Social institutions ( Sociology )

Sociology Sociology Social PsychologySocial Psychology

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions

DefinitionDefinition Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics Markets and EconomicsMarkets and Economics Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief


Definition:Definition:

““Structures in society, manifested Structures in society, manifested as groups of social positions and as groups of social positions and associated social relations, invested associated social relations, invested with legitimate authority, that serve with legitimate authority, that serve to maintain and carry out essential to maintain and carry out essential social functions and perpetuate the social functions and perpetuate the social order. “social order. “


Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations

All institutions are structures composed of social groups.All institutions are structures composed of social groups.

A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of statuses.statuses.

All statuses are reflected in role behaviorAll statuses are reflected in role behavior

Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their occupants.occupants.

Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.


The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics


Approaches to DevianceApproaches to Deviance

– Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Strain)Strain) Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the

meansmeans

– Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling)Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling) Attributions via sanctioned legal process Attributions via sanctioned legal process

(Law and Politics)(Law and Politics)


Court SystemCourt System Federal:Federal: - The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)- The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)

- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)

- District Courts (94 @ 1)- District Courts (94 @ 1)

- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)

StateState::

- Superior (58 @ 1) - Superior (58 @ 1)

merged with municipal in 2001merged with municipal in 2001

(Law and Politics: The Judicial (Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)Structure)


State Court SystemState Court System

– Superior Court (58 @ 1)Superior Court (58 @ 1) One for each countyOne for each county

– Municipal Court Municipal Court Merged with Superior Courts in 2001Merged with Superior Courts in 2001

(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)


The Criminal ProcessThe Criminal Process

Arrest Arrest Preliminary HearingPreliminary Hearing ArraignmentArraignment Pre-Trial HearingsPre-Trial Hearings TrialTrial VerdictVerdict SentencingSentencing IncarcerationIncarceration ParoleParole

(Law and (Law and Politics)Politics)


Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations

Arrest and ArraignmentArrest and Arraignment – Memory / Cognitive consistencyMemory / Cognitive consistency

Pre-Trail and Trial JudgmentsPre-Trail and Trial Judgments– Attribution of cause / Distributive JusticeAttribution of cause / Distributive Justice

Sentencing PracticesSentencing Practices– Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation

statesstates

(Law and (Law and Politics)Politics)


Markets and Markets and EconomicsEconomics


Approaches to MarketsApproaches to Markets

– Structure (Adam Smith - Structure (Adam Smith - Supply/Demand)Supply/Demand) Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption

– Process (Arrow – Rational Choice)Process (Arrow – Rational Choice) Interpersonal Utility. Risk PreferenceInterpersonal Utility. Risk Preference

(Markets and Economics )(Markets and Economics )

Disintermediation and The Monetary Disintermediation and The Monetary System:System:

– The Federal Reserve – 13 DistrictsThe Federal Reserve – 13 Districts

– Debt – Banks / BondsDebt – Banks / Bonds

– Equity – Stocks / VCEquity – Stocks / VC

Social Institutions Social Institutions (Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)


Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption– Utility / Exchange Equity Utility / Exchange Equity

Risk PreferenceRisk Preference– Opportunity Costs / Comparison LevelOpportunity Costs / Comparison Level

GNPGNP– Generalized Exchange Generalized Exchange

Social Institutions Social Institutions (Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)

Risk PreferenceRisk Preference

Risk

Reward Value

CL

Salience

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)

Money and Meaning:Money and Meaning:

Earned IncomeEarned Income Wages, SalariesWages, Salaries

Unearned IncomeUnearned Income Dividends, InterestDividends, Interest

Capital GainsCapital Gains Real & Personal Real & Personal

PropertyProperty

TaxesTaxes

To 40%To 40%

To 77%To 77%

To 28%To 28%


Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)

Structure (Status Attainment Structure (Status Attainment Model)Model)– Parents Status, Education & 1Parents Status, Education & 1stst Job status Job status

Family SES

GradesAbility

Ambition Educatio

n



Attribution and achievementAttribution and achievement– Status Characteristics and Success Status Characteristics and Success

AttributionAttribution

Costs, Reward & Delayed GratificationCosts, Reward & Delayed Gratification– Delay as Dissonance ReductionDelay as Dissonance Reduction

Role ModelingRole Modeling– Role Self MergerRole Self Merger


Family SES

GradesAbility

Ambition Educatio

n

Self Attribution

Role Modeling

Delayed Gratification

Process (Soc Psych Model)


Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)

StructureStructure– Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)

– Bound by Symbols, Belief and RitualBound by Symbols, Belief and Ritual

Symbols

Beliefs

RitualOrganizations

However, cognitive mediation => disassociation from task => rise of denominations and ultimately cults and sects, where the membership is based more on the beliefs, symbols and ritual than on the organizational membership.



BeliefBelief– Dissonance ReductionDissonance Reduction

SymbolsSymbols– Significant SymbolsSignificant Symbols

RitualRitual– Intermittent Reinforcement / RewardIntermittent Reinforcement / Reward


Symbols

BeliefsRitual

Dissonance Reduction

Intermittent Rewards

Organization

S-I’s Significance

• Process (Soc Psych Model)

Social institutions ( Sociology )

Social Media

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