Social Sciences- 3

7/27/2019 Social Sciences- 3

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MEDICAL

SOCIOLOGY-3DR. PRIYANKA DEVGUN

ASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPTT. OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE


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The two basics of society

Social structure

Culture

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Culture

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviorsand material objects that are passed from onegeneration to next.

Culture is universal, learned, shared, cumulative,paradoxical

Any behaviour that is biologically

determined is not cultural phenomenon3


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How Culture Affects Our Lives

The effects of our own culture generally remainimperceptible to us.

These learned and shared ways penetrate our being.

Culture becomes the lens through which we perceiveand evaluate what is going on around us.


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Components of Culture

Non material culture- ways of thinking andacting

Cognitive culture values, beliefs, ideology

(THINK)Symbolic culture symbols, languages, gestures,

non-verbal communication,body language

(EXPRESS)

Normative culture Socially expected behaviour

(ACT)

Material culture- Clothing, arts etc. 5


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Normative culture

ValuesIdeas of what is desirable in life. Valuesare standards by which people define good andbad.

Normsrules for behaviour and social responsethat develop out of a groups values.

SanctionsPositive or negative reactions to theways in which people follow norms.

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Values: The Basis for Norms

Values: are broad ideas about what mostpeople in society consider to be desirable

Values are much more general than norms

Values are so general that they do not dictateprecise ways of thinking, feeling or behaving;therefore different groups within the same

society can have different norms based on thesame value


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The Importance of Values

Values have an strong influence on humansocial behavior b/c they form the basis fornorms

Values are important because they are generalenough to be involved in multiple aspects ofyour daily life

Ex. A society that values democracy will havenorms ensuring personal freedoms


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Norms

Norms: Rules for defining appropriate andinappropriate behavior

Guidelines for behaving in specific situations

Once norms are learned they guide socialbehavior for members of society

Most people are unaware of norms until they arebroken.

People dont automatically follow norms; normsare learned and accepted by the use of sanctionsAs we get older we tend to conform on our own without sanctions


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Types of Norms

William Sumner who wrote about normsidentified three types of norms in societies

Their importance varies from one society to another

Folkways Mores

Laws


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Folkways: norms not strictly enforced

Mores: rules concerning the core valueof society.

Laws: rules in the form of legal codes,enforced by governmentagencies.

Taboos: a strongly ingrained norm, theviolation of which is repugnant(cannibalism)


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Folkways

Folkways: rules that cover customary ways ofthinking, feeling and behaving but they lackmoral significance

Because folkways are not vital to groupwelfare, disapproval for breaking them isoften not great

Typically people who dont follow them are seen more as odd

than anything


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Mores (MOR-ays)

Mores: comes from the word moralMorality deals with behavior related to right and wrong

Mores are norms of great moral significance and are

vital to the well being of societyConformity brings about social approval and violation

brings strong disapproval

Taboo: the most serious mores a norm so strongthat violation demands punishment by the group.They are mores in negative.


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Laws

Laws: norms that are defined and enforced byofficialsUnlike folkways and mores which are created overtime

and usually unconsciously; laws are consciously createdand enforced

Mores are an important starting point when creatinglaws

Laws often remain in the books long after themores of society have changed resulting in laws thatseem strange or illogical


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Sanctions

Definition: penalties and rewards for

conduct concerning a social norm.

Types: Positive, Negative, Formal, and

Informal


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Sanctions

Positive: a reward

Negative: a punishment

Formal: Comes from an organization(school, government)

Informal: spontaneous expression of

approval or disapproval


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SANCTIONS

MORES/TABOOS

prison/fines/death/exile/firings

FOLKWAYS

frowns/smiles/insults/avoidance/jail small

fines/rewards/promotions/


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Sanctions

Positive Negative

Formal

Informal


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COASTING THRU ASTOP SIGN


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DRIVING 80 KMPHIN A SCHOOLZONE


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Playing tennis in colouredclothes


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being married to 2people at the same

time.


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Believing in God

Bumping into someone one and not saying excuse me

Murder

Cheating on your income tax

Child Abuse

Writing graffiti on a gravestone

Parking in a Handicap parking space

Sitting during the national anthem

Cutting between cars in a funeral procession

DUI

Overusing otc painkiller


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Believing in God folkway

Bumping into someone one and not saying excuse me

Murder


Child Abuse

Writing graffiti on a building




DUI



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Bumping into someone one and not saying excuse me folkway

Murder


Child Abuse





DUI



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Murder law


Child Abuse





DUI



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Murder law

Cheating on your income tax law

Child Abuse





DUI



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Murder law


Child Abuse law

Writing graffiti on a gravestone




DUI



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Murder law


Child Abuse law

Writing graffiti on a gravestone more




DUI



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Murder Law

Cheating on your income tax Law

Child Abuse Law


Parking in a Handicap parking space Folkway/ more



DUI



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Murder Law


Child Abuse Law



Sitting during the national anthem Folkway/ more


DUI



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Murder Law


Child Abuse Law




Cutting between cars in a funeral procession more

DUI



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Murder Law


Child Abuse Law




Cutting between cars in a funeral procession more

DUI law



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Believing in God Folkway

Bumping into someone one and not saying excuse me Folkway

Murder Law


Child Abuse Law

Writing graffiti on a gravestone More



Cutting between cars in a funeral procession More

DUI Law

Overusing otc painkiller More


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Belching or passing flatus in public

Cigarette smoking in sikhs

Cussing/ use of swear words by children

Bride (Indian) decked in white

Lying habitually

Not doing homework

Disrespectful handling of the cadavar

Girl wearing trousers

Boy wearing skirt

Girl wearing earrings

Boy wearing earrings


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Belching or passing flatus in public Folkway

Cigarette smoking in sikhs



Lying habitually

Not doing homework



Boy wearing skirt




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Cigarette smoking in sikhs More/ Taboo



Lying habitually

Not doing homework



Boy wearing skirt




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Cussing/ use of swear words by children More


Lying habitually

Not doing homework



Boy wearing skirt




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Bride (Indian) decked in white More

Lying habitually

Not doing homework



Boy wearing skirt




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Cigarette smoking in sikhs More/ taboo



Lying habitually More

Not doing homework



Boy wearing skirt




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Not doing homework More



Boy wearing skirt




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Disrespectful handling of the cadavar More


Boy wearing skirt




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Girl wearing trousers Folkway

Boy wearing skirt




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Boy wearing skirt Taboo




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Girl wearing earrings folkway



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Girl wearing earrings folkway

Boy wearing earrings Folkway/ taboo


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NORMS

HOPEFULLY YOUNOW KNOW THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENFOLKWAYS,MORES, LAWS, AND

TABOOS


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Cultural changes

Cultural diffusion: the spread of culturalcharacteristics from one culture to another. cultures.

Cultural leveling: As one part of a culture changes,the other parts has to follow, cultural leveling refers

to the process by which culture becomes similar toone another.

Cultural lag: William Ogburns term for a situationin which nonmaterial culture lags behind changes in

the material culture. Cultural shock: the psychological and social

maladjustment many people suffer when they visitor live in another society.


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Ethnocentrism

Using ones own cultural standards to judgeother cultures, thinking their own culture issuperior and the only way of life.

Functions:generate social cohesion, promotepatriotism

Dysfunctions: cause discrimination, segregation,conflict, hamper social change

Social Sciences- 3

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