INSURRECTION

PHILIPPINENATIONALISM

REFORMS

AND

REVOLUTION

PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO

SOURCESSOURCES


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The Philippine Revolution (18961898), called the "Tagalog War" by the

Spanish, was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines andthe Spanish colonial authorities which resulted in the secession of the Philippine

Islands from the Spanish Empire.

The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of

the anti-colonial secret organization Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The

Katipunan, led by Andrs Bonifacio, was a secessionist movement and shadowgovernment spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence

from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan

leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared

a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated

attack on the capital Manila. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also

rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Emilio Aguinaldo won early

victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution

in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary

government. That year, a truce was officially reached with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato

and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, though hostilities between rebels and the

Spanish government never actually ceased.


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In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo unofficially

allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities

against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had conquered nearly all Spanish-held

ground within the Philippines with the exception of Manila. Aguinaldo thus

declared independence from Spain and the First Philippine Republic was

established. However, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippineindependence. Spanish rule in the islands only officially ended with the 1898 Treaty

of Paris, wherein Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United

States. After eruption of the 1899 Battle of Manila on February 4 between Filipino

and U.S. forces, Aguinaldo immediately ordered, "that peace and friendly relations

with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies." In June

1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against theUnited States. The Philippine-American War then ensued.


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Philippine nationalism is an upsurge of patriotic

sentiments and nationalism and nationalistic

ideals in the Philippines of the late 1800s thatcame as a result of the Filipino propaganda

movement from 1872 to 1892. It became the

main ideology of the first Asian nationalist

revolution, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.


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The Pact of Biak-na-bato was signed on December 14, 1897 by Emilio

Aguinaldo and Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera.

The principal conditions were as follows:

1. Aguinaldo to live in any foreign country he wished; Spain would

be paying him 800,000 Mexican dollars when all arms aresurrendered; and the Te Deum be sung in the Cathedral in

Manila.

2. The money to be paid personally to Aguinaldo with only his

knowledge along with his insurgents on how much it was.

3. The Governor-General would send two generals of the Spanish

Army to be held as hostages by Aguinaldos associates.4. The religious corporations in the Philippines would be expelled

and an autonomous system of government be established.


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The first installment of money which was $400,000 was givenwhen Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong while the two Spanishgenerals were being held captive.

The revolutionists surrendered over 1,000 arms but Spain failedto give the second installment of the money they were neverpaid again.

Nothing happened to the Religious Orders by expelling them

although the Te Deum was sung. The treaty was abandoned when Aguinaldo received a letter

from the Governor-Generals nephew, Lieutenant-Colonel DonMiguel Primo de Rivera, informing them that they can no longerreturn to the Philippines.

While Aguinaldo was away, the Governor-General ordered the

killings of the rightists and leftists in March of 1898. He alsoordered the deportation of people who only have personalidentification cards.

The Spanish-American war broke out afterwards.


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Aguinaldo went into a voluntary exile in Hong Kong after signingthe Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

During the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he forged analliance with Admiral Dewey after being promised Philippineindependence afterwards.

His first proclamation was to declare himself as the PhilippineHead of State.

On June 12, he proclaimed the independence of the Philippinesin Kawit, Cavite.

While on September 11 after joining the American forces to takeover Manila, they went to Malolos and made it the Capital of the

Republic. He was chosen unanimously to be the President of the Philippine

Republic on January 23, 1899 and proclaimed himself as aDictator a month after.


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Representatives of Spain and United States met in Paris and

drafted a peace treaty.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by US and

Spain and ended the Spanish-American war.

It states that Spain was to give the Philippines and Guam to theUnited States, give up all rights to Cuba, and surrender Puerto

Rico and give its possessions to the West Indies.

Spain would be paid $20,000,000 in return. (Philippines only)

The treaty was being ratified while hostilities between the

Filipinos and Americans were taking place. It was approved by the US Senate on February 6, 1899.


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Hostilities between the two camps (Philippines and US)

happened because the Americans advanced against the Filipino

line of defense on August 13 ,1898 and General Otis proclaimed

the sovereignty of America in the Philippines on January 2, 1899.

Otis decreed that Filipinos who protested to the rule will bepunished harshly.

But hostilities broke out and a three-year war raged in the

Philippines declared by the Malolos Congress on June 2, 1899

with Pedro Paterno issuing the Proclamation of War.

It was called the Philippine Insurrection so that it may appear asa rebellion, calling the Filipinos bandits, and for the United

States to not be held liability.


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Aguinaldo shifted from conventional tactics to guerilla warfare inthe 1900s for their advantages.

The Americans had almost 500 casualties in the first four months

alone.

Bloody ambushes and raids were staged to force the Americans

to surrender or withdraw.

But this only made the situation worse when the Americans

started burning towns and suspecting every civilian then

torturing them in concentration camps.

Torturing of captives were evident on both sides with the

Balangiga Massacre masterminded by the Filipinos. Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901.

The war finally ended on July 4, 1902 with the establishing of the

Philippine Commission.


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Books:

The Origins and Causes of the Philippine Revolution by Juan Alvarez

Guerra

Views on the Philippine Revolution vol.1 and vol.2

True Version of the Philippine Revolution by Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

The Filipino Americans (From 1763 To Present) Their History, Culture, andTraditions by Veltisezar Bautista

Online:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution

CREDITSCREDITS


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Roxas, Jearnelle Richmond Eliezer

Cueto, Ralph Daniele

De Castro, DanielMardo, Michael John

Social Studies - Reforms and Revolution

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