1. 1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION PRESENTED BY DR SABA MANSOOR BY BRIG (PROF) HEMANT KUMAR DEPTT OF COMM MEDICINE ,AJIMS,MANGALORE
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4. 4. Social Stratification Social stratification is a term used in the social sciences to describe the relative social position of persons in a given social group, category, geographical region or other social unit. 48/4/2015
5. 5. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION It derives from the Latin strtum (plural strata; parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given societys categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, social status, occupation and power 8/4/2015 5
6. 6. Social Stratification Stratification is the division of society into classes that have unequal amounts of wealth, power, and prestige. In a stratified society, inequality is part of the social structure and passes from one generation to the next. - Max Weber 68/4/2015
7. 7. Social Stratification A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based on their access to scarce resources.
8. 8. Definition Arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and psychic gratification . Melvin M. Tumin, 8/4/2015 8
9. 9. HISTORY 98/4/2015
10. 10. Social Stratification: Ancient Times Most ancient societies could be divided into two large groups: The haves and the have-nots. The haves, of course, were the upper classes, generally consisting of rulers, nobles, and priests.The have-nots was made up mostly of merchants, artisans, and peasants. In every ancient civilization, there was a large slave class at the bottom of the social structure 108/4/2015
11. 11. ANCIENT EGYPT In ancient Egypt there were four social classes. At the top was the royal family, along with a large number of nobles and priests. Next class was of professional soldiers, Middle class comprised of merchants, artisans, and scribes . Lastly the peasants, who were mostly farmers. And at the bottom, of course, were the slaves, many of whom had been brought to Egypt as prisoners of war. 118/4/2015
12. 12. CHINA China had nothing resembling a caste system. At the top, below the ruler, was a class of great feudal lords who governed the land in his name. Next came a class of knightly gentry, or landowners, who served at court and fought in the armies of the feudal lords. At the bottom were the peasants on whose labor everyone relied. Merchants and artisans, were not recognized as belonging to any class. There was no class of slaves. 128/4/2015
13. 13. INDIA In early India, the society was divided into three classes consisting of the rich and powerful, a middle class of merchants and farmers, and a lower class of workers and slave. Around 1500 BC Aryans moved into northern India from central Asia. They came into India as , nomadic tribes led by warrior chieftains. Over time, they settled down as rulers over the native Dravidians and formed tribal kingdoms. This lasted till Maurya Empire till 320 BC 138/4/2015
14. 14. India ... They gave re-birth to Urban Civilisation and class and caste system. There were some 3,000 sub- castes, divided into four classes. The first class consisted of Brahmans, or priests, followed in order by the nobles and warriors (Kshatriyas), the merchants, farmers, and traders (Vaishyas), and the Shudras. 148/4/2015
15. 15. Contd... At the very bottom of Indian society was a group not belonging to any caste. They were known as the untouchables and performed jobs considered polluting, such as that of butchers or street sweepers 158/4/2015
16. 16. Global stratification 168/4/2015
17. 17. Global stratification Is social stratification on a global scale. Where social stratification draws attention to inequalities between smaller groups of people, global stratification draws attention to inequalities among all the countries. 178/4/2015
18. 18. THREE-WORLD MODEL For a long time, Americans used three categories to stratify nations: first, second, and third-world. The First World included the U.S. and other capitalist nations . Communist nations made up the Second World.Third World was everyone else. So the categories were originally based on political ideology. 188/4/2015
19. 19. Global Stratification ...... Global stratification categories today are high- , middle-, and low-income countries. HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES Approximately 25% of the nations in the world, hold most of the world's wealth. Three examples are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan 198/4/2015
20. 20. Contd... MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES - the largest proportion of the world's nations - about 42% - falls into the middle-income category have average income and a standard of living . India, Egypt, and Mexico are examples of middle-income countries. LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : This is third category is which constitute people living with limited resorces e.g.Bangladesh,Pakistan,and Afghanistan etc.. 208/4/2015
21. 21. 1. Property associated with education, income and occupation SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is based on Three major premises 2. POWER ability of one party to affect the behavior of another party 3. PRESTIGE the distinction or reputation and how people are subjectively evaluated by others 8/4/2015 21
22. 22. PROPERTY (WEALTH) 8/4/2015 22Forbes
23. 23. LIST OF COUNTRIES BY DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. 8/4/2015 23
24. 24. List of countries by distribution of wealth 24 1. United States 25.4% 2. JAPAN 09.86% 3. CHINA 08.77% 4. U.K. 04.71 5. GERMANY 04.65% 6. ITALY 04.34 7. INDIA 04.14% 8. FRANCE 03.49% 9. RUSSIA 01.51% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_8/4/2015
25. 25. List of countries by GDP (nominal)2013 Rank Country/Region GDP (Millions of US$) World 72,689,734 1 United States 16,768,100 2 China 9,181,204 3 Japan 4,898,532 4 Germany 3,730,261 5 France 2,806,432 6 United Kingdom 2,678,455 7 Brazil 2,243,854 8 Italy 2,149,485 9 Russia 2,096,774 10 India 1,937,797 25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29 8/4/2015
26. 26. Richest Countries in the World in year 2014 RANK COUNTRY Current International Dollar (GDP based on PPP per capita YEAR 2014) 1 Qatar 1,45,894.18 2 Luxembourg 90,332.89 3 Singapore 78,761.92 4 Brunei Darussalam 73,823.13 5 Kuwait 70,785.46 6 Norway 64,363.14 7 United Arab Emirates 63,180.83 8 Switzerland 53,976.60 9 United States 53,000.97 10 Hong Kong SAR 52,984.06 SOURCE World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014 268/4/2015
27. 27. Lowest Per capita 180 Korea, North 583 181 Mozambique 579 Zanzibar 565 182 Guinea 532 183 Gambia, The 512 184 Guinea-Bissau 510 185 Eritrea 507 186 Central African Republic 483 187 Madagascar 447 188 Niger 395 189 Liberia 356 190 Malawi 355 191 Ethiopia 354 192 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 286 193 Burundi 229 27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita 142 India 1,509 8/4/2015
28. 28. Richest Men in the World. Bill Gates Net Worth: $76 B Source of wealth: Microsoft 2. Carlos Slim Helu & family Net Worth: $72 B Source of wealth: telecom 3. Amancio Ortega Net Worth: $64 B Source of wealth: retail Warren Buffett Net Worth: $58.2 B Source of wealth: Berkshire Hathaway 5. Larry Ellison Net Worth: $48 B Source of wealth: Oracle 6. Charles Koch Net Worth: $40 B Source of wealth: diversified 6. David Koch Net Worth: $40 B Source of wealth: diversified 40. Mukesh Ambani Net Worth: $18.6 B Source of wealth: petrochemicals, oil & gas 28 61. Azim Premji Net Worth: $15.3 B Source of wealth: software 122. Hinduja Brothers Net Worth: $10 B Source of wealth: diversified 418 Anil Ambani $ 4B #19 in India Source Of Wealth- diversified 8/4/2015
29. 29. PRESTIGE Defence Minister AK Antony is the poorest minister, with personal assets worth Rs 1.8 lakh. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro fertilization". Meira Kumari, the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha on 3 June 2009 8/4/2015 29
30. 30. POWER 8/4/2015 30 Coercion Authority
31. 31. FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: 1. It is a characteristic of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences. 2. It persists over generations. 3. It is universal but variable. 4. It involves not just inequality but beliefs. 8/4/2015 31
32. 32. MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION Historically, four basic system of stratification can be distinguished: 1. slavery, 2. caste, 3. Estates & 4. class. Slavery is an extreme form of inequality, in which certain people are owned as property by others. 8/4/2015 32
33. 33. SLAVERY SYSTEM Reasons? 1) Birth 2) Consequence of committing a crime 3) Military defeat 4) Indebtedness 5) Capture and sale 8/4/2015 33
34. 34. Slavery.. According to the British Anti-Slavery Society, "Although there is no longer any state which recognizes any claim by a person to a right of property over another, there are an estimated 27 million people throughout the world, mainly children, in conditions of slavery. 8/4/2015 34
35. 35. CASTE A caste system is a social system in which ones social status is given for life. Caste system is a closed system. A person is born into a caste and remains there for life. 8/4/2015 35
36. 36. Contd... India made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of caste in 1949. Caste system remains strong in India though the situation is changing . Caste also specifies the rituals people perform i.e.marriages etc. The caste associations may establish banks, schools, colleges, rest houses and hospitals in the name and use in the field of politics. 8/4/2015 36
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38. 38. ESTATES Were part of European feudalism, but also existed in many other traditional civilisations. 8/4/2015 38
39. 39. Estate System The stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three estates - a) Nobility the wealthy and powerful families that ruled the country and owned the land. b) Clergy the Roman Catholic Church was a political power at this time, owning vast tracts of land and collecting taxes from commoners. c) Serfs the commoners, including farmers, carpenters, harness makers, and servants. 398/4/2015
40. 40. CLASS SYSTEM 8/4/2015 40
41. 41. Social class Segment of society whose members hold similar amounts of resources and share values, norms and an identifiable lifestyle. Ownership of wealth together with occupation are chief bases of class differences. 418/4/2015
42. 42. Classes differ from earlier forms of stratification in four main respects 1. Class system are fluid. 2. Class positions are in some part achieved. 3. Class is economically based. 4. Class system are large scale and impersonal 8/4/2015 42
43. 43. RACE biological attribution of a group of people transmitted from one generation to another OTHER BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ETHNICITY a distinctive social identity based on unique cultural traits - Majority Cultural Groups -Minority Groups/Cultural Communities 8/4/2015 43
44. 44. GENDER based on the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female AGE/AGING - can be examine according to 3 processes that affect people as they grow older 3 Processes Biological Psychological Social 8/4/2015 44
45. 45. DISENGAGEMENT THEORY states that older adults withdraw from personal relationships, society and from their common social roles ACTIVITY THEORY proposes that successful aging occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY 8/4/2015 45
46. 46. Is the movement between or within social classes. Its of two Types Horizontal mobility refers to movement within a social class or stratum. Vertical mobility refers to the movement between social classes or strata. SOCIAL MOBILITY 8/4/2015 46
47. 47. Contd There are two kinds of vertical mobility: Intragenerational mobility (within a persons lifetime) Intergenerational mobility (several generations of one family) 478/4/2015
48. 48. Individual effort Technological change Change in merchandising patterns Increase in populations general educational level Causes of Upward Mobility SOCIAL MOBILITY Personal factors such as illness, divorce, or retirement Technological change altering the demand for labor Overall economic health Causes of Downward Mobility 8/4/2015 48
49. 49. SOCIAL MOBILITY -???? Slavery System - possible Caste System - impossible Estate System - low but possible Class System - possible and frequently occurring 8/4/2015 49
50. 50. THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 508/4/2015
51. 51. For both the social categories Marx used the word class which is defined in terms of the ownership and non ownership of the means of production. Thus, class is a social group whose members share a similar relationship to the means of production. 538/4/2015
52. 52. Contd.. Marx believes that those who own the means of production also exercises political and legal power- Ruling class. Service class- it has to abide by the laws that the ruling class creates to protect its interest. Marx says that the ideas prevalent in a given society at a given point of time are in fact ideas of dominant class. 8/4/2015 54
53. 53. According to Marx, the last stage of class divided society would be capitalism, where conflict would take place between ruling and service class. Which would culminate in a society where there would be no classes. This society is called the communist society. 8/4/2015 55
54. 54. Communism FAILED! This was because of lack of help from most people and increase in greed. (5 May 1818 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, sociologist , economic historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism 568/4/2015
55. 55. MAX WEBERS THEORY Weber believes that besides class, there are two other forms namely status and power. The individuals skills determine his class, which is dependent upon the market. People who have no ownership of property but have skills that are much needed by the market have good chance to survive. 8/4/2015 57
56. 56. INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION 598/4/2015
57. 57. 1. EDUCATION Education can be measured as a continuous variable or categorical variable. Strong determinant of future employment and income. The knowledge and skills attained through education may affect a persons cognitive functioning. 8/4/2015 60
58. 58. Contd... Strengths Education is comparatively easy to measure in self administered questionnaires. Limitations The meaning of educational level varies for different Cohorts. Education outside the country of residence. 8/4/2015 61
59. 59. 2. INCOME Most directly measures the material resources component.The mechanisms through which income could affect health are: Buying access to better quality material Allowing access to services, which may improve health directly. Fostering self esteem and social standing. 8/4/2015 62
60. 60. limitations... Personal income is a sensitive issue and people may be reluctant to provide such information. Do not share all of their income with the rest of the household. income is variable daily, weekly, or seasonally. 8/4/2015 63
61. 61. OCCUPATION Occupation is strongly related to income Easier access to better health care, access to education, and residential facilities. Occupation may also reflect specific toxic environmental or work task exposures such as physical demands 8/4/2015 64
62. 62. Limitations........ Cannot be readily assigned to people who are not currently employed. 8/4/2015 65
63. 63. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND AMENITIES Strength They are comparatively easy to collect 8/4/2015 66
64. 64. Limitations These indicators may be specific to the geographical context where they were developed and thus be difficult to compare across studies. 8/4/2015 67
65. 65. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE Several methods or scales have been proposed for classifying different populations by socioeconomic status in India. 1. Rahudkar scale 1960 2. B G prasad 1961 3. Udai Parikh scale 1964 4. Jalota Scale 1970 5. Pareek & Kulshrestha scale 1972 6. Kuppuswamy scale 1976 7. Shrivastava scale 1978. 8. Bharadwaj scale 2001 9. Hollingshed (USA) 8/4/2015 68
66. 66. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE (RURAL) By Udai Pareek (1964) This scale has nine parameters which assess the socio-economic status of the individual:- 1. Caste 2. Occupation 3. Education 4. Social participation 5. Land 6. House 7. Farm powers 8. Material possession and 698/4/2015
67. 67. Udai Pareek SES Scale(Rural) 1. Caste :Schedule Caste -1, Lower caste -2 ,Artisan Caste -3 ,Agriculture 4, Prestige Caste -5,Dominant Caste -6 2. Occupation: Labor=1, Caste occupation=2, Business=3, inde-pendent profession=4, cultivation=5, Service=6 . 3. Education: Illiterate=0, Can read only=1, Can read and write=2, Primary=3, Middle=4, High school=5, Graduate=6 . 4. Social Participation: Mem-ber of one organization=1, Member of more than one organization=2, Office holder=3, Wider public leader=6 5. Land: 0= no land, 1= < 1 acre, 2= 1-5 acres, 3= 5-10 acres, 4= 10-15 acres, 5= 15-20 acres, 6= >20 acres 6. House: No home=0, Hut=1, Katcha house=2, Mixed house=3, Pucca house=4, Mansion=6 7. Farm power: 1= no drought animal, 2= 1-2 drought animals, 4= 3-4 drought animals or =1 prestige animal, 6= 5-6 drought animals or tractor 8. Material Possession: Bullock-cart=1, Cycle=1, Radio=1, Chairs=1, improved agricultural implements=2, Mobile Phone=4, Television= 3, Refrigerators=8 9. Family: Type: Single=1, Joint=2, Extended= 3, Size: Up to 5=2, Distinctive features=2 708/4/2015
68. 68. Score The reliability of the scale was found to be very high(r = 0.93). Total score Social class Above 43 Upper Class (I) 33-42 Upper Middle Class (II) 24-32 Middle Class (III) 13-23 Lower Middle Class (IV) Below 13 Lower Class (V) 718/4/2015
69. 69. The Hollingshead Four Factor SES Scale The Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed to measure social status of an individual based on four domains: a) Marital status, b) Retired/employed status, c) Educational attainment, d) Occupational prestige. 728/4/2015
70. 70. 8/4/2015 73 Classification for 2013 Socio Economic Status: Class BG Prasads Classification of 1961 Modified BG Prasads Classification for 2015 1961 Jan 2015 I Rs 100 and above Rs> 5797 II Rs 50-99 Rs>2898-5797 III Rs 30-49 Rs 1932-2577 IV Rs 15-29 Rs 869-1546 V Below Rs 15 Below Rs 869 They have been calculated as: New income value = 2.54 (old value 4.63 4.93). All-India Average CPIfor Industrial Workers in Jan 2015= 254
71. 71. Contd.. Strength Applicable to both rural and urban area. Can be modified according to current CPI. Easy to measure. Limitation Single indicator. Reluctance by the people to reveal. Impractical today & has lower validity due to great variations in CPI.8/4/2015 74
72. 72. KUPPUSWAMY REVISED SCALE 2012 8/4/2015 75 (A) Education Score 1 Professional or Honors 4 2 Graduate or Post Graduate 3 3 High school or Intermediate or Diploma 2 4 Illiterate or Primary school 1 (B) Occupation Score 1 Legislators, Senior Offi cials, and Managers 13 2 Professionals 11 3 Technicians and Associate Professionals 9 4 Clerks 7 5 Service Workers /Shop/Market Sales Workers 6 6 Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers 5 7 Craft and Related Trades Workers 4 8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 3
73. 73. 8/4/2015 76 (C) Monthly family income Jan 2015 (INR) 7. 37338 6. >18669 37338 5. >14360 18669 4. >9573 14360 3. >5657 9573 2. >1895 5657 1. 1895 Total Score Socioeconomic class 2629 Upper (I) 1625 Upper Middle (II) 1115 Middle/Lower middle (III) 510 Lower/Upper lower (IV)