Social Power
description
Transcript of Social Power
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Social Power
Gerardo Otero
Sociology/Anthropology and International Studies
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Outline
I. Premises and definitions
II. Power organizations
III. Interstitial emergence
IV. Empowerment
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Premises
societies are not totalities or systems
No theoretical primacy (economy or ideology)
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Premises, cont’d
Four sources of power (ideological, economic, military and political relationships)
Organizations or institutional means of attaining goals.
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Multicausality
social events or trends have multiple causes
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Humans are social in that
they are able to achieve goals only by cooperation
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Primacy
Not ends but means give us our point of entry into the question of primacy
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Power
A exercises power over B when A affects B in a manner contrary to B’s interests.
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Social Power
General sense: ability to attain mastery of one’s environment:
mastery over other people Collective aspect: persons in
cooperation enhance joint power over third parties or over nature
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Social Power, cont’d
distributive collective exploitative functional All aspects operate simultaneously
in most social relations
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Leaders
occupy supervisory and coordinating positions
immense organizational superiority over others
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Why masses comply
lack collective organization embedded within collective and
distributive power organizations controlled by others
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Society: a unitarian whole?
Marxists: “levels of society”, privilege economic subsistence
Weberians: “dimensions”, privilege meaning
but organizations function as both ends and means
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For Michael Mann society is
“a network of social interaction at the boundaries of which is a certain level of interaction cleavage between it and its environment” (Man 1986:13)
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Underneath stable networks:
“human beings are tunnelling ahead to achieve their goals, forming new networks . . .” (16)
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Sources and organizations of power Ideological
Economic
Military
Political
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Ideology as organization
1. Monopolizing meaning (requires concepts and categories of meanings imposed on perceptions)
2. norms (necessary for sustained social cooperation)
3. aesthetic-ritual practices
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Economic organization
Circuits of praxis Classes States (perform both economic and
political functions)
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Circuits of praxis are modes of
Production Distribution Exchange and Consumption(no primacy of production is implied)
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Why no primacy?
“Whereas production is high on intensive power,mobilizing local social cooperation to exploit nature, exchange may occur extremely extensively” (Mann 1986:25)
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Class are formed thus:
“Economic power derives from the satisfaction of subsistence needs through the social organization of the extraction, transformation, distribution, and consumption of the objects of nature.” (Mann 1986:24)
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Dominant class:
can obtain general collective and distributive power in societies
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Economic organization
extraction transformation distribution consumption of the objects of
nature Circuits of praxis
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Military power
concentrated-coercive intensive
militarism has yielded disproportionate results
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Political power = state
centralized institutionalized territorialized regulation of social
relations
geopolitical power is essential in social stratification
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Tracklaying vehicles (Weber)
set the route for train tracks “interstitial emergencies” or
generalized means of history making (Mann)
empowerment, or what I would call “generative interstitial emergence”
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Model of organized power (Mann)
Original motorHumans pursuing
goals
Creation of multiple social
networks
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Major sources of social power
Organizing means
Institutional networks
Interstitial networks
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Ideology—Transcendence
Economy—Circuits of praxis
Concentrated-coercive—Military
Centralized-territorial—state Geopolitical-diplomatic—states
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Geopolitics
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Empowerment or Political-Cultural Formation
Class structural processes
Mediations Political outcomes
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Class structural processes
• between exploiters-exploited,
Relations of production
• among the exploited
• and oppressed
Relations of reproduction
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Political-cultural formation: Mediating determinations
Political outcomes
Regional cultures
State intervention
Leadership types
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Political outcomes
Bourgeois-hegemonic
Oppositional
Popular-democratic