Social Outcomes of Immigrants and Refugees in Canada: … · Social Outcomes of Immigrants and...

Social Outcomes of Immigrants and Refugees in Canada: Data Innovations, Knowledge and Gaps

International Forum on Migration Statistics – January 15-16, 2018Xiaoyi Yan (Ph. D.)Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada

Purpose• To present on data innovation initiatives for measuring integration outcomes • To present on social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees• To identify knowledge and data gaps and the way forward

Outline• Overview of strategic data development that enabled the understanding of

social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada

• Knowledge of social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees:

o The differences in social outcomes of recent immigrants, established immigrants and the Canadian-born in terms of: ➢ Social, physical and mental well-being➢ Perceptions of society and self➢ Social support and connections➢ Social, civic and political participation

o How are social outcomes associated with employment status and knowledge of official languages?

• Knowledge gaps and forward plans

Purpose and outline

Strategic data development initiatives

• Immigrants landing file (ILF): administrative data of permanent residents

• Oversampling of immigrants in Statistics Canada surveyso Oversampling of immigrants in General Social Survey (GSS) on Social Identityo Oversampling of immigrants in GSS on Victimization

• Administrative and survey data linkages:o ILF-tax file linkage (IMDB dating back to 1980)o Post survey record linkage of GSS with ILFo ILF-National Household Survey 2011 (NHS) linkage o ILF-2016 Census linkage and inclusion of immigration categories in Census releaseo IMDB-hospital discharge abstract database

• Social and economic record linkage environmento ILF-Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2000-2014 including modules on mental

healtho Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD)

• In-house program data developmento Immigration Contribution Agreement Reporting Environment (iCARE)

3

Social data linkage environment (SDLE)

CCHS

IMDB

CCHS - Canadian Community Health SurveyIMDB – Longitudinal Immigrant Database

The Canadian employer and employee dynamic database (CEEDD) - linkage environment

iCARE Development: Modules & Launch Dates

iCARE Reporting

APRCPAnnual Performance

Report for Community Partnerships

Indirect Services

May eventually include

Multiculturalism Program reporting

Pre-Arrival

Services

Client Survey

Capability

APPR* / Narrative

*Annual Project Performance Report

Add RAP APPR/ Narrative (date TBD)

LanguageAssessment

Language Training

Waitlist

April 2013

January 2014

December 2012March 2014

Jan-Feb 2015

July 2015

Citizenship language

verification (iLOVE)

SPOrtal & Admin*

Needs Assessment

and Referrals

Employment Related

Community Connections

Resettlement Assistance Program

Information and

Orientation

*SPOrtal & Admin development includes:• SPO user interface • CIC user interface (Help Desk)• Security Functionality• Client Profile

6

Phase I in progress

More development needed for Phase II & III

TBC

TBC

7

Highlights: social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada

Social, physical and mental wel-being

• Sense of belonging of immigrants increases with additional time in Canada;

• Economic principal applicants reports slightly lower sense of community belonging compared to the Canadian born and other immigrant categories;

• Immigrants are generally less likely to have excellent or very good self-perceived health, compared to the Canadian-born;

• Refugees are less likely to report having excellent or very good mental health status compared to the Canadian born and other immigrants

• Immigrants are as likely as the Canadian-born to report mental Health conditions, but much less likely to seek professional help;

• The children of immigrants are more likely to report being treated unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, religion or language;

Perceptions of society and self

• Immigrants’ attitudes towards society and people are more positive than the Canadian-born;

• A higher portion of recent immigrants feel challenged to contribute to society and improve themselves, compared to the Canadian born;


Social support and connections

• Immigrants’ social support and connections slightly increase with more time spent in Canada; despite that, they remain lagged behind the Canadian-born who report significantly more social support and connections;

Social, civic and political participation

• Immigrants generally participate as much as the Canadian-born in social and civic activities, although there are observed differences among immigrants of different admission categories and source countries;

• Immigrants are less likely to volunteer than the Canadian-born, but contribute about the same number of hours as the Canadian born;

• Spouses and dependents of economic class immigrants have rates of volunteering and organization membership comparable to the Canadian born;

• Immigrants’ political participation increased between the last two elections

• Established immigrants vote more than recent immigrants, but voting rates significantly vary across world regions of birth;

• Citizenship take up rates are high and increasing (85.8% in 2016 Census);

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• Recent immigrants, unemployed immigrants and immigrants without official-language knowledge experience relatively lower levels of social support and connections, social well-being, and participation in social activities;

• Immigrants’ expectations of post-landing experience matter in terms of their social outcomes:

– Immigrants’ positive attitudes towards society and people diminish with longer time in Canada;

– Longer time in Canada does not significantly improve life satisfaction;

– Recent immigrants’ positive views towards society do not increase with employment;

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Knowledge gaps and forward plans

Analysis

• Lots of data remain to be mined in depth and systematically

• Extension of the analysis by admission category

• Interdependency between social and economic well-being

• Differences in outcomes of settlement service clients vs non-clients

• Differences in outcomes of landed permanent residents vs those transitioned from temporary status (e.g. international students, international experience class, open work permit holders etc.)

• Integration outcomes of a specific cohort (e.g. Syrian refugees)

• Efficiency and effectiveness of settlement programming (e.g. language training)

• Citizenship negotiation process (tests, take-up, barriers etc.)

Data development

• Settlement outcomes survey (clients and non-clients)

• Citizenship grants database linkage with social and economic dimensions

• Specific cohort flags in 2016 Census and in iCARE (e.g. Syrian refugees)

• Refugee sponsorship database

Tax Data Based on T1FF, converted to LAD structure (not held in GCMS)

Application for permanent residency

(e.g. language, age, education …)

Sponsorship Agreements

Pre-landing Canadian Experience

(study experience, refugee claim)

Citizenship Grants

IRCC

General Social Survey (GSS)

2011 National Household Survey

(NHS)/2016 Census

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Confirmation of Permanent Residency

Landing years 1980 to 2010

Canadian Employer Employee Dynamic Database (CEEDD)

PR & TR

PT Health Data Linkages

Landing – Health Linkage (ICES ON)

Landing – Health Linkage (PopData BC)

STC (Statistics Canada )

IRCC’s Data Roadmap

Health Related Datasets

STC surveys linked to ILF/IMDB

IRCC administrative data at STCIRCC data linked to

provincial/territorial health data

Maintained at IRCC

Settlement services iCARE

Settlement Outcome Survey

Longitudinal Immigration Landing File

(IMDB)

Temporary Resident Database

Immigration Landing File (ILF)

Canadian Community Health

Survey (CCHS)

Landing – Health Linkage MB

THANK YOU

QUESTIONS?

Contact Xiaoyi Yan (Ph. D.)

[email protected]

Classification (le cas échéant)

APPENDIX 1

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14

Sense of belonging of immigrants increases with additional time in Canada; but longer time in Canada does not significantly improve life satisfaction

Social, physical and mental well-being

89.9% 90.1% 93.1%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Recent immigrants* Established immigrants** Canadian-born

Felt satisfied with life, by length of time in Canada

Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; GSS, 2008

90.0%

66.9%

94.3%

72.2%

90.1%

74.5%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Strong sense of belonging to Canada Strong sense of belonging to the local community

Sense of belonging to Canada and community

Recent immigrants* Established immigrants** Canadian-born

*Recent immigrants: immigrants with less than 10 years in Canada. **Established immigrants: immigrants with 10 or more years in Canada.

15

Economic principal applicants reports slightly lower sense of community belonging compared to the Canadian born and other immigrant categories

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Family class Refugees Economic class -principal applicants

Economic class -spouses anddependents

Other immigrationclass

CCHS immigrant -landed before

1980, NL

Perc

ent

Sense of community belonging by admission category

NL = Not Linked, unlinked CCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 – IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada

Canadian BornVery or

somewhatstrong


16

Immigrants are generally less likely to have excellent or very good self-perceived health, compared to the Canadian-born

NL = Not Linked, unlinked CCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 – IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Family class Refugees Economic class- principalapplicants

Economic class- spouses anddependents

Otherimmigration

class

CCHSimmigrant -

landed before1980, NL

Pe

rce

nt

Self-perceived health status by admission category Canadian BornExcellent or Very Good


17

Refugees are less likely to report having excellent or very good mental health status compared to the Canadian born and other immigrants

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Family class Refugees Economic class- principalapplicants

Economic class- spouses anddependents

Otherimmigration

class

CCHSimmigrant -

landed before1980, NL

Perc

ent

Perceived mental health status by admission categoryCanadian BornExcellent or Very Good

Note. All estimates have an acceptable C.V. (0.0 ≤ CV ≤ 16.6 ), applied bootstrap weights, age standardized, NL = Not Linked, unlinkedCCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 – IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada


Immigrants are as likely as the Canadian-born to report mental Health conditions, but much less likely to seek professional help.

96.5% 94.5% 95.1%96.5% 94.3% 94.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Immigrant,years in

canada<10

Immigrant,years in

canada>=10

Canadian-born

% of respondents who reported good mental health2007/08 2011/12

14%

36%

52%

24%

41%

52%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Immigrant,years in

canada<10

Immigrant,years in

canada>=10

Canadian-born

% of respondents with poor/fair perceived mental health who

consulted mental health professional

2007/08 2011/12

Sources: Canadian Communities Health Survey, 2007/08, 2011/12


0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Adult immigrant 1.5 generation 2nd generation 3rd+ generations

Share of perceived discrimination relating to race,

ethnicity, religion and language in the last 5 years

19Source: Pooled samples from GSS 2004, 2009, 2013.

Experiencing discrimination, young adults (15-34)

The children of immigrants are more likely to report being treated unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, religion or language


20

Immigrants’ attitudes towards society and people are more positive than the Canadian-born, but they become less positive as time in Canada increases


Source: CCHS, 2011-2012

75.1%

57.7%

65.0%

71.9%

52.1%54.4%

70.5%

43.8%47.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Felt people are good Felt society becoming abetter place

Felt way society worksmakes sense

Having positive perceptions of society and self

Recent immigrants

Established immigrants

Canadian-born

21

A higher portion of recent immigrants feel challenged to contribute to society and improve themselves

Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; *PIAAC, 2012

77.9%

56.0%

34.9%

72.7%

56.7%

35.5%

72.7%

60.0%

35.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Felt challenges in self-improvement

Felt something importantcontribute to society

Felt had influence on thepolitical process*

Recent immigrants

Established immigrants

Canadian-born


22

Immigrants, especially recent immigrants, report a significantly lower level of social support and connections, compared to the Canadian-born

Social support and connections


• The Canadian-born enjoy a higher level of social support and connections than immigrants:– stronger sense of being

integrated to society (Social Integration Scale),

– stronger assurance that others can be counted when needed (Reliable Alliance Scale),

– more advice or information available to them (Guidance Scale),

– more close relationships with others (Attachment Scale),

– a high level of recognition of competence (Reassurance of Worth Scale). *

• Established immigrants have slightly more social support and connections than recent immigrants.

* Appendix 2 provides the information on the scales in more details.

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

Social Integration Reliable Alliance Guidance Attachment Reassurance ofWorth

Scales of social support and connections: a higher score means more support and connections

Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born

33

34

35

36

37

Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born

Social Provision Scale: a higher score reflects a higher overall level of social support and connections

23

Immigrants are less likely to volunteer than the Canadian-born, but contribute about the same number of hours as the Canadian born

Source: Statistics Canada, Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP), 2010

39% 39% 36% 37%42%

0%

20%

40%

60%

Allimmigrants

Recentimmigrants

Immigrants,10-19 yearsin Canada


Immigrants,30+ years in

Canada

49% , Canadian-born

Percent of people volunteered in 2010

162 167133 118

193

0

50

100

150

200

250

Allimmigrants

Recentimmigrants



Immigrants,30+ years in

Canada

Ho

urs

155 hours, Canadian-born

Average annual volunteer hours per volunteer


24

Spouses and dependents of economic class immigrants have rates of volunteering and organization membership comparable to the Canadian born

Source: 2013 GSS on Social Identity linked to IMDB

26%

33%

36%

30%

Refugees

Family

Economic SD

Economic PA

32%

37%

Immigrants

Canadian born

Volunteering - 95% ci’s

Immigration Programs – Landed 1980 to 2011

55%

56%

66%

60%

Refugees

Family

Economic SD

Economic PA

61%

67%

Immigrants

Canadian born

Membership social organization(s) (excluding volunteering) - 95% ci’s

Immigration Programs – Landed 1980 to 2011


Immigrants’ political participation increased between the two elections

25

56%

70%71%76%

70%

78%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011 federal election 2015 federal election

Voter turnout rates by immigration status2011 and 2015 federal elections

Immigrants with Canadian citizenship, 10 years or less

Immigrants with Canadian citizenship, more than 10 years

Canadian-born citizens

Sources: Labour force Survey 2011, 2016


26

Established immigrants vote more than recent immigrants, but voting rates significantly vary across world regions of birth

55.2

57

60.7

61.7

66.3

70.3

70.8

76.3

66.3

67.1

48.1

39.6

48.3

56.3

45.2

43.1

60

68.2

51.1

Eastern Asia

Middle East/West Asia

Southeast Asia

Central/South Amer.

Eastern Europe

Africa

Southern Asia

U.S.,U.K.,Aus.,NZ

Total immigrants

Canadian-born

Citizen voting rates at 2011 Federal election, recent and established immigrants

Recent immigrant Established immigrant

Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 2011


Citizenship take up rates are high and increasing

27

78.7%

81.0 % 83.2 % 83.9 %

85.1% 85.6%

1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011

Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants with 3+ Years since Landing (YSL) in Canada, 1986 to 2011 Censuses/National Household Survey

Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants 3+ Years Since Landing

78.6% 80.6% 80.2%88.3% 83.4%

Family class Economic immigrants- p.a.

Economic immigrants- s.d.

Refugees Other immigrants

Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants who landed in Canada after 1980 with 3+ Years since Landing (YSL) by Immigration Category , NHS-ILF Dataset

Source: 2011 National Household Survey-Immigration Landing File Linkage Database


28

Employment improves immigrants’ social well-being, participation in society, and perceived political influence.

Social outcomes by employment status

Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; *PIAAC, 2012.

92.1%

59.7%

29.2%

36.1%

85.1%

49.5%

23.7%

32.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Satisfied with life Felt something imp.contribute society

Paricipation involuntary

organization

Perceived politicalInfulence*


Employed

unemployed

29

Employed immigrants enjoy significantly more social support and connections than unemployed immigrants.


34.0

34.4

34.8

35.2

Employed Unemployed

Sco

re o

f in

de

x

Social Provision Scale: a higher score means more social support and connections *

6.0

6.4

6.8

7.2

SocialIntegration

ReliableAlliance

Guidance Attachment Reassuranceof Worth

Sco

re o

f in

de

xes

Scales of social support and connections: a higher score means more support and connections

Employed Unemployed


* Appendix 1 provides the information on the

scales in more details.

30

Being employed, however, does not result in more positive attitudes towards society and people

61.8%

53.7%

69.3%

52.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Recent immigrants Establishedimmigrants

Felt society works makes sense

55.3%51.5%

60.0%52.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Felt society becoming better

Employed Unemployed

73.8%69.2%

76.6%

61.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Felt people are good

Source: CCHS, 2011-2012.


31

Knowledge of official languages contributes to immigrants’ sense of belonging to Canada and life satisfaction.

Social outcomes by official-language knowledge

Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; GSS , 2008.

94.8%

80.4%

65.5%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

English French Other

Strong sense of belonging to Canada

90.20%

87.70%

91.40%

86.40%

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

English French both Neither

Felt satisfied in life, immigrants by knowledge of official language

32

Knowledge of official languages is a key factor in securing social support and connections


30

32

34

36

English French Both Neither

Social Provision Scale: a higher score means more social support and connections

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

Social integration Reliable Alliance Guidance Attachment Reassurance ofworth

Scales of social support and connections: higher score means more support and connections

English

French

Both

Neither

Social outcomes by official-language knowledge

APPENDIX 2

Classification (le cas échéant)

The CCHS is a cross-sectional survey that annually collects information related to health status, health care utilization, social capital (e.g. social activity, social support, etc.), other health determinants, and social-demographic characteristics for immigrants and the Canada-born. The CCHS relies upon a large sample of respondents and is designed to provide reliable estimates at the health region level. It produced an annual microdata file with about 1000 variables for a sample of around 65,000 respondents each year starting from 2007.

– Our analysis uses the Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) combining two years of data in 2011 and 2012. In total, there are 17,574 immigrants in this combined sample of 124,929 respondents.

The Social Provision Scale measures the level of social connections and support from others, groups as well as the community. The data is only available for Quebec, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

– The CCHS also developed 5 sub-scales for five main social functions including Attachment, Guidance, Social Integration, Reliable Alliance, and Reassurance of Worth.

• Reliable Alliance Scale: assurance that others can be counted on when needed.

• Guidance Scale: advice or information available.

• Social Integration Scale: a sense of being integrated into a group that shares similar interests, concerns or recreational activities.

• Attachment Scale: a measure for emotional closeness to family, friends, and others

• Reassurance of Worth Scale: a measure for recognition of one’s competence.

– The rating system is based on the methodology developed by Cutrona and Russell (1987), and Caron (1996).

– The scales are based on the a list of 10 survey questions in the CCHS 2011-2012.

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About Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)

Social Outcomes of Immigrants and Refugees in Canada: … · Social Outcomes of Immigrants and...

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