Social science shiva

SOCIOLOGY, LIFESTYLEANDORAL HEALTH

Dr. K.Shivashankar2nd year MDS

Dept. of Public Health Dentistry

CONTENTS• Introduction• Specialization within sociology• Theories in sociology• Concepts in sociology• Social organizations• Social class• Socioeconomic status• Sociology and Health• Sociology and Oral Health• Conclusion • References

INTRODUCTION

• Social science = anthropology + political sciences + psychology

+ sociology………….

• Sociology is derived from Latin socio, meaning society

Greek logos, meaning science

• Society is derived from socius, meaning individual

societa, meaning group

INTRODUCTION

Social and Behavioural sciences• Economics • Political science• Sociology• Social psychology• Anthropology

Sociology

Auguste comte – founder of sociology

Sociology - study of individual & groups in a society.

Deals with

• Study of relationships between human beings

• Study of human behavior

Concerned with the effects on…individual of the ways in which

other individuals think and act.

SPECIALIZATION WITHIN SOCIOLOGY

Concepts in sociology

SOCIETY• Defined in simple terms as an organization of member agents.

• Importance of society…..controls and regulates the behavior

of individual both by laws and customs

• exerts pressure to conform to its norms


Community:

• The people living in a particular place or region….linked by common interest.

WHO:

• A community is a social group determined by geographical boundaries and

or common values and interest.

• Members know and interact with each other.

• It functions within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates

certain norms, values and social institutions.

• The individual belongs to the border society through his family and

community


SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• It refers to the pattern of inter-relations between persons.

• Every society has a social structure - a complex of major

institutions, groups, power structure and status hierarchy.


SOCIAL INSTITUTION:It is an organized complex pattern of behavior in which a number of persons participate in order to further group interest.


ROLEIn a society, individuals are allocated roles as people in drama, classified into ascribed and achieved.


SOCIALISMThe general term for any economic doctrine that favors the use of property and resources of the country for the public welfare.All for each---- each for all---- all for all

Concepts in sociologySOCIALIZATIONEvery society has its beliefs, customs, traditions and prejudices. A man acquires these in his everyday social interaction with the people of the society, this is called socialization.


SOCIAL CONTROL MECHANISM• In every society there are rules,

formal and informal, for the maintenance of relationships of authority and subordination.

• The laws and enactments of parliament are social control mechanisms.

• In the field of health there are various Acts, some central and other states or local which help to maintain the standards of health


CUSTOMS

• Customs are technically divided into Folkways and Mores.

• The folkways are the right ways of doing things in what is

regarded as the less vital areas of the human conduct.

• The most stringent customs are called as Mores. The laws are

generally customs inspired.

Concepts in sociologyCULTURE

• Culture is defined as learned behavior

which has been socially acquired.

• Culture is the product of human

societies and man is largely a product

of his cultural environment.

• It is widely held that culture stands for

the customs, beliefs, laws, religion and

moral precepts, arts and other

capabilities and skills acquired by man

as a member of society.

Concepts in sociologyACCULTURATION

• It means culture contact.

• Various ways by which acculturation

takes place

Trade and commerce

Industrialization

Propagation of relation

Education

Conquest


STANDARD OF LIVING• The standard of living in a country

depends upon The level of national incomeThe total amount of goods and

services a country is able to produce

The size of the populationThe level of educationGeneral price level


DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE

• The interaction between social factors and health issues is

complex and unpredictable.

• A typical feature of traditional societies is a sense of continuity

and immutability in patterns of social life.

• Traditional societies may be better able to cope with change

and modern societies are perhaps best adapted to assimilate

rapid changes. (WHO 1986)


SOCIAL STRESSA major source of stress particularly in traditional societies is the conflict generated by new opportunities and frustrations arising from societal changes. These stresses inducing conditions include-• The wave of migration from rural to urban areas and the consequent

diminution in the traditional family support system• A greater exposure through mass media to ideas that had been

previously culturally alien• Tourism • Change in technological needs of the society requiring skills that are

different from those of previous generations and for which the training or education available may be inadequate


SOCIAL PROBLEMSIndividual and social problemPoverty, crime and disease common social problems.Many public health problems are social problems and vice versa.


SOCIAL PATHOLOGY

• The term is given a restricted

interpretation linking it to poverty,

crime, delinquency and vagrancy.

• In the modern context, the term is

also used to describe the relation

between disease and social

conditions.


SOCIAL SURVEYSThey disclose social pathology. When the objective of an epidemiological research is to study the etiology of disease, the two merge into what is known as ‘social epidemiology’.


COMMUNICATIONIt is referred to a social process – the flow of information, the circulation of knowledge and ideas and the propagation of thoughts. The role of communication is to motivate people and to bring out change in behavior.


SOCIAL DEFENCEIt covers the entire gamut of preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative services for the protection of society from antisocial, criminal or deviant, conduct of man.


CASE STUDYMethod of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit.Collects large amount of information from a small groupsurvey+ case study= more information


FIELD STUDYField studies are concerned with depth of knowledge; involve observation of people in situ.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION• The groups to which people belong are the

The family: it is the basic unit in all societies. Religion and casteTemporary social groups• Crowd• Mob• Herd

Permanent special groups• Band • Village • Towns and cities • States

Government and political organizations

THE FAMILY

• The family is a primary unit in all societies.

• It is a group of biologically related individuals living together

and eating from a common kitchen.

• As a biological unit….. genes

• As a social unit….. Physical and social environment

• As a cultural unit…… culture of a society

• An epidemiological unit for providing social services as well as

comprehensive medical care.

Family cycle and stress• Structure• Childhood• Adolescence• Parenthood• Ageing

TYPES OF FAMILIES

• Nuclear family

• Joint family

• Three generation family

• Functions of the family:

Residence

Division of labor

Reproduction and bringing up

children

Socialization

Economic functions

Social care

• Family in health and disease:

Child rearing

Socialization

Personality formation

Care of dependent adults

Stabilization of adult personality

Family susceptible to disease

Broken family

Problem families

The community

No man is an island. Major functioning unit of society.Characteristics of community:• Contagious geographic area• People living together• People Cooperate to satisfy basic

needs• Common organizations

Society

Structure of society:• Caste• Income• Occupation

Types of societies:• Rural societies• Urban societies

Society

Social morbidity:Indian society --- caste system• Closed- class• Open-class

SOCIAL CLASS • People in a community are differentiated by certain characteristics which

they bear. • These characteristics may be personal, economic, cultural and educational.• Social scientists have used occupation widely as a means of determining the

level of social standing of an individual in a community, because occupation has an enormous importance in all societies for understanding human behavior.

• Occupation is a major determinant of;• Economic rewards• Extent of authority• Extent of obligations• Degree of status• Values and lifestyles

THE UK REGISTRAR GENERAL’S OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION

• Professional

• Intermediate

• Skilled non manual

• Skilled Manual

• Partly skilled

• Unskilled

LIMITATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION

• Heterogeneous grouping

• Occupational mobility

• Women

TYPES OF WORKERS• Skilled employee

capable of working independently and efficiently capable of reading and working on simple drawing circuits and process, if necessary.

e.g. electrician, mechanic, tailor• Semi-skilled

Sufficient knowledge of the particular trade or above to do respective work and simple job with the help of simple tools and machines.e.g. asst.operator, asst.electrician

• Un-skilled WorkerPossesses no special trainingSimple duties requiring the exercise of little or no independent judgment or previous experience although a familiarity with the occupational environment is necessary. e.g. watchman, cleaner, sweeper

Other measure of social differentiation

• Education• Income• Purchasing power• Religion• Rural and urban

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SCALE

• Hollingshed in USA• Education

• Occupation

• residential address

• Several methods or scales have been proposed for classifying different

populations by socioeconomic status (India)• Rahudkar scale 1960,

• Udai Parikh scale 1964,

• Jalota Scale 1970,

• Kulshrestha scale 1972,

• Kuppuswamy scale 1976,

• Shrivastava scale 1978, and

• Bharadwaj scale 2001.

Udai Pareek and G. Trivedi (1964)

• Agarwal scale

Kuppuswamy’s scale Wealth indexeconomic status of households

SOCIAL CLASS AND HEALTH

• Public health is viewed as a science that seeks to intervene, control, and

prevent large – scale processes that negatively affect public’s health.

• By these criteria, there is a strong logical fit of sociological principles and

practices within public health.

• Despite psychology having become the key social science discipline in

public health, many of the primary concerns of present day public health,

with large scale variables such as social capital, social inequality, social

status, and health care organization and financing, remain topics best

suited to the sociological perspective and methodology.

SOCIETY AND ORAL HEALTH

• The future challenges to dentistry and public health care

planning are confined to areas of expertise that relate to the

non clinical dimension of dental practice – health promotion,

community based preventive care and outreach activities.

• A proper understanding of the social context of the oral health

and illness is a prerequisite to the provision of such care by

the dental profession and its participation in the public health

action programs.

SOCIAL AND STRATIFICATION ORAL HEALTH

UPPER MIDDLE CLASS The professional, business and executive group, well educated, living in

preferred areas in well-maintained homes.

They value their teeth, are interested in preventive dentistry and

actively pursue various types of dental care.

Visualize the dentist as a professional who not only repairs teeth but

also prevents decay and loss of teeth and makes person teeth more

attractive and useful.

Desire to have their own teeth for as long as possible.

LOWER MIDDLE CLASS “Owners of small business, minor executives, teachers,

salesman and white – collar workers”.

The dentist is considered as one who gives directions as to

how teeth should be cared for and who is useful for preventive

dentistry.

Dental health habits begin early and followed with

persistence.

UPPER LOWER CLASS• Skilled and semi skilled blue collar workers. They are people of limited

education; law abiding respectable, hard working citizens.

• Feel there is little they can do to stance off the inevitable, including the

loss of their teeth.

• They receive artificial dentures at a relatively early age and are happy

with them. Self-medications based on popular notions interests them.

• They instruct their children how to care of their teeth, but the children

are more or less on their own after that.

LOWER CLASS• Also called the underprivileged or disadvantaged

• Unskilled laborers, people who shift from job to job, have a

limited education, live in slum areas and exhibit no stable

pattern of life.

• Most consistent neglect of teeth and they require careful

understanding if they are to receive adequate care in public

health facilities.

SOCIOLOGY AND DENTAL CARIES Dental caries…..lifestyle and self-controlled behavioral factors, including

poor oral hygiene, poor diet and inappropriate feeding of infants. Other

factors….. poverty, deprivation, education, dental insurance coverage

and use of fissure sealants .

WHO….. caries has declined in many developed countries from a high

DMFT level, at age 12 years, of about 4.5 in 1980 to about 2.5 in 1998.

Across the same period, caries levels for developing countries always

were lower, but they have been increasing constantly, at the same age,

from about 1.5 to 2.5. This increase is particularly alarming owing to

the fact that the developing countries represent most of our world

SOCIOLOGY AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Periodontal disease is related strongly with smoking and

decreases alongside a reduction in smoking. As previously noted,

smoking is heaviest among lowest-income households in

developing economies

According to a study people from higher social classes, those with

more education, people living in urban areas and females have

less severe periodontal disease than their lower social class

counterparts who are less educated, male and live in rural areas.

SOCIOLOGY AND ORAL CANCERThe prevalence…..particularly high among developing

countries and is the eighth most common cancer globally.

Oral cancer incidence levels among men range from one to 10

cases per 100,000 and generally are twice as high in

developing countries as they are in developed countries.

SOCIOLOGY AND TOOTH LOSS

Incomes equal to or above twice the poverty guideline had an

average complete tooth loss of 4.41 percent, as compared with

9.28 percent among those with incomes below the poverty

guideline.

At ages 65 years and older, those with incomes equal to or above

twice the poverty guideline had an average complete tooth loss of

26.9 percent, as compared with an average complete tooth loss of

44.19 per-cent among people with incomes below this level

SOCIOLOGY AND OROFACIAL PAIN

• Acute pain is more common in orofacial region. Any pain

which exists for more than 6 months and it does not respond

to treatment is chronic, it involves psychological component in

terms of its onset and consequences and may create many

psychological problems for patients and families, such as

changes in roles, conflicts in marital and other relationships,

and issues of legitimation in defining the scope of the problem

for the purpose of litigation

MALOCCLUSION, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES

• Cleft lip and cleft palate plays a major role here.

• Earlier research were based on the significance of face and

oral cavity for self – image and self – esteem, social interaction

and social relationships.

• Recent studies showed that perceived facial and physical

attractiveness is associated with the attribution of other

socially desirable characteristics.

Inequalities in oral health: a review of the evidence and recommendations for action• Reviewed the evidence on social inequalities in oral health in

Britain.

• Widening inequalities in oral health existed between social

classes, regions of England, and among certain minority ethnic

groups in pre-school children. Wide district and regional

differences also existed in prevalence of caries in young

children. The area differences related very strongly to

deprivation.

• In adults the differences in decay experience was less unequal than

in children but there were marked social class inequalities in

edentulousness.

• The main causes of the inequalities were differences in patterns of

consumption of non milk extrinsic sugars and fluoridated

toothpaste.

• Conclusion: Oral health inequalities will only be reduced through the

implementation of effective and appropriate oral health promotion

policy and that treatment services will never successfully tackle the

underlying cause of oral diseases.

CONCLUSION• Dentist around the world should not only treat patients on

biological context rather they should understand the sociological factors that contribute to oral health status of patients.

THANK YOU

References• Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 22nd edition, Bhanot

publishers, Jabalpur.• Teodora Timis, Danila I, Socioeconomic status and oral health, Journal of

Preventive Medicine. 2005; 13 (1-2): 116-121.• Bhasin SK, Sharma AK, Chhabra P, Rajoura OP. A New Instrument (Scale) for

Measuring the Socioeconomic Status of a Family: Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2005; 30:111-4.

• Thakur A S, Acharya S, Singhal D, Nivedita Rewal. Socioeconomic Status And Oral Health In India - A Critical Review. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. October 2012 Supplementary Issue Issue:4, Vol.:4

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• Lois K. Cohen, Helen C. Gift, Disease prevention and oral health promotion• Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of

oral health in the 21st century - the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiology 2003;31(supplement 1):3-23.

• Selwitz RH, Ismail AL, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007; 369(9555):519.

• Harold D. Sgan-Cohen, Jonathan Mann. Health, oral health and poverty. Journal of American dental association 2007: 138: 1437-1442.

• Hobdell MH, Oliveira ER, Bautista R. Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES). Br Dent J 2003;194(2):91-6.

• Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Vital Health Stat 2007; 11(248):1-92.

• R.N. Gupta. A scale to measure socio-economic status in urban & rural communities in India. Indian J Med Res 122, October 2005, pp 288-289

• Guru Raj M.S., Shilpa S, Maheshwaran, R. Revised socio-economic status scale for urban and rural india – revision for 2015. The Scientific Journal for Theory and Practice of Socio-economic Development. 2015, 4(7): 167-174

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