Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
-
Upload
vipul-joshi -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 1/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
THINKSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter
Prosocial Behavior:
Why We Help, andWhy We Don’t
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 2/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Why do We Help?
• Prosocial behavior – positive social
actions intended to help others
l Egoistic model – when behaviors are done for
selfish reasons
l Altruistic model – when behaviors are donefor selfless reasons
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 3/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Models of Helping Behaviour
• Evolution and socio-Biological Theory
• Social Learning and Normative Model
• Empathy and Altruism• Emotional arousal and Attributional Model
of Helping
• Decision Making and Cost Reward Analysis
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 4/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Evolutionary Factors
in Helping: Kin Selection
• What is important is survival of the
individual’s genes, not survival of the
fittest individual.
• Kin selection is the tendency to help
genetic relatives.l Strongest when biological stakes are
particularly high
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 5/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Evolutionary Factors in
Helping: Reciprocal Altruism
• What is the reproductive advantage of
helping someone who isn’t related to you?
• Through reciprocal altruism, helping
someone else can be in your best
interests.
l Increases the likelihood that you will be
helped in return.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 6/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Evolutionary Factors in
Helping: Group Selection
• Can altruism exist beyond specific genes
or specific reciprocal relationships
between individuals?
l Indirect reciprocity – “I help you and
somebody else helps me”
l Group selection – groups that have altruistic
members may be more likely to survive thangroups with only selfish members
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 7/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Social Learning and Normative
Model
• From beginning we are exposed to helpful
models and taught Prosocial Norms
• Approval received for following the norms
and disapproved for violating
• Leads to internalization of societal
standards
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 8/79
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 9/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Norms
• Social responsibility norm ( Fisher
1981,Fellner and Marshall 1981)
• Prosocial behavior can be inspired by
pressure from society and its members
• Help is given to those who are seen to be
dependent or lack the capacity to help
themselves e.g. children, elderly anddisabled
• If we think a victim is to blame for their
situation, however, we won’t help
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 10/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Normative Model of HelpingBY
Schwartz
• Based on the criticism of Norms and learning of
the Norms Model
• i) norm of social responsibility is broad;
sometimes permit people to sidestep helping
others
• ii) two conflicting norms-social responsibility andnorms of non-involvement
• iii) people do not act consistently with the norms
they hold
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 11/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Schwartz’s Model
i) ACTIVATION•(potential helper perceives need for help and some responsibility for his/her
behaviour)
ii) OBLIGATION
•( a personal norm calling for specific action is generated and creates a feelingof moral obligation)
iii) DEFENSES•(the helper assess potential responses and their implications either assuming
or denying personal responsibility to act )
iv) RESPONSE•(action is taken if activation and obligation have occurred and defenses against
acting are minimal; otherwise inaction occurs)
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 12/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Altruism or Egoism: The Great
Debate
• Is helping motivated by altruistic or egoistic concerns?
l Altruistic: Motivated by the desire to increase
another’s welfare.l Egoistic: Motivated by the desire to increase
one’s own welfare.
• Batson: The motivation behind some
helpful actions is truly altruistic.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 13/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Empathy – Altruism
Hypothesis/Model
byBatson, Duncan,Ackerman,Buckley, and Birch
1981• Alternative Explanation:
• I) Negative State Relief Model
• II) Empathetic Joy Hypothesis
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 14/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
• Empathy is the capacity to be able to
experience others’ emotional states,
feeling sympathetic toward them, and
taking their perspective
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 15/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 16/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 17/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Negative State Relief Model
By
Cialdini, Baumann and Kenrick
1981
• We help because helping allows us to
reduce our own negative, unpleasant
emotions.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 18/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
The
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
and The Negative State Relief Model
From C.D. Batson, The Altruism Question, 1991. Reprinted with permission of Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 19/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Empathetic Joy Hypothesis
By
Smith, Keating and Stotland1989
• Helping in response to empathy ismotivated neither by a selfless concern for
the welfare of others, nor by the reduction
of personal distress, but rather by the joyone experiences when observing that
another person’s needs have been met.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 20/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
• Helper responds to the needs of a victim
because they want to accomplishsomething and doing so is rewarding in
and of itself
• i.e. it feels good to have a positive effecton the lives of other people.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 21/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Egoistic Models of Helping
• Egoism encourages helping because of aconcern about the costs to one’s self if help is
not provided.
l
Egoism seeks to reduce personal distress.l Egoism highlights the potential rewards for
helping others.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 22/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Altruism vs. Egoism:
Limits
• Strong evidence for the empathy-altruism
hypothesis.
• Limitations to empathy-altruism hypothesis:
l Not all helping is altruistically motivated.
l Motives do not guarantee behavior.
l Is the assumption that there is a clear dividebetween the self and the other a valid one?
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 23/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Emotional Arousal and
Attributional Model of HelpingBy
Piliavin 1981
• Arousal is important in helping
• Flight response if arousal is to the extent
of panic and perception of little chance to
accomplice anything positive
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 24/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
• According to Attributional model of
helping, thoughts are also important
• Attribution
i) if internal and controllable cause then
negative emotion is aroused
ii) if external and uncontrollable cause thenpositive emotion is aroused
Emotion experienced determines the
degree to which the help is provided
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 25/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Attributional model of helping
Personrequiring
help
Physiologic
al arousal
Internal
attribution
Analysis of situationin order to label
arousal
External
Attribution
PositiveEmotional
Response
Helping
Negative
emotional
response
Not
helping
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 26/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When do we help ?
• The decision model of bystander
intervention
• By
• John Darley and Bibb Latane’
• 1968
• e.g. Kitty Genovese in 1964
Kitt G d D idi t
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 27/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Kitty Genovese and Deciding to
Help
• In March, 1964, a New York City woman named
Catherine “Kitty” Genovese was raped and stabbed to
death as she returned home from work late at night.
• 38 people had witnessed some or all of the attack, which
took place in two or three distinct episodes over a period
of about a half hour—and yet no one did anything to stop
it
• No one even reported it to the police until the woman
was already dead.
Kitt G d D idi t
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 28/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Kitty Genovese and Deciding to
Help
• Although the murder itself was tragic, the nation
was even more outraged that so many people
who could have helped seemingly displayed
callous indifference.
• And so the failure of bystanders to intervene
became known as “Kitty Genovese Syndrome”
• “Social psychologists sometimes call it the
“Bystander Effect.”
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 29/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
•
All of these attacks had many witnesses, yet
nobody intervened
The five step decision model states that several
criteria must be satisfied for a bystander to
intervene and help
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 30/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
• One: Notice the emergency
• Can be affected by personal life concerns
and proximity to the event. If the potential
helper is preoccupied by special concernsthen prosocial behaviour is less likely to
occur
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 31/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
• Two: Correctly interpreting the Event as
an Emergency
• Pluralistic ignorance – if nobody else
helps, we might believe help is not needed
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 32/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
• Three: Feel a sense of responsibility
• The bystander effect – the more people present, the
more we experience a diffusion of responsibility
• Four: Decide how to help
• Do we know what is needed and are we capable of
providing it?
• If we feel competent to help, we are more likely to do soe.g. good swimmers can assist a person who is
drowning
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 33/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
• Five: Provide help
• It is best to do so in a way that does not
compromise your own safety (if possible)
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 34/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Moral Element in Helping
• Moral cleansing – engaging in actions that
are meant to restore a sense of order
l Neurobiological explanation – the mesolimbic
reward system is activated when we give or receive rewards
C t R d M d l f H l i
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 35/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Cost-Reward Model of Helping
by
Piliavin ( 1981)• Cost-Reward analysis
l We are more inclined to help others when it
will help us as welll We weigh others’ needs with our own. If
helping "costs" too much, we won’t.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 36/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
• The decision model of bystander
intervention
l Kitty Genovese in 1964
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 37/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Kitty Genovese and Deciding
to Help
• In March, 1964, a New York City woman namedCatherine “Kitty” Genovese was raped and stabbedto death as she returned home from work late atnight.
• 38 people had witnessed some or all of the attack,which took place in two or three distinct episodesover a period of about a half hour—and yet no one
did anything to stop it
• No one even reported it to the police until thewoman was already dead.
Kitt G d D idi
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 38/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Kitty Genovese and Deciding
to Help
• Although the murder itself was tragic, the nationwas even more outraged that so many people whocould have helped seemingly displayed callousindifference.
• And so the failure of bystanders to intervenebecame known as “Kitty Genovese Syndrome”
• “Social psychologists sometimes call it the“Bystander Effect.”
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 39/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When Do We Help?
• All of these attacks had many witnesses,
yet nobody intervened
• The five step decision model states that
several criteria must be satisfied for a
bystander to intervene and help
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 40/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When do We Help?
• One: Notice the emergency
l Can be affected by personal life concerns and
proximity to the event
• Two: Interpret the need for help
l Pluralistic ignorance – if nobody else helps,
we might believe help is not needed
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 41/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When do We Help? (continued)
• Three: Feel a sense of responsibility
l The bystander effect – the more peoplepresent, the more we experience a diffusionof responsibility
• Four: Decide how to help
l Do we know what is needed and are we
capable of providing it?l If we feel competent to help, we are more
likely to do so
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 42/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
When do We Help? (continued)
• Five: Provide help
l It is best to do so in a way that does not
compromise your own safety (if possible)
l Do we fear risk of liability? Good Samaritanprotection
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 43/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Factors Effecting Prosocial
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 44/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Factors Effecting Prosocial
Behaviour
• 1. SITUATIONAL FACTORS
• i) person in need of help
• a ) nature of the need• b ) relationship with the potential helper
and aspects of interpersonal attraction
• Ii ) Influence of other people• a ) presence of others
• b ) action of others
Factors affecting Prosocial
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 45/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Factors affecting Prosocial
Behaviour
• 2) PERSONAL FACTORS
• i) Emotional factors
•Ii) Background Variables
• Iii) Personality Traits
• Iv) Gender
• V) Time Pressures• Vi) Motivational factors
• Vii) culture
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 46/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Person in need of help
Nature of the need•--- perceived dependency
•--- perceived legitimacy
•--- external attribution of victim’s responsibility
Relationship with the Helper •--- relationship between relatives and friends imply mutual
dependence and a special obligation to help
•--- aspects of interpersonal attraction (e.g. brief
acquaintance, familiarity, similiarity, etc. ) also influence
prosocial beh
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 47/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Influence of other people
• Presence of others
---- Bystander effect: study done by Latane
and Darley (1970)
• The likelihood of a prosocial behaviour in an
emergency situation is affected by the number of
bystanders who are present. As the number of
bystanders increases, the probability that onebystander will help decreases and the amount of
time that passes before help occurs increases.
Factors Affecting the Decision to help:
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 48/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Factors Affecting the Decision to help:
Pluralistic Ignorance
• Pluralistic Ignorance
l The tendency not to respond to a potentially
dangerous situation because of a collectiveuncertainty about what is happening that is
reinforced by the fact that no one else
seems concerned or is responding
Factors Affecting the Decision to help:
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 49/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
g pEvaluation Apprehension and Audience
Inhibition
• Bystanders may feel evaluation
apprehension, concern about what others
expect of them and how others willevaluate their behavior.
l In addition, if others are present and not
reacting it may seem to infer that others do not
see the need to intervene.
l Intervention in this case would seem foolish
Factors Affecting the Decision to help:
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 50/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Factors Affecting the Decision to help:
Diffusion of Responsibility
• This process occurs when a bystander
does not take action to help because other
persons share the responsibility for
intervening.
l This occurs at the third step in the process of
deciding to help.
l If others are present, personal responsibility toact is diminished the number of others
present.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 51/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Action of Others
-- facial expressions, words, deeds
-- reinforcement and punishment-- social learning and modeling
2 PERSONAL FACTORS
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 52/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
2.PERSONAL FACTORS
Emotional factors
Attractiveness
Similarity and Mimicry
Background Variables
Personality Traits
Gender
Time Pressures
Motivational factors
Culture
Modelling
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 53/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Emotional state
• Mood
l As noted, being in a good mood increases the chance of
prosocial behavior
- The mood can increase self-awareness
-
We match our actions with our actual self
Negative mood increases help only when the need for the help is
clear, when little cost is involved and when the adult view the help
as the negative state relief .
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 54/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Attractiveness
• Attractiveness – sadly, we are more likely
to help attractive people. Why do you think
that is?
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 55/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Similarity and Mimicry
• Similarityl We are more likely to help those similar to
ourselves
l Similarity = attractionl Race – this tendency holds for both black and
white people
• Mimicry – acting the same way that othersdol More prosocial behavior is demonstrated
toward those who mimic our actions
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 56/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Background variables
• Size of the Town
• Study by Latane and Darley (1970)
• Small Town people help more as
compared to large cities
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 57/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
People in rural areas are more helpful . This effect
holds over a wide variety of ways of helping and in
many countries.
One possible explanation is that people from rural
settings are brought up to be more neighbourly and
more likely to trust strangers. This experience
enhances the altruistic personality.
This seems unlikely to be true.
Rural Versus Urban Environments
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 58/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Rural Versus Urban Environments
Rural Versus Urban
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 59/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Rural Versus Urban
Environments
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 60/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Personality traits
• Altruistic personality – 5 traits that
correlate with prosocial behavior
l Empathy
l Internal locus of control
l Belief in a just world
l A sense of social responsibility
l Low egocentrism
Gender Differences in Prosocial
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 61/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Gender Differences in Prosocial
behaviour
• Gender is another personal variable that
comes into play.
• Though one sex is not more altruistic than
the other, the ways in which men andwomen help often differ
• Men are more likely to help in heroic,
chivalrous ways
• Women are more likely to help in nurturant
ways that involve a long-term commitment
Cultural Differences in Prosocial
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 62/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Cultural Differences in Prosocial
Behaviour
Cultural Differences in Prosocial
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 63/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology
Kimberley Duff
Cultural Differences in Prosocial
Behaviour
Members of collective societies where greater
emphasis is placed on connectedness and needs of
the ingroup, are
more likely to help ingroup members, and
less likely to help outgroup members than are people
from individualistic societies.
Time pressures and Motivational
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 64/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Time pressures and Motivational
Factors
• Time constraints – less Prosocial Behaviour
Motivational Factors-
• Acc to Batson and Thompson (2001) three major
motives are relevant when a person is faced with a moral
dillema:
• i) self-interest (egoism) – motivation to engage in beh
that provides greatest satisfaction
• Ii) moral integrity – motivation to engage in moral beh
• Iii) moral hypocrisy –motivation to appear moral while
doing one’s best to avoid the costs actually involved in
being moral
M d li
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 65/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Modeling
• Modeling
l When we observe other people (family,
peers, role models) behave prosocially, we
are likely to as welll The media is a big factor in this area
Modeling Prosocial Behavior. If we are exposed to
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 66/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
role models who exhibit prosocial behavior, we are
more likely to exhibit such behaviors ourselves.
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 67/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
• HOW CAN WE INCREASE
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR?
V l t i
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 68/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Volunteering
• A special type of help is required when the
person in need has a chronic, continuing
problem that requires help over a
prolonged time period ( Williamson andSchulz, 1995).
• A person who volunteers to provide
assistance in this context must committheir time and effort over weeks, months
or even longer. E.g. tsunami struck South
Asia 2004
V l t i ?
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 69/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Volunteering?
I---Five step Model
II--6 Motives given by Clary and Snyder (1999)
i)Values: Personal values of humanitarianism
ii)Understanding: The need to understand more about theissue (disease)
iii)Enhancement: The desire to enhance one’s own
development,
iv)Career: The chance to gain career-related experience,v)Social: The need to improve one’s own personal
relationships,
vi)Protective: The desire to reduce negative feelings such
as guilt, or escape from personal problems
V l t i ?
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 70/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Volunteering ?
• III– Mandates, Altruism, or Generativity• Mandates- making compulsory e.g. required to do
voluntary work to complete Graduation
• Altruism- volunteers believe in internal locus of controland empathy
• Generativity- is defined as an adult’s interest in
• and commitment to the well-being
of future generations e.g.becoming parents, teaching young
people
I tilli H l f l ith R d & M d l
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 71/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
• Prosocial behaviour occurs early in life.
Even children as young as 18 months
frequently help other, eg, trying to make a
crying infant feel better.
• One powerful way to encourage prosocial
behaviour is for parents and others toreward such acts with praise, smiles, and
hugs, research shows.
Instilling Helpfulness with Rewards & Models
I tilli H l f l ith R d & M d l
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 72/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
• We must be careful and not over emphasize the
reward aspect because this can lower the
intrinsic value of performing the prosocial
behaviour, and decrease the probability of actingprosocially in subsequent situations, in the
absence of rewards.
• We want children to perceive themselves asaltruistic people, so that they enhance the
intrinsic value of acting prosocially.
Instilling Helpfulness with Rewards & Models
Instilling Helpfulness with
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 73/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
g p
Rewards & Models
• Another way for parents to increase
prosocial behaviour in their children is to
behave prosocially themselves.
• Children often model behaviours they
observe in others, including prosocial
behaviour.
Instilling Helpfulness with
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 74/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
g p
Rewards & Models
• Pancer and Pratt (1999) found that Canadianyouth who spend time volunteering are likely to
have parents who have instilled values of
kindness and helping, and who model prosocial
behaviour.
• Children also imitate adults other than their
parents, eg, teachers, relatives, TV characters,sports heroes. They can be used to model
prosocial behaviour.
Increasing Awareness of the
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 75/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
g
Barriers to Helping
• There is evidence that simply being aware of the barriers to helping can increase people’s
chance of overcoming those barriers (see
Beaman et al, 1978 awareness study).
• Research shows that teaching people about the
determinants of prosocial behaviour makes them
more aware of why they sometimes don’t help,and leads to greater helping in the future.
Increasing Awareness of the
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 76/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
g
Barriers to Helping
• We shouldn’t impose help on everyone we think needsit. Not everyone wants to be helped.
• If being helped means that they appear incompetent,
resulting in lowered self-esteem then some people willchose not to accept help they will often suffer in silence,
even at the cost of failing at the task.
• We need to make help supportive and non-threateningfor it to be most effective.
How Can We Increase
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 77/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Prosocial Behavior?
• Prosocial television programs for kids
l Increases helping behavior
l Decreases aggression
l Helps reduce stereotypes
• Teach good "citizenship" in classrooms
How Can We Increase
7/28/2019 Social Psy- Prosocial Beh Ppt 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-psy-prosocial-beh-ppt-1 78/79
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff
Prosocial Behavior?
• Attributions
l If we feel the help is needed because of
situations out of a person’s control, we are
more likely to act prosocially• Education
l Enlightenment effect – learning about barriers
to prosocial behavior helps remove them
Enlightened About Pluralistic Ignorance. By learning about psychologicaltheories that help you understand your own thought processes and