MINERALS

SUBMITTED BY HIMA MOHAMMEDSUBMITTED TO KAVITHA MA’AM

THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONMINERAL

RESERVES IN INDIA

BAUXITE

CHROMITE

COPPER

GOLD

TUNGSTEN

IRON ORE

LEAD-ZINC

MANGANESE

DIAMOND

GYPSUM

GRAPHITE

MICA

SIGNIFICENCE OF MINERALS

EXPORT OF MINERALS

FROM INDIAREFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

A homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure

They are non-living, solid, and,

like all matter, are made of

atoms of elements.

There are many different types of minerals and

each type is made of

particular groups of atoms.

The atoms are arranged in a

network called a crystal lattice.

The lattice of atoms is what gives a mineral

its crystal shape.

Different types of minerals have different crystal

shapes.

MINERAL RESERVES OF INDIA

1. BAUXITE ORE (ALUMINIUM)

The total in situation reserves

• 3.076 million tones.

Reserves of metallurgical grade.

• About 84%

The conditional resources of bauxite.

• about 5, 99,780 tones.

Placement of prospective resources

• 90 million tones.

principal states where bauxite deposits are located.

• Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Jharkhand

Major reserves

• concentrated in the East Coast, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

13%

45%17%

14%

11%

Production of Bauxite showing state-wise share in percent, 2003-04

Others

Orissa

Gujarat

Jharkhand

Maharashtra

2. CHROMITE

Total in situ reserves of chromite

Estimated at 114 million tones.

Total geological resources

Estimated at 187 million tones

Around 114 million tones in

situ reserves

About 73 million tones as

conditional resources.

The largest share (about 96 per cent) in the total geological resources is

accounted by

the Cuttack district in Orissa.

Deposits of economic significance occur in

Orissa, Karnataka,

Maharashtra, Jharkhand,

Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and

Manipur.

Refractory grade reserves of chromite are very

meagre.

3. COPPER

The total in situ reserves of copper ore in the country

• 712.5 million tones

• equivalent to 9.4 million tons of metal content.

The all-India conditional resources of copper

• 722 million tones (3.15 million tons of copper metal)

• prospective resources are 0.6 million tons of copper ore.

Major and important copper ore deposits are located in

• Singhbhum district (Jharkhand), Balaghat district (Madhya Pradesh) and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts (Rajasthan).

In addition, there are small copper ore deposits in

• Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Maharashtra and West Bengal.

42%

58%

Production of Copper showing state-wise share in percent, 2003-04

Rajastan

Madhya Pradesh

4. GOLD• Kolar Gold Fields

• Kolar district

• Hutti Gold Field in Raichur district (both in Karnataka)

• Ramgiri Gold Field in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh).

There are four important gold fields

in the country namely,

• 22.4 million tones

• with 116.50 tons of metal.

Total in situ reserves of gold ore are estimated

at

• 43.15 million tones

• 1,32,478 tones of W03 content.

The total in situ reserves of tungsten

ore estimated at

• Degana, Rajasthan. It also occurs in Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

The main reserves are at

5. TUNGSTEN

6. IRON ORE

The total in situ reserves of iron ore in the country

about 1,23,17,275 thousand tons of

hematite

53,95,214 thousand tons of

magnetite.

The resources of very high-

grade ore

limited and are restricted mainly in the Bailadila sector

of Chhattisgarh

to a lesser extent in Bellary-Hospet area

of Karnataka and

Barajamda sector in Jharkhand and

Orissa.

Hematite resources located in

Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,

Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra,

Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Magnetite resources located in

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa,

Kerala, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and

Tamil Nadu.

1%

26%

25%19%

17%

12%

Production of iron-ore showing state-wise share in per cent, 2003-04

Others

Karnataka

Orissa

Chattisgarh

Goa

Jharkhand

7. LEAD-ZINC

Lead-Zinc resources are located in

• Rajasthan, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu and Sikkim.

Total in situ reserves (all grades) of lead and zinc ores

• 231 million tones

• comprising metal content of 5.1 million tones of lead and 17.02 million tones of zinc metal.

8. MANGANESE

• 406 million tones out of which

• 104 million tones are proved,

• 135 million tones are in probable

• 167 million tones are in possible categories.

The total in situ resources of

manganese ore

• Karnataka, followed by Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Goa.

Main reserves fall in

• Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

Minor occurrences of manganese are

30%

22%15%

33%

Production of Manganese showing state-wise share in percent, 2003-04

Others

Madhya Pradesh

Karnataka

Orissa

9. DIAMOND

Diamond deposits occur in three types of geological

settings

Kimberlite pipes

Conglomerate beds

Alluvial gravels

The main diamond bearing areas in India are

the Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh,

Munimadugu-Banganapalle

conglomerate in Kurnool district,

Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe

in Anantapur district and the

gravels of Krishna river

basin in Andhra Pradesh

Reserves have been estimated only in the Panna belt and Krishna Gravels in

Andhra Pradesh.

The total in situ reserves are

about 26, 43,824

carats

There are conditional resources of 19, 36,512

carat.

The new kimberlite fields are discovered recently in Raichur-Gulbarga districts

of Karnataka.

10. GYPSUM

The in situ reserves of gypsum are estimated at

383 million tonnes. Out of this,

two millions are of surgical/plaster grade.

92 million tones of fertilizer/pottery grade

76 million tones of cement/ paint grade

13 million tones of soil reclamation grade

the rest is unclassified.

The production of gypsum is confined to

Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, and Gujarat.

Rajasthan is the main producer of gypsum followed by Jammu and Kashmir.

11. GRAPHITE

The in situ reserves of graphite are 16 million

tonnes.

Orissa is the major producer of graphite.

Almost the entire reserves of Tamil Nadu

under the proved category are in

Ramanathapuram district.

Deposits of commercial importance are located in

•Andhra Pradesh” Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

12. MICA

India is the world’s leading producer of

• sheet mica

• accounts for about 60 per cent of global mica trade.

Important mica-bearing pegmatite occurs in

• Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand Bihar and Rajasthan.

The total in situ reserves of mica in the country are placed at

• 59, often tones.

In situ reserves of mica

• in Andhra Pradesh are 42,626 thousand tones

• Bihar 12,938 tones

• Jharkhand 1,494 tones

• Rajasthan 2,007 tones.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MINERALS

Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light,

heat and run our world.

Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter,

knives, etc.

Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as

pigments.

Minerals also play an important role in the

processing of materials.

Bentonite is important in well drilling,

Barite is important in oil drilling.

Fluorite is important in making steel

Barite Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high

specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, toothpaste.

Chert Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for

roads (insolubility))

Clay Used to make pottery and bricks. Used for pet litter (ability to absorb

water)

• Used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity).

• Used in alloys - bronze and brass (low melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation)

• Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green)

Chalcopyrite (copper)

• Used as a fuel (flammable).

• The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute.

Coal

• Used as a flux - i.e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material.

• Another important product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry.

• Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware

Fluorite

• The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries.

• It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).

• Used as an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point.).

• Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly.

Galena (lead)

Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement.

Ilmenite (titanium) is used in alloys to make strong light-weight

materials - space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint - non-

toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose.

(low reactivity)

Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red

and ochre)

Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone for surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, as crushed

stone for fill

Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects. European Americans have used shells as

ornaments - buttons and pearls for jewelry.

Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the

chemical industry to produce petroleum based products notably

plastics.

Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric

acid which is a major ingredient in food products such

as cola drinks.

Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as

an ingredient in gunpowder. It has

now been replaced by the related

compound ammonium nitrate

which can be manufactured in the

laboratory.

Sand and gravel are used as fill to

provide a stable foundation for

buildings and roads.

Sandstone is used as a building material.

Sphalerite (zinc) is used as an

ingredient in brass (with copper). It is

used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to

protect them from rusting. It is used as a pigment (white)

Mineral Quantity exported in 2004-05 Unit

Alumina 896,518 th tones

Bauxite 1,131,472 th tones

Coal 1,374 th tones

Copper 18,990 th tones

Gypsum & plaster 103,003 th tones

Iron ore 83,165 th tones

Lead 81,157 th tones

Limestone 343,814 th tones

Manganese ore 317,787 th tones

Marble 234,455 th tones

Mica 97,842 th tones

Natural gas 29,523 th tones

Sulphur 2,465 th tones

Zinc 180,704 th tones

EXPORTS OF MINERALS FROM INDIA

https://en.wikipedia.org

www.tradingeconomics.com

https://data.gov.in

www.oakton.edu

www.windows2universe.org

www.dave.ucsc.edu

www.hometrainingtools.com

www.open.edu

www.ted.com

www.mgwater.com

www.mtnhigh.com

www.myhdiet.com

www.webmd.com

www.westernsydney.edu.au

REFERENCES

www.academicjournals.org

https://en.wikipedia.org

www.geology.com

https://medlineplus.gov

www.tradingeconomics.com

www.indiatoday.intoday.in

www.ibm.nic.in

www.fedmin.com

www.livemint.com

www.chinamining.org

www.natural-salt-lamps.com

www.sp.lyellcollection.org/content

www.sciencedirect.com

www.eatbalanced.com

https://answers.yahoo.com

www.mgwater.com