Social StudiesSocial StudiesGrade 7Grade 7

Exploration and Exploration and Colonization Colonization

Chapter 3Chapter 3

An Era of An Era of ExplorationExploration•Early voyages to Early voyages to

AmericasAmericas– Leif Ericson led Leif Ericson led

Vikings to northern Vikings to northern tip of N.A.tip of N.A.Settlement of Settlement of Vinland not Vinland not maintainedmaintained

•Polynesians may Polynesians may have traveled to have traveled to N.A. in small fishing N.A. in small fishing boatsboats

Spain’s Exploration Route• Spain looked for route to Asian spice

trade• Columbus, Italian, plans to reach

Indies by sailing west across Atlantic– Financed by Queen Isabella/ King

Ferdinand– 1492 sails 3 ships: Nina, Pinta and

Santa Maria– Columbus reached Caribbean,

called West Indies– Columbus returns with tales of gold– Columbus named Admiral of Ocean

Sea, given money for future voyages

Spanish ImpactSpanish Impact 1493 set up 11493 set up 1stst Spanish colony, Spanish colony,

HispaniolaHispaniola Colony - a group of people Colony - a group of people

who settle a distant land but who settle a distant land but are still ruled by their mother are still ruled by their mother countrycountry

Columbus died in 1506 Columbus died in 1506 disgraced, still believing he disgraced, still believing he reached Asiareached Asia

Columbus’ 4 voyages marked Columbus’ 4 voyages marked turning point for Americas.turning point for Americas. Turning point - a moment in Turning point - a moment in

history that marks a decisive history that marks a decisive change.change.

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa

crossed Isthmus of Panama crossed Isthmus of Panama becoming 1becoming 1stst Spanish explorer Spanish explorer to see the Pacific Ocean.to see the Pacific Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan was 1st to Ferdinand Magellan was 1st to circumnavigate (sail completely circumnavigate (sail completely around) the world.around) the world.• Magellan was killed in the Magellan was killed in the

Philippines, his crew sailed Philippines, his crew sailed on to Spainon to Spain

• Magellan’s voyage found an Magellan’s voyage found an all-water route to Asia.all-water route to Asia.

• Europeans became aware of Europeans became aware of the true size of the Earththe true size of the Earth

The Columbian Exchange• The meeting of people from

Eastern and Western Hemispheres began a global exchange of goods and ideas.

• The Columbian Exchange included food, medicine, government, technology, arts, animals and language.

• Tragically Europeans brought new diseases like smallpox and the flu which killed huge numbers of Native Americans who had no resistance

Columbian Exchange

From America to Europe

Maize, tomatoes,Squash, cocoa

Ideas of government

FromEurope to America

Wheat, guns,Horses, cows

DiseasesSmallpox, flu

Spanish Conquistadors• Spanish Conquistadors, conquerors

served for 3G’s: GOLD, GLORY AND GOD• Hernando Cortes heard of great wealth in

Mexico and in 1519 conquers the Aztecs• Francisco Pizarro sailed down the Pacific

coast of SA and in 1535 conquered the Incan empire.

• Reasons for Spanish victories:– Spanish had superior military equipment

including armor and guns– Natives had never seen horses and

were frightened by the mounted Spanish soldiers

– Natives were afraid to fight for fear the Spanish were really gods

– Natives were weak due to European diseases and many years of tribal fighting

Exploring the Spanish BorderlandsExploring the Spanish Borderlands Borderlands are in present Borderlands are in present

day US from California to day US from California to FloridaFlorida

Juan Ponce de Leon traveled Juan Ponce de Leon traveled through Florida in 1513 through Florida in 1513 looking for the “fountain of looking for the “fountain of youth” claiming Florida for youth” claiming Florida for SpainSpain

Hernando De Soto explored Hernando De Soto explored parts of Florida and the parts of Florida and the Southeast from 1539-1542 Southeast from 1539-1542 without finding gold but without finding gold but claiming land.claiming land.

Francisco Coronado searched Francisco Coronado searched the southwest in the 1540’s. the southwest in the 1540’s. Looking for the “7 cities of Looking for the “7 cities of gold”gold”

New Spain• Spanish king set up a strong system to

govern his colonies.• American lands are divided into New

Spain and Peru each with a viceroy in charge in his name.

• 3 kinds of settlements: pueblos, presidios, and missions.– Pueblos: towns are centers of

farming and trade.– Presidios: forts where soldiers lived,

1st: St Augustine, Florida– Missions: religious settlements run

by Catholic priests to spread Christianity, missions ran through the borderlands

Society in New Spain• 4 classes of people:

– Peninsulares – born in Spain held highest jobs and greatest wealth

– Creoles – born in the Americas of Spanish parents, educated, owned farms and ranches

– Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Indian parents, worked on farms and ranches

– Indians – lowest class treated like slaves and kept in poverty

Colonizing North AmericaColonizing North America England, France and the England, France and the

Netherlands envied Spanish empire Netherlands envied Spanish empire and wanted colonies of their own and wanted colonies of their own and to claim an all water route to the and to claim an all water route to the East.East.

They wanted to discover the They wanted to discover the Northwest Passage an all water Northwest Passage an all water route through North Americaroute through North America John Cabot and Italian sea captain John Cabot and Italian sea captain

sailing for England in search of sailing for England in search of Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

Giovanni da Verrazano an Italian sea Giovanni da Verrazano an Italian sea captain sailing for France search the NA captain sailing for France search the NA coast from Carolinas to Canada in coast from Carolinas to Canada in search of Northwest Passage.search of Northwest Passage.

Jacques Cartier exploring for France Jacques Cartier exploring for France sailed up and claimed the St. Lawrencesailed up and claimed the St. Lawrence

Henry Hudson an English explorer Henry Hudson an English explorer sailed for the Dutch. He explored New sailed for the Dutch. He explored New York Harbor, up the Hudson River, north York Harbor, up the Hudson River, north into the Hudson Bayinto the Hudson Bay

New FranceNew France New France profited from fishing, New France profited from fishing,

trapping and tradingtrapping and trading– Samuel de Champlain founded Samuel de Champlain founded

Port Royal, 1st permanent French Port Royal, 1st permanent French settlement in NA. settlement in NA.

– 1608 Champlain built Quebec, a 1608 Champlain built Quebec, a trading post on St. Lawrence trading post on St. Lawrence River.River.

-French were friendly with Native -French were friendly with Native Americans, did not attempt to Americans, did not attempt to conquer Indiansconquer Indians

– French missionaries traveled with French missionaries traveled with fur tradersfur traders

French ExplorationFrench Exploration French missionary, Fr Jacques French missionary, Fr Jacques

Marquette and fur trader, Louis Marquette and fur trader, Louis Joliet traveled the Mississippi Joliet traveled the Mississippi River about 700 miles claiming River about 700 miles claiming all the land it drains for France.all the land it drains for France.

Robert de La Salle traveled the Robert de La Salle traveled the entire Mississippi River entire Mississippi River claiming it for France, naming claiming it for France, naming the territory Louisiana in honor the territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIVof King Louis XIV

To protect territories the French To protect territories the French built a string of fortsbuilt a string of forts Fort Detroit near Lake Erie and Fort Detroit near Lake Erie and

New Orleans on the mouth of the New Orleans on the mouth of the river became busy trading centers.river became busy trading centers.

New New NetherlandsNetherlands

Peter Minuit led a group of Peter Minuit led a group of Dutch settlers to mouth of Dutch settlers to mouth of the Hudson Riverthe Hudson River Bought Manhattan from Bought Manhattan from

IndiansIndians Founded settlement of Founded settlement of

New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam Colony extended the Colony extended the

Hudson River as far as Hudson River as far as Fort Orange (Albany), Fort Orange (Albany), known as New known as New Netherlands (today’s Netherlands (today’s New York)New York)

New Sweden established New Sweden established along the Delaware River along the Delaware River is later taken over by the is later taken over by the DutchDutch

Early English Colonies

• England seek riches• 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh established 1st

English colony in NA at Roanoke, an island off the coast of North Carolina.– Mysteriously colony of Roanoke

disappears• 1606, Virginia Company of London given

a charter from King James I to settle colony in NA called Virginia.– Charter - legal document giving certain

rights to a person or company.

Jamestown• Founded 1607 on James River,

named after king.• Challenges of Jamestown:

– Located in swampy area• Water unhealthy• Mosquitoes spread malaria• Poor planning created

starvation – Captain John Smith helped

Jamestown survive – no work, no food

– Economy: survived on cash crop, tobacco

Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government To attract settlers English To attract settlers English

government took steps to form government took steps to form stable government in Virginia.stable government in Virginia. Male settlers elect burgesses, Male settlers elect burgesses,

representatives to government.representatives to government. Burgesses met in assembly Burgesses met in assembly

called House of Burgesses, with called House of Burgesses, with governor made laws for colonygovernor made laws for colony

Beginning of representative Beginning of representative government in English coloniesgovernment in English colonies

English English TraditionsTraditions

►People’s political rights People’s political rights rooted in English historyrooted in English history 1215 Magna Carta 1215 Magna Carta

signed, king could not signed, king could not raise taxes without raise taxes without consulting council of consulting council of nobles and church nobles and church leadersleaders

Over time council Over time council grew into Parliamentgrew into Parliament

In colonies free, In colonies free, white, male property white, male property owners could vote.owners could vote.

New Arrivals• Women Wanted!– Virginia Company

recruited women to come to the Virginia Colony

– Women helped make the colony stable

– Life was a struggle for women who did everything from scratch- food, clothing etc.

• The 1st Africans– 1619 Dutch brought 1st

African slaves

Seeking Religious Seeking Religious FreedomFreedom• Separatists faced religious Separatists faced religious

persecution in Englandpersecution in England– Protestants want to separate Protestants want to separate

from Church of Englandfrom Church of England• Known as PilgrimsKnown as Pilgrims

– Left England for NetherlandsLeft England for Netherlands•Welcomed by Dutch, Welcomed by Dutch,

missed English waysmissed English ways•Return to EnglandReturn to England

– 1620 Pilgrims given charter 1620 Pilgrims given charter for colony in NAfor colony in NA•Sailed on MayflowerSailed on Mayflower•1620 landed in Plymouth, 1620 landed in Plymouth,

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Plymouth Colony• Mayflower Compact

– Pilgrims land north of charter, rules not apply.

– 1620, Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact– Mayflower Compact - written

government making laws• Religious Freedom – Pilgrims 1st colonists

in NA for religious freedom• William Bradford - colony’s 1st governor.• Native Americans helped Pilgrims survive.

– Squanto spoke English taught them to plant corn and pumpkins

– Pilgrims-thanks to God for harvest - Thanksgiving