SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF

JOSE RIZAL’S LIFE & WORKS

Jose A. Fadul, Ph.D.

De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde

Republic of the Philippines

The Philippines during Rizal’s time was a colony of Spain

Born:June 19, 1861

Executed: December 30, 1896

October 6, 2012: President Aquino inaugurated a new Rizal Park in Sydney, Australia

Dec. 8, 1880: Rizal’s Junto al Pasig is staged.

1956: Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 1425 requiring all levels of schools to teach Rizal’s life, works, and ideals.

17th Century Ancestors from China

Rizal’s influence during his life and beyond

Rizal’s monument in Madrid, Spain was inaugurated in 1996.

1970: Rizal’s image appears on the obverse side of one-peso coins for general circulation

2003: A Rizal monument in Fujian, China was built to recognize his Chinese ancestry.

1887: Noli Me Tangere is published in Berlin

1978: Rizal’s monument in Wilhelmsfeld,

Germany is unveiled

2008: Peru erects a Rizal monument in Lima.

English author Austin Coates wrote on Rizal’s life and martyrdom.

1910: Rizal’s last poem read before the

American House of Representatives

Japanese government used Rizal in war propaganda. T.M. Kalaw edited

Epistolario Rizalino volumes I – V (1877 – 1896)

Swiss sculptor R. Kissling casts

Rizal Monument for Rizal Park in

Manila

Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo decreed that on Dec. 30, 1897 and every year thereafter Rizal shall be commemorated by the nation.

Rizal wrote a socio-political essay Dimanche de Rameaux

Jose Arcilla’s Rizal and the Emergence of the Filipino Nation is published by Ateneo de Manila University.

Rizal Craze: many streets all over the country were named after Jose Rizal

Rizal monuments spawned in many public schools.

Websites on Rizal proliferate the Internet

jose.fadul@benilde.edu.phjose_fdl@yahoo.com

What is Social Network Analysis (SNA) ? How is it useful for History & the Humanities?1. New framework for analysis; backcasting2. Data visualization allows new perspectives – less linear, more comprehensive

Sociology + Mathematics (Graph Theory) = Social Network Analysis

• Strong ties : how the clusters get information.• Weak ties : how the clusters come up with innovation(s).• Bridges, gateways, connectors, social insiders, outsiders,

neighbors – degree centrality, betweeness centrality, etc.

Hue (from red=0 to blue=max) indicates each node’s betweenness centrality.

SNA data visualizations: Nodes & Edges

• Friends (Moreno, 1932) • Al Qaeda (Krebs, 2001)

The Many Other Uses of SNA• Euro 2012 Finals: Spain vs. Italy

How do the players connect? • Visualization of tweets during Boston Marathon 2013

• Which countries e-mail each other ?More at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/07/an-incredible-map-of-which-countries-email-each-other-and-why/Full article at :http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.0045v1.pdf

• How a Viral Message Spreads: Dynamic network of Facebook shares.

http://verkostoanatomia.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/how-a-viral-message-spreads/

Network graphs of Rizal’s social network created with NodeXL by the author https://nodexlgraphgallery.org/Pages/Default.aspx?search=Rizal

Rizal’s social network analyzed by cluster – using Clauset-Newman-Moore algorithm

Interrelating Rizal’s works with each other

Some considerations

• Rizal’s extant letters to and from Filipino Reformists numbered around 180; his friends and acquaintances around 300.

• One of my data set has 404 nodes.

• NHI’s Epistolario Rizalino has about 1,800 entries.

Methodology and Sources of Data

Over 500 concise biographies of individuals are known from literary and epigraphic sources from Rizal’s time. Many were leading people in Rizal’s circles, including regional leaders of his hometown whom he encountered on his boyhood. The most significant figures receive detailed coverage, and all entries contain references to the extant sources.

Properties of a sample graphGraph Type Undirected

   

Vertices 404

   

Unique Edges 1052

Edges With Duplicates 0

Total Edges 1052

   

Self-Loops 0

   

Connected Components 1

Single-Vertex Connected Components 0

Maximum Vertices in a Connected Component 404

Maximum Edges in a Connected Component 1052

   

Maximum Geodesic Distance (Diameter) 7

Average Geodesic Distance 3.098691

   

Graph Density 0.01292288

Modularity 0.508105

   

NodeXL Version 1.0.1.215 January 2, 2013

Edge colors indicate type of relationship: family, friend/ally, peer, mild aversion, enemy (multimodal)

Degree Centrality

• Jose Rizal 171• M.H. del Pilar 44• E. Aguinaldo 41• Jose Burgos 38• G. Aglipay 29• Teodora Alonso 29• Josefa Rizal 27• Trinidad Rizal 23• Paciano Rizal 23• Andres Bonifacio 19

Degree Centrality of 23 or higher

The Retraction Controversy, 1896 – 2013

The Retraction Controversy – clustering on the network of everyone involved

Republic Act No. 1425: The Rizal Lawred—those supporting the passage of the Rizal Bill; blue—those against

Impact on the network of the two events

Rizal’s works by genre

Rizal biographies displayed as collapsed groups

Digital tool enables synthetic view, not possible when reading texts linearly

-- quite subjective

-- objective, balanced

Shape coding: circle if more than 20% of data are unconfirmed; square if data are confirmed. Size commensurate with the no. of pages of the published and unpublished works of the biographer.Colour designates influence: red—Roman Catholic Church; yellow—Rizal’s relatives; green—Freemasons; sky blue—National Historical Institute; dark blue—other influences.

Rizal’s reach to other groups(his relationships between groups)

Graciano Lopez-Jaena (a friend of Rizal)has a very limited reach to other groups.

M.H. del Pilar and his circle (leader of the Reformist Movement in 1889 in Madrid)

By contrast, P. Paterno (who shared Rizal’s oncetolerant and liberal views on integration with Spain)

Letters: Rizal to & from his family

Letters: Rizal to & from other Reformers

Letters: Rizal to & from Blumentritt

Letters: Rizal to & from other European Scientists

Visualization of the interaction of characters inJose Rizal’s two novels:

Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo

Data visualization using NODEXL software;downloadable from http://nodexl.codeplex.com/

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Recommendation-- Social network analysis may be applied also to life and works of heroes and historical people of other countries and cultures such as William Tell of Switzerland, William Shakespeare of England, Saint John Baptiste de La Salle of France, Vladimir Lenin of Russia, etc.

--The uniqueness of each network graph that will be obtained for each person may be appreciated, and insights may be obtained regarding related works and events in the life of the person.